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[自然要览]0 ]6 C0 K1 O& I+ z! Q" G7 t

（选自英国Nature杂志，2011年2月10日出版）

封面故事：纪念人类基因组序列初稿诞生10周年
Cover caption: Human genomics comes of age
本月是“人类基因组项目”发表人类基因组序列初稿10周年。为了进行周年纪念，本期Nature发表三篇关于人类基因组学的重要论文。本期封面上的“灯泡”主题与其中一篇有关，在这篇论文中，来自“美国国家人类基因组研究所”的Eric Green和Mark Guyer等人介绍了关于基因组医学（genomic medicine）未来的一个设想（204页）。见证了“人类基因组项目”诞生的Eric Lander回顾了基因组学方面已经取得的成就，并对未来前景做了推测（187页）。Elaine Mardis（198页）讨论了在过去十年推动基因组研究快速发展的DNA测序技术。封面图片：Darryl Leja & Jay Latman (NHGRI, NIH)。

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前列腺癌中的基因变异（Genetic variation in prostate cancer）" r& x4 e% Q. O8 i4 A6 _
The genomic complexity of primary human prostate cancer4 U8 W6 I7 V+ x; f
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1822&issue=7333; `% ?+ s$ ]1 ?" N  T
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进攻与交配行为之间的可能联系（Possible link between aggression and mating behaviour）
Functional identification of an aggression locus in the mouse hypothalamus
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1824&issue=7333

APC/C复合物的定量结构和机制研究（Understanding a multi-subunit complex）) E0 _6 M7 o7 k, S4 B) }
Structural basis for the subunit assembly of the anaphase-promoting complex
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1826&issue=7333
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一个高红移“原星团”被发现（An early look at a galactic cluster）
A massive protocluster of galaxies at a redshift of z ≈ 5.3
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1828&issue=73332 I' z* ^1 L' G6 F' v

“普遍尺度推移”行为的存在被证实（Critical observations）
Observation of scale invariance and universality in two-dimensional Bose gases
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1830&issue=73332 s9 d/ R6 g4 P+ `) O0 Q, E
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可编程“纳米线”纳米处理器（Programmable nanowire nanoprocessor）
Programmable nanowire circuits for nanoprocessors
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1832&issue=7333

影响南极气候的因素的变化（Shifting influences on Antarctic climate）3 x4 k. G* w- I0 M  w4 ~2 L% h
Holocene Southern Ocean surface temperature variability west of the Antarctic Peninsula+ P! C' B3 t9 }% v. p) e
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1837&issue=7333

“阿克尔扁形虫”并非一开始就非常简单（Acoel flatworms adopt a simpler life）3 S8 V/ K. d2 y. C# Y
Acoelomorph flatworms are deuterostomes related to Xenoturbella% [& o- r: ]. L1 l# z/ Z" j
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1840&issue=7333: p3 p0 M! t/ v& b$ B. O
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发育中的视网膜内的分子提示（Molecular cue in the developing retina）2 }5 B* [" C" ?
Transmembrane semaphorin signalling controls laminar stratification in the mammalian retina6 s/ v# C1 l7 Q# q
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1843&issue=7333# k3 m* A. @# U' x- C
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前列腺癌的四基因标记（Four-gene marker in prostate cancer）
SMAD4-dependent barrier constrains prostate cancer growth and metastatic progression' w. M. p2 r3 w2 @& m2 _9 N1 p! a7 b
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1849&issue=7333

胚胎发育早期增强子的识别（Early enhancers revealed）
A unique chromatin signature uncovers early developmental enhancers in humans
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1855&issue=73333 }2 |' Y8 K' k7 ?& B9 ]) _+ `
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NEWS & VIEWS, Q$ x4 |% f5 U2 h. s! V4 @
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Quantum control: Squinting at quantum systems pp178 - 179
Quantum measurements always have a back-action: they 'kick' the system in a particular way. This can be used to drive the system to any desired state using a fixed type of measurement, provided it can be 'unsharpened'.9 ~: D2 H8 s1 Z" s2 x
Howard M. Wiseman- `( }  d+ m# o, O
doi:10.1038/470178a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7333/full/470178a.html7 J; m6 ^# E5 Y, V
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50 & 100 years ago    p179
doi:10.1038/470179b) S/ M1 F7 p& Y  g3 z0 j
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7333/full/470179b.html  }5 l- l6 G' a- t( y7 o/ I' X
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Animal behaviour: The nexus of sex and violence pp179 - 181
In mice, brain neurons that respond during either mating or aggression exhibit spatial overlap, and some even respond during both. This may help to explain the relationship between sex and violence in human behaviour. See Articlep.221
Clifford B. Saper
doi:10.1038/470179a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7333/full/470179a.html

Palaeoclimatology: Core data from the Antarctic margin  pp181 - 182
Sediments at the edge of Antarctica are a largely unexploited source of information about climate change. They have now provided a valuable local record of sea surface temperatures for the past 12,000 years. See Letterp.250
James Bendle7 t' Z2 @! Z  P) O5 F( K
doi:10.1038/470181a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7333/full/470181a.html

Structural biology: A new look for the APC    pp182 - 1832 B  Q( V  {: ]- I
Solving the structure of protein complexes is particularly challenging when they contain many subunits. In the case of the APC, a fruitful strategy has been to gain information by subtracting subunits. See Articlep.227 and Letterp.274, N. a9 t2 n" H4 A/ ^! W. {
Ian Foe and David Toczyski
doi:10.1038/470182a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7333/full/470182a.html$ q3 x( c5 ?+ F% ?8 W; C2 U7 R

Organic chemistry: Metals are not the only catalysts pp183 - 185
A long-standing problem in chemistry has been to find catalysts that allow molecules to distinguish between the two faces of reaction intermediates called carbocations. A way around the problem has been found. See Letterp.245
Matthew Gaunt
doi:10.1038/470183a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7333/full/470183a.html* s5 {% V% t0 A' X+ J7 k

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REVIEW) Y% |( m4 ^7 \9 ?8 M
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Initial impact of the sequencing of the human genome pp187 - 197
Eric S. Lander. [) E- F, x; C$ g* N( m
doi:10.1038/nature09792: J+ m& h1 O/ F, v. |- m3 |
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09792.html0 W  {: j. W5 V2 e2 ^: \
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09792.html/ C! b, C9 L% c
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PERSPECTIVES
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A decade’s perspective on DNA sequencing technology    pp198 - 203
Elaine R. Mardis6 b, k; s, V* I1 w) k, I# {
doi:10.1038/nature09796$ e/ o8 }6 H  r# b. C8 R* K
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09796.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09796.html& x" b4 A; S* ]) ?

Charting a course for genomic medicine from base pairs to bedside    pp204 - 213' C4 _7 m* s- Y+ r
Eric D. Green and Mark S. Guyer2 _* z+ B* V8 I  {8 t- f
doi:10.1038/nature09764
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09764.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09764.html

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ARTICLES$ B" j% U* z% @3 y1 C; W
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The genomic complexity of primary human prostate cancer pp214 - 220) p, ~) G5 r1 t1 b: s
Prostate cancer is a common cause of male cancer-related deaths. Complete sequencing of prostate cancer genomes now reveals previously unknown balanced rearrangements. Single-nucleotide resolution afforded by sequencing indicates that complex rearrangements may arise from transcriptional or chromatin aberrancies and engage prostate tumorigenic mechanisms.
Michael F. Berger et al.  b0 w- p$ w  B+ U
doi:10.1038/nature09744
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09744.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09744.html

Functional identification of an aggression locus in the mouse hypothalamus    pp221 - 2262 M/ I9 l3 k. n( k, T
Certain regions of the hypothalamus are important in aggression, but until recently, it has been difficult to specifically stimulate specific cell types within a mixed population of cells. Here, optogenetics is used to solve this specificity problem, finding that optogenetic stimulation of a subdivision within the ventromedial hypothalamus can elicit inappropriate attack behaviours in mice, but electrical stimulation does not produce the same result. Additional analysis of genetic and electrophysiological activity revealed overlapping neuronal subpopulations involved in fighting and mating, with potential competition between these behaviours, as neurons activated during aggression are inhibited during mating.0 j8 N; o  J  T/ |4 w
Dayu Lin et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09736
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09736.html# _1 ~" z# }5 {3 C
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09736.html# v) r6 D3 o! K2 M4 m

Structural basis for the subunit assembly of the anaphase-promoting complex    pp227 - 232
The APC/C is a large multiprotein complex that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to regulate the cell cycle. Here, the entire APC/C complex is reconstituted, and in combination with structural studies a pseudo-atomic model for 70% of the complex is provided. These results contribute towards a molecular understanding of the roles of individual subunits in APC/C assembly and their interactions with co-activators, substrates and regulatory proteins.7 Z' K+ j( ?2 r, B8 d  X
Anne Schreiber et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09756+ o, z, r9 Y0 j& a! t
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09756.html: l! {, }! _3 h# E1 _/ {
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09756.html
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LETTERS0 f, {2 d) M, `  }! z; k! B% z
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A massive protocluster of galaxies at a redshift of z ≈ 5.3    pp233 - 235
Massive clusters of galaxies have been found as early as 3.9 billion years after the Big Bang. Cosmological simulations predict that these systems should descend from 'protoclusters' — early overdensities of massive galaxies that merge hierarchically to form a cluster. Observational evidence for this picture, however, is sparse because high-redshift protoclusters are rare and difficult to observe. Here, a protocluster region 1 billion years (z = 5.3) after the Big Bang is reported. This cluster extends over >13 megaparsecs, contains a luminous quasar as well as a system rich in molecular gas. A lower limit of >4 × 1011 solar masses of dark and luminous matter in this region is placed, consistent with that expected from cosmological simulations." ]1 @! W: `3 Y! a7 ~, \& z
Peter L. Capak et al.
doi:10.1038/nature096816 \3 ^6 t" b, ]5 a3 B. ]  M
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09681.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09681.html0 S3 E; W( U" n) K5 F9 `6 Y9 ?

Observation of scale invariance and universality in two-dimensional Bose gases  pp236 - 239" w" p; f( W: G' Z+ @
The Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless (BKT) phase transition, occurring in two-dimensional Bose gases, is expected to show an extended range of universal scaling behaviour in thermodynamic quantities; however, a clear demonstration of this 'critical' behaviour has remained elusive. Its existence is now confirmed through in situ density and density-fluctuation measurements of two-dimensional caesium Bose gases at different temperatures and interaction strengths." N/ t4 U' w( q2 `: Y
Chen-Lung Hung, Xibo Zhang, Nathan Gemelke and Cheng Chin1 T4 P7 ?! Z8 X' k. t
doi:10.1038/nature09722: A6 c  r2 [+ b$ C6 B7 i3 k0 C
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09722.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09722.html

Programmable nanowire circuits for nanoprocessors    pp240 - 2449 @' w5 A1 P5 u! n$ J
In a significant step forward in complexity and capability for bottom-up assembly of nanoelectronic circuits, this study demonstrates scalable and programmable logic tiles based on semiconductor nanowire transistor arrays. The same logic tile, consisting 496 configurable transistor nodes in an area of about 960 μm2, could be programmed and operated as, among other functions, a full-adder, full-subtractor and multiplexer. The promise is that these logic tiles can be cascaded to realize fully integrated nanoprocessors with computing, memory and addressing capabilities.
Hao Yan et al." W# _4 _' f( S
doi:10.1038/nature09749+ |7 ^$ D" o/ i$ N5 S
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09749.html# t9 U8 w& [  ]5 }* G) C0 P5 ]
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09749.html
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Asymmetric additions to dienes catalysed by a dithiophosphoric acid    pp245 - 249
Here it is shown that chiral dithiophosphoric acids can catalyse the intramolecular hydroamination and hydroarylation of dienes and allenes to generate heterocyclic products in exceptional yield and enantiomeric excess. A mechanistic hypothesis is presented that involves the addition of the acid catalyst to the diene, followed by SN2′ displacement of the resulting dithiophosphate intermediate, and mass spectroscopic and deuterium labelling studies support the proposed mechanism.
Nathan D. Shapiro et al.
doi:10.1038/nature097230 l4 ?6 w3 l: n
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09723.html% G8 B4 _/ k6 o5 }$ ^; \6 ?+ d
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09723.html! e0 k) B; ~5 t) h

Holocene Southern Ocean surface temperature variability west of the Antarctic Peninsula pp250 - 254
The Antarctic Peninsula is currently one of the fastest-warming locations on Earth, but its long-term variability has remained unclear. This study uses TEX86 sea surface temperature proxy evidence to show that a long-term cooling of about 3–4 °C occurred in waters near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula over the past 12,000 years, consistent with orbitally controlled changes in insolation. Shorter-term variability in temperature at the Antarctic Peninsula appears to have been strongly influenced by the position of westerly winds. The present influence of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation system on the Antarctic Peninsula may have arisen only during the late Holocene.
A. E. Shevenell, A. E. Ingalls, E. W. Domack and C. Kelly
doi:10.1038/nature09751
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09751.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09751.html" X" n: U) b0 Z7 ]- h
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Acoelomorph flatworms are deuterostomes related to Xenoturbella pp255 - 258( Z3 S3 i( e5 i$ ?4 b3 Z- N$ b3 b9 O
New molecular research has pulled acoel flatworms from their basal position in animal evolution, uniting them with creatures such as echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins and allies) — indeed, very much closer to the chordates, the group that includes ourselves. The work follows previous revelations that Xenoturbella, a simple flatworm of mysterious evolutionary connections, also belonged to this group. The research implies that acoels are not primitively simple, as had been thought, but have lost features such as a body cavity, anus and gill slits.4 T+ P/ {$ x/ b# y0 R+ c" F
Hervé Philippe et al.6 O/ K) b, L* L3 I" o2 C" e8 H
doi:10.1038/nature096769 v) @: O) I: s' Q5 U
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09676.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09676.html
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Transmembrane semaphorin signalling controls laminar stratification in the mammalian retina    pp259 - 263+ u1 }2 k+ \$ r8 A. Y! B( C
The retina is a laminated structure made up of several different cellular subtypes that assemble precise connections between them. This study sheds new light on the molecular mechanisms governing the development of these specific circuits. Transmembrane molecules typically most active as repulsive signals during axonal guidance exhibit specific expression patterns within the retina, allowing for the connectivity between cell types to occur properly. Mutant mice lacking specific isoforms of these semaphorin or plexin molecular families displayed significant defects in the retinal circuitry. Thus, repulsive cues present on the neuronal processes themselves drive proper wiring between lamina within the retina.
Ryota L. Matsuoka et al.5 X) u9 T6 f' X2 |
doi:10.1038/nature09675
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09675.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09675.html

9p21 DNA variants associated with coronary artery disease impair interferon-γ signalling response    pp264 - 268
A non-coding region on chromosome 9p21 was previously shown to associate with coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes, and the region has been implicated in regulating neighbouring genes. Here, 33 distinct enhancers within this region are identified, showing that SNPs in one of the enhancers affect STAT1 binding. Furthermore, it is shown that in human vascular endothelial cells the enhancer interval physically interacts with a number of specific loci and that IFN-γ activation strongly affects the chromatin structure and transcriptional regulation of the 9p21 locus, including STAT1 binding, long-range enhancer interactions and expression of neighbouring genes.) H9 j. v4 P8 V) ^5 [* l7 N
Olivier Harismendy et al.% Y$ d# c) O+ @# M& u3 Y/ G+ i" H
doi:10.1038/nature09753
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09753.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09753.html3 v2 {2 N/ a- d

SMAD4-dependent barrier constrains prostate cancer growth and metastatic progression pp269 - 273
In a mouse model of prostate cancer it is found that that the TGF-β signalling pathway limits tumour progression and metastasis. Using markers of this pathway and other biologically relevant factors, a four-gene signature is identified that is associated with poorer clinical outcome and metastatic progression in several prostate cancer cohorts, especially in combination with other clinical parameters. This signature may prove useful for the development of a better prognostic test for those cases of prostate cancer in which deciding on the right treatment regime while avoiding over-treatment constitutes an important clinical challenge.- J4 d* i+ s* a9 N( R* p* p* F
Zhihu Ding et al.
doi:10.1038/nature096776 k0 B. N8 O1 t. ~/ Z8 h: N
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09677.html4 }3 ~* a3 P8 E1 N" x
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09677.html$ o( E- Y) b1 A' f* a. q% [

Structures of APC/CCdh1 with substrates identify Cdh1 and Apc10 as the D-box co-receptor       pp274 - 2781 \3 k' u/ q$ N
The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a large multimeric ubiquitin E3 ligase that regulates the eukaryotic cell cycle in processes such as chromatid segregation and completion of mitosis. It catalyses the polyubiquitylation of a diverse array of mitotic regulatory proteins and targets them for proteasomal degradation. Target selection also involves a co-activator protein (either Cdc20 or Cdh1) together with core APC/C subunits. Here, a cryo-EM structure of APC/CChd1 bound to a D-box peptide substrate is presented. The structure provides important insight into the recognition and catalytic mechanism of APC/C substrates.: b4 g* F4 O5 O/ M6 x; D
Paula C. A. da Fonseca et al.5 ^2 I+ C5 v4 P8 g. c0 F$ n3 j
doi:10.1038/nature096251 Z4 Z; F# z) @5 b: t
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09625.html, z4 Y; ?0 j' X" l4 E" Y' F
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09625.html7 ~. g5 Z7 S  r! G% G! E
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A unique chromatin signature uncovers early developmental enhancers in humans pp279 - 283
Identifying the genomic regulatory sequences, such as enhancers, that control early embryonic development remains a difficult challenge. Here, profiling of histone modifications and chromatin regulators in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) reveals unique signatures that are used to identify over 2,000 putative enhancers. These enhancers are either active in the h ESCs or associated with early developmental genes.7 n7 U/ z5 i6 W0 E. j7 e1 s: o3 v1 s
Alvaro Rada-Iglesias et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09692/ t4 K, o6 o5 R1 m% w6 J& O) N" c; `, I
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09692.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09692.html( h- \+ ?5 E5 ~) k

lncRNAs transactivate STAU1-mediated mRNA decay by duplexing with 3′ UTRs via Alu elements    pp284 - 288( e  |6 _" q" E: Q/ ?, o
Staufen 1 (STAU1) protein binds regions of dsRNA in the 3′ UTR of mRNAs and promotes their degradation, a process known as SMD (Staufen-mediated mRNA decay). Although a specific stem-loop binding site had been defined for one SMD target, it was unclear how STAU1 was directed to other SMD targets that lack this structure. This paper reports that pairing of Alu element sequences in long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and in the 3′ UTR of the SMD target generates a dsRNA structure that STAU1 recognizes. This result highlights a new function for lncRNAs.* ?! o% }5 R/ T( |( v6 r. I4 [
Chenguang Gong and Lynne E. Maquat8 g# A1 d. O8 }
doi:10.1038/nature09701
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09701.html' L. u) N: L# N) Q% |6 s7 l0 |5 z" r
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09701.html