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标题: Na channel expression and activity in the medullary collecting duct of rat kidne [打印本页]

作者: 轻羽 时间: 2009-4-22 09:42 标题: Na channel expression and activity in the medullary collecting duct of rat kidne

作者：Gustavo Frindt, Zuhal Ergonul, and Lawrence G. Palmer作者单位：Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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      【摘要】
   The expression and activity of epithelial Na channels (ENaC) in the medullary collecting duct of the rat kidney were examined using a combination of whole cell patch-clamp measurements of amiloride-sensitive currents ( I Na ) in split-open tubules and Western blot analysis of -, -, and -ENaC proteins. In the outer medullary collecting duct, amiloride-sensitive currents were undetectable in principal cells from control animals but were robust when rats were treated with aldosterone ( I Na = 960 ± 160 pA/cell) or fed a low-Na diet ( I Na = 440 ± 120 pA/cell). In both cases, the currents were similar to those measured in principal cells of the cortical collecting duct from the same animals. In the inner medullary collecting duct, currents were much lower, averaging 120 ± 20 pA/cell in aldosterone-treated rats. Immunoblots showed that all three ENaC subunits were expressed in the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla of the rat kidney. When rats were fed a low-Na diet for 1 wk, similar changes in - and -ENaC occurred in all three regions of the kidney; the amounts of full-length as well as putative cleaved -ENaC protein increased, and the fraction of -ENaC protein in the cleaved state increased at the expense of the full-length protein. The appearance of a presumably fully glycosylated form of -ENaC in Na-depleted animals was observed mainly in the outer and inner medulla. These findings suggest that the capability of hormone-regulated, channel-mediated Na reabsorption by the nephron extends at least into the outer medullary collecting duct.
      【关键词】 ENaC aldosterone outer medulla inner medulla
   AMILORIDE - SENSITIVE EPITHELIAL Na channels (ENaC) mediate reabsorption of Na is the distal part of the nephron ( 6, 9 ). Their function has been studied most directly using the patch clamp mainly in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) ( 16 - 18 ) and more recently in the connecting tubule (CNT) ( 5 ). Their expression and role in transport in the medullary collecting duct are less clear. Immunocytochemical assays have detected ENaC protein in the outer segment [outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD)] but staining of the inner segment [inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD)] was absent or weak ( 2, 11 ). An amiloride-sensitive conductance in the apical membrane of rabbit OMCD cells was demonstrated using microelectrode recordings ( 12 ). However, no active transport of Na could be detected in unidirectional flux measurements in isolated, perfused OMCD segments ( 25, 26 ). In the isolated, perfused IMCD, transepithelial potentials were very low and small effects of amiloride on apical membrane voltage ( 24 ) and net Na flux ( 20 ) were observed, suggesting that electrogenic Na transport through channels is minimal. However, quite substantial inhibition of net Na fluxes were measured in vivo using microcatheterization or split-droplet approaches ( 23, 27 ). In this paper, we use electrophysiological techniques and immunoblotting to investigate the presence of apical Na channels in the medullary collecting duct and their regulation by mineralocorticoids.
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METHODS

Animals. All animal-handling procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Weill Medical College. Sprague-Dawley rats of either gender (150-170 g), raised free of viral infections (Charles River Laboratories, Kingston, NY), were fed sodium-deficient rat diet (MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH) or a modified diet that matches the low-Na diet but that contains 1% NaCl (MP Biomedicals) for 6-8 days. Some animals were fed the 1% NaCl diet and implanted subcutaneously with osmotic minipumps (model 2002, Alza, Palo Alto, CA) for 6-7 days to increase levels of circulating aldosterone. Aldosterone was dissolved in polyethyleneglycol 300 at 2 mg/ml to give a calculated infusion rate of 1 µg/h.6 c/ I& ]/ O- \8 [; C; x8 V

Two or three thin coronal slices were made near the hilum of the kidney for dissection of collecting ducts. Using fine forceps, the cortical segment was isolated from medullary rays. The outer medullary duct was dissected after removing the cortex from the slice. Increasingly smaller bundles of tubules were separated with forceps from the inner through the outer medulla until a segment of collecting duct became partially free. This was cleaned of attached tubule segments. For the inner medullary duct, the field of dissection was illuminated from underneath the dissection dish and short pieces of ducts were isolated from thin loop limbs. All segments of collecting ducts were split open with a thin needle and forceps and transferred to a coverslip coated with Cell Tak (BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA) for electrophysiological measurements.0 x6 c% \. G  i4 [
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In some cases, the rats were given drinking water with 3% sucrose, which was consumed avidly, for 18 h to reduce the medullary osmolarity and the consequent osmotic shock to the cells upon exposure to isotonic dissection solution. This preparation did not noticeably alter either the appearance of the tubules or the experimental results.) u1 ^5 {( v2 O4 v2 W

Electrophysiology. Measurement of amiloride-sensitive currents in principal cells of the collecting duct followed procedures described previously ( 4, 5 ).

For whole cell clamp measurements, tubules were superfused with solutions prewarmed to 37°C containing (in mM) 135 Na methanesulfonate, 5 KCl, 2 CaCl 2, 1 MgCl 2, 2 glucose, 5 mM BaCl 2, and 10 HEPES adjusted to pH 7.4 with NaOH. The patch-clamp pipettes were filled with solutions containing (in mM) 7 KCl, 123 aspartic acid, 20 CsOH, 20 TEAOH, 5 EGTA, 10 HEPES, 3 MgATP, and 0.3 NaGDP S with the pH adjusted to 7.4 with KOH. The total concentration of K was 120 mM. Pipettes were pulled from hematocrit tubing, coated with Sylgard, and fire polished with a microforge. Pipette resistances ranged from 2 to 5 M. Amiloride-sensitive currents were measured as the difference in current with and without 10 µM amiloride in the bath solution.5 q  X# D7 y0 W  X; q' y
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Semiquantitative immunoblotting. Polyclonal antibodies against the -, -, and -subunits of the rat ENaC were based on short peptide sequences in the NH 2 terminus of -ENaC (amino acids 46-68), and the COOH termini of -ENaC (amino acids 617-638) and -ENaC (amino acids 629-650), as described previously ( 3, 14 ). Antisera were purified using peptide-linked agarose bead affinity columns (Sulfolink Kit, Pierce Biotechnology). The basic characterization of these antisera was published previously ( 3 ).1 y4 v  d2 ~2 t# F

To compare ENaC protein abundance between groups of rats, semiquantitative immunoblotting was carried out as described previously ( 3, 14, 15 ). Briefly, whole kidneys were dissected into cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla and homogenized with a glass homogenizer (Wheaton, Millville, NJ) in ice-cold isolation solution containing 250 mM sucrose/10 mM triethanolamine buffer, pH 7.4, with 1 µg/ml leupeptin and 0.1 mg/ml phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). The homogenate was centrifuged at 1,000 g for 10 min to sediment unbroken cells and nuclei. The supernatant was processed for immunodetection. Total protein was measured (BCA Kit, Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL). Equal amounts of protein (40-50 µg/sample) were solubilized at 70°C for 10 min in Laemmli sample buffer and were resolved on 4-12% bis-Tris gels (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) by SDS-PAGE. For immunoblotting, the proteins were transferred electrophoretically from unstained gels to PVDF membranes. After being blocked with BSA, membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies against -, -, or -subunits at 1:500 or 1:1,000 dilutions. Anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with alkaline phosphatase was used as a secondary antibody. The sites of antibody-antigen reaction were visualized with a chemiluminescence substrate (Western Breeze, Invitrogen) before exposure to X-ray film (Biomax ML, Kodak, Rochester, NY). Band densities were quantitated using a Quantity One densitometer and acquisition system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA).
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Modeling. We extended a previously developed mathematical model of Na and K transport by the CCD ( 7 ) to the OMCD. We used values of apical Na permeability ( P Na ) determined from measurements of I Na made in the OMCD as described previously ( 7 ). The interstitial Na concentration was assumed to be 280 mM, or twice that in the cortex. Other membrane parameters were assumed to be similar to those of the CCD, including apical K conductance (440 nS/mm tubule), basolateral K conductance (5,800 nS/mm), and maximal basolateral Na/K pump activity (47.6 nA/mm). The largest uncertainty in applying this model, particularly in the conditions of low luminal Na  , was the value of the paracellular conductance. This parameter was therefore allowed to vary.
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RESULTS

I-V plots for whole cell currents in the presence and absence of amiloride are shown in Fig. 1 for principal cells of the CCD, OMCD, and IMCD. In all cases, the nephron segments were isolated from animals treated with aldosterone for 7 days to maximize channel activity. Both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the amiloride-sensitive currents ( I Na ) were similar in the CCD and OMCD. In the IMCD, the magnitude of the I Na was well below those reported above for the OMCD, and also much smaller than those measured in the CCDs of the same animals. Because of the small size of the amiloride-sensitive currents even under presumably optimal conditions, and because of the relatively high technical difficulty of preparing the tubules for patch-clamp measurements, we did not further investigate the channel activity in IMCD cells.
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Fig. 1. Amiloride-sensitive whole cell currents in principal cells of the cortical collecting duct (CCD; A ), outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD; B ), and inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD; C ) of rats infused with aldosterone for 1 wk. Data from representative cells of each segment are illustrated. In each case, currents measured in the absence ( ) and presence ( ) of 10 µM amiloride are plotted together with the difference currents ( ) representing I Na.

Figure 2 summarizes the mean values of I Na in CCD vs. OMCD and IMCD cells. For both OMCD and IMCD values are plotted together with those measured in CCDs isolated from the same animals. The mean CCD currents were significantly different in the two sets of experiments. These findings indicate that there was no significant difference in Na channel activity in CCD and OMCD. However, currents in the IMCD were only 20% as large as those in the CCDs of the same animals.6 V8 D9 v  Z9 ?) k

Fig. 2. Summary of I Na measured at -100 mV for cells from rats treated with aldosterone for 1 wk. Data represent means ± SE for 13 cells to 19 cells from the CCD, OMCD, and IMCD similar to those in Fig. 1. The 2 groups of CCD data come from the same animals as the measurements from matched OMCDs and IMCDs, respectively. *Significantly different from matched CCD values.$ ^3 T4 a" O3 F: w1 I
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We also examined OMCD cells from animals on a normal diet. Similar to cells of the CCD, no effect of amiloride could be detected under these conditions ( Fig. 3 A ), and I Na was not significantly different from zero. Thus Na channel activity, at least as measured in vitro, is dependent on elevation of plasma aldosterone.
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Fig. 3. Amiloride-sensitive whole cell currents in principal cells of the OMCD in control rats fed a diet with a normal salt content ( A ) and in rats fed a low-Na diet for 1 wk ( B ). Currents measured in the absence ( ) and presence ( ) of 10 µM amiloride are plotted together with the difference currents ( ) representing I Na.7 J! l" U6 y% X6 h9 q8 ?3 j1 W

Levels of circulating aldosterone can also be increased in a more physiological way by feeding animals a low-Na diet. When rats were Na-deprived for 1 wk, a significant I Na was detected in cells from the OMCD ( Fig. 3 B ). Again, these currents were similar to those of the CCD from the same kidneys. The absolute values of I Na were lower in these Na-depleted rats than in the animals treated with aldosterone. However, these animals were studied at different times and the results are not strictly comparable. Mean values of I Na in CCDs and OMCDs from these sets of measurements are shown in Fig. 4.7 K% |$ N  b2 U6 S4 t

Fig. 4. Summary of I Na measured at -100 mV for cells from control rats and from animals fed a low-Na diet for 1 wk. Data represent means ± SE for 14-21 cells similar to those in Fig. 3. Currents from control animals were not detectably different from zero.: m# F3 [9 @0 a
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Previous studies indicated both quantitative and qualitative effects of Na depletion and mineralocorticoid infusion on ENaC proteins from whole rat kidneys ( 3, 14, 15 ). There is no information available on the comparative effects of these maneuvers on the abundance of ENaC in different parts of the kidney. We therefore carried out immunoblots of homogenates of rat kidney after dissecting the organ into cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla, comparing animals under control conditions with those on a low-Na diet for 1 wk. The results, shown in Figs. 5, 6, and 7, indicate that Na depletion has similar effects on ENaC subunits from the three regions. As reported previously for whole kidney, the antibody to the -ENaC subunit recognized several different peptides. Two of these, at 85 and 30 kDa, were seen in all three regions of the kidney, and both of these were increased in abundance during Na depletion. We previously interpreted these as representing the full-length form and a proteolytic fragment of -ENaC, respectively ( 3 ). A third band of 60 kDa apparent molecular mass which was also reported previously had a lower abundance and was not consistently affected by Na depletion; we do not know whether this band is a form of ENaC or whether it represents nonspecific staining. Although it has an apparent molecular mass similar to that expected of the larger fragment of the cleaved -ENaC, the antibody directed against the NH 2 -terminal should not recogize that fragment. The -ENaC subunit appeared as a presumably full-length species of 85-95 kDa in all three regions. In the outer and inner medulla, the abundance of this peptide was increased in the Na-depleted animals relative to controls and some of the protein migrated at an increased apparent molecular mass. In a previous study using whole kidney homogenates, we showed that this reflected an increase in the endoglycosidase H-resistant glycosylation of the -subunit in response to the low-Na diet ( 3 ). This effect was not apparent in the cortex. Two forms of the -ENaC subunit were observed, presumably corresponding to the full-length and proteolytically cleaved peptides ( 3 ). In all regions of the kidney, we found a decrease in the full-length, 85-kDa form and an increase in the smaller 70-kDa form with the low-Na diet. In the cortex, both high and low molecular mass species appeared as multiple discrete bands. The significance of this pattern in unclear.3 |# F' O" d6 \( ?. W! @% E5 B/ M

Fig. 5. -ENaC immunoblots from kidneys of rats fed a control diet and a low-Na diet for 1 wk. Gels were loaded with 40 µg protein from homogenates of cortex, outer medulla, or inner medulla and probed with anti- -ENaC antiserum. In all regions of the kidney, Na depletion increased the abundance of protein bands at 85 and 30 kDa.! M, z( W4 @9 p7 G8 ~7 r

Fig. 6. -ENaC immunoblots from kidneys of rats fed a control diet and a low-Na diet for 1 wk. Gels were loaded with 40 µg protein from homogenates of cortex, outer medulla, or inner medulla and probed with anti- -ENaC antiserum. In all regions of the kidney, the major species recognized by the antibody had an apparent molecular mass of 90 kDa. Na depletion induced the appearance of a band of slightly higher apparent molecular mass in the outer and inner medulla. There was little effect in the cortex.
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Fig. 7. -ENaC immunoblots from kidneys of rats fed a control diet and a low-Na diet for 1 wk. Gels were loaded with 40 µg protein from homogenates of cortex, outer medulla, or inner medulla and probed with anti- -ENaC antiserum. In all parts of the kidney, Na depletion decreased the abundance of an 85-kDa species and increased the abundance of a 65- to 75-kDa species.
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To quantitatively evaluate the possible contributions of Na channels in the collecting duct, we first estimated the maximal transport rates that could be achieved. We used the maximal I Na /cell measured in aldosterone-treated animals at an optimal electrical driving force of -80 mV across the apical membrane and an estimate of 510 cells/mm tubule ( 5 ). This gave active transport rates of 3.1 pmol·s -1 ·mm -1 for the CCD, 4.1 pmol·s -1 ·mm -1 for the OMCD, and 0.5 pmol·s -1 ·mm -1 for the IMCD. While these may reflect unidirectional fluxes that could be achieved by in vitro perfused tubules, net transport will also depend on other factors, in particular the transepithelial resistance. Furthermore, transport in vivo will depend on the delivery of Na to the tubule and on the luminal K concentration and apical K permeability.3 f" {' K* n0 h

Rather than attempt a complete reconstruction of transport along the collecting duct, we focused on the simpler question of what is the lowest Na concentration that can be maintained in the tubules using the Na channels as the main transport system. For this purpose, we adapted a mathematical model of the rat CCD developed previously ( 7 ). The minimal Na concentration that can be maintained will depend on the rate of active transport, determined in large part by the activity of apical Na channels, and on the rate of leak into the lumen through the paracellular pathway. Figure 8 shows the minimal concentration in the OMCD, assuming maximal Na channel activity, as a function of the paracellular conductance ( G par ). To keep Na at 1 mM, the paracellular conductance must be at most 0.12 mS/cm 2. The minimal Na depended on the apical K conductance as well, as illustrated in Fig. 8 A. A high conductance decreased the minimal Na by hyperpolarizing the apical membrane and increasing the driving force for Na entry through the channels. This effect was most pronounced at higher values of G par; the results with the tighter epithelia were affected much less. Increasing the concentration of K in the lumen increased the minimal Na concentration by depolarizing the apical membrane ( Fig. 8 B ). Variations in the other model parameters, such as the maximal pump rate, the pump kinetics, and the basolateral K conductance, had relatively minor effects.

Fig. 8. Minimal luminal Na concentration that can be achieved in simulations of transport by the OMCD are plotted as a function of the paracellular conductance. The apical Na permeability in the simulations was calculated from the amiloride-sensitive currents measured after infusion of aldosterone for 1 wk. A : simulations were carried out at 5 different apical K conductances, values being 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 x that calculated for the CCD. The luminal K concentration was 34 mM. B : simulations were carried out for luminal K concentrations of 17, 34, 70, and 100 mM with an apical conductance equal to that of the CCD. Other model parameters are as described in METHODS.9 t9 t: ^8 T! ~  M  C

DISCUSSION9 c( f4 W1 N7 |8 w8 E7 P. b3 X
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The existence and/or importance of ENaC-mediated Na transport in the medullary collecting duct has not been clearly established. In isolated, perfused rabbit OMCDs isolated from the outer stripe of the medulla, Koeppen ( 12 ) reported that amiloride depolarized the transepithelial potential and hyperpolarized the cell potential, measured with intracellular microelectrodes, consistent with block of apical Na channels. However, Stokes ( 25, 26 ) did not detect active transport of Na from unidirectional fluxes, although diffusional transport across the epithelium could be measured. This paper presents the first direct measurements of Na channel activity in freshly isolated medullary collecting ducts. The most surprising finding was the high level of Na channel activity, assessed as amiloride-sensitive current, in cells from the OMCD. In fact, there was no detectable difference in the activities of the OMCDs and the CCDs of the same animals. Our data suggest that as far as channel-mediated Na transport is concerned, the OMCD can be considered as an extension of the CCD, at least in the rat. It is possible that the difference with the transport measurements in rabbit OMCD reflects species variation.
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Net Na flux was observed in the isolated, perfused rat IMCD ( 20 ). However, only a small fraction of this transport was inhibited by amiloride. Consistent with that finding, Stanton ( 24 ) observed significant but modest effects of the drug on transepithelial and cell potentials in isolated, perfused tubules impaled with microelectrodes. In both of these studies, the transepithelial voltage was small, at most a few millivolts, implying that the electrogenic transport processes such as those mediated by Na channels may play a minor role, or that the shunt conductance was very high. On the other hand, in vivo micropuncture of rat IMCD indicated substantial transport of Na  , particularly when the animals were Na deprived ( 1 ). Similarly, microcatheterization of the IMCD indicated high rates of Na reabsorption that were largely blocked by amiloride ( 23 ). Furthermore, micropuncture measurements of isotonic fluid transport in split droplets implied rates of Na transport in the IMCD in vivo that were comparable to those in the proximal tubule and were also largely amiloride inhibitable ( 27 ). In addition, cells isolated from the IMCD and studied in suspension displayed an amiloride-sensitive component of oxygen consumption ( 29 ). Finally, primary cultures of IMCD cells express ENaC and show ENaC-like channel activity, albeit at relatively low levels, in patch-clamp experiments ( 28 ). Our measurements of split-open IMCDs are much closer to the findings in isolated, perfused tubules. Ullrich and Papavassiliou ( 27 ) calculated a net flux of Na of 4 nmol·cm 2 ·s -1. If we assume that the apical surface of cells of the IMCD is a 15 x 15-µm square, this would correspond to 900 pA/cell. Our measurements of I Na at physiological membrane voltages were an order of magnitude lower, even in aldosterone-treated rats. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that transport was depressed when the kidneys were excised or the tubules isolated.  U# L% M) z2 u7 y& R& j

We evaluated whether the measured activity of Na channels could account for Na concentrations of

The kidney needs to regulate Na and K excretion separately, despite the fact that transport rates for the two ions can be highly coupled in the distal nephron. One way to solve this dilemma is to regulate K secretion in upstream segments such as the CNT and CCD, known to express apical K channels, and to accomplish the final regulation of Na excretion more distally in the MCD. Our calculations suggest that this would require either much larger Na channel densities than we measured in these segments or a very high paracellular resistance. The calculated required resistance is considerably larger than those measured in the rabbit OMCD ( 12, 13 ), the rat IMCD ( 22 ) or rat IMCD cells in primary culture ( 8 ). Alternatively, a transport mechanism other than the Na channels could be used for this purpose, as has been postulated by others ( 23 ).

In immunoblot experiments samples from the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla all showed expression of the three ENaC subunits, consistent with previous immunoblot studies ( 10 ). The signals obtained from the same amount of total homogenate protein from the three regions of the kidney were similar, although we believe that this is fortuitous. In blots containing samples from both cortex and medulla, the relative amount of ENaC protein varied somewhat among the three subunits with ratios of cortex

uter medulla: inner medulla of 1:0.45:0.23 for, 1:0.72:0.48 for, and 1:0.78:1.08 for. However, in the cortex most of the mass consists of proximal tubules that do not express the channels. Similarly in the outer medulla the most abundant tubules are from the thick ascending limb and are also devoid of ENaC. Pfaller ( 19 ) estimated the contribution of volume comprised of collecting duct and connecting tubules to be 2.5% in the cortex, 5.3% in the outer medulla, and 13% in the inner medulla. Factoring the values above by these percentages, the relative abundance of -ENaC in the collecting duct system is cortex

uter medulla:inner medulla = 1:0.34:0.09. The high expression in the cortex probably reflects that in the connecting tubules, which have the largest channel activity per cell that we measured ( 5 ) and are likely to have a correspondingly high expression of ENaC protein ( 21 ). The inner medulla has both the lowest channel-mediated currents and the lowest specific expression of ENaC.. N! i) g2 d  {/ I6 s
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Both the electrophysiological and the immunoblot data indicate that the Na channels in the medulla are strongly regulated. In the OMCD, like the CCD and CNT, channel activity was strongly dependent on the mineralocorticoid state of the animal from which the tubules were isolated. Virtually no amiloride-sensitive conductance could be measured in cells from control animals, while currents in those from Na-depleted or aldosterone-treated rats were robust. Furthermore, most of the changes in ENaC protein that have previously been associated with channel activation during Na depletion ( 3, 4, 14, 15 ) were very similar in the three segments. These include an increase in the abundance of both full-length -ENaC and of a putative cleavage product of this subunit. In addition, there was an increase in the abundance of a low apparent molecular weight form of -ENaC, also thought to be a cleavage product of the full-length form. The major difference in the effects of Na-depletion on ENaC was observed for -ENaC. Here, the appearance of a form of the subunit with a higher apparent molecular was seen mainly in the outer and inner medulla and not the cortex. In a previous study, we showed that this reflected an increase in the amount of protein with endogylcosidase-H resistant glycosylation ( 3 ). This heterogeneity may explain why this phenomenon was not observed in previous studies ( 4, 14, 15 ). This change in glycosylation does not appear to be essential for channel activation as it was not observed in the cortex, where upregulation of the channels is well documented, and was also not seen with aldosterone treatment, which mimics the effects of Na depletion on channel activity ( 3 ). Both the cause of this change in -ENaC and its physiological significance remain unclear.
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This work was supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Grant Dk-59659." g9 W: i. h8 T2 |6 H
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Palmer LG, Frindt G. Gating of Na channels in the rat cortical collecting tubule: effects of voltage and membrane stretch. J Gen Physiol 107: 35-45, 1996.) d2 v8 A/ R6 A0 h+ H0 V1 n, l9 F
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Pfaller W. Structure function correlation on rat kidney. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 70: 1-106, 1982.

Rocha AS, Kudo LH. Water, urea, sodium, chloride, and potassium transport in the in vitro isolated perfused papillary collecting duct. Kidney Int 22: 485-491, 1982.

Rubera I, Loffing J, Palmer LG, Frindt G, Fowler-Jaeger N, Sauter D, Carroll T, McMahon A, Hummler E, Rossier BC. Collecting duct specific gene inactivation of ENaC in the mouse kidney does not impair sodium and potassium balance. J Clin Invest 112: 554-565, 2003.
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Sands JM, Nonoguchi H, Knepper MA. Hormone effects on NaCl permeability of rat inner medullary collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 255: F421-F428, 1988.. i0 [$ D) H' S6 i

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Sonnenberg H, Honrath U, Wilson DR. Effects of amiloride in the medullary collecting duct of rat kidney. Kidney Int 31: 1121-1125, 1987.6 \6 u1 |' K. r0 |/ a& p: [" P2 r; I
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Stanton BA. Characterization of apical and basolateral membrane conductances of rat inner medullary collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 256: F862-F868, 1989.# W' u4 n$ u  w7 Z

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Stokes JB. Ion transport by the cortical and outer medullary collecting tubule. Kidney Int 22: 473-484, 1982.% k. q4 C6 o5 B" }
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Stokes JB. Na and K transport across the cortical and outer medullary collecting tubule of the rabbit: evidence for diffusion across the outer medullary portion. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 242: F514-F520, 1982.$ X6 |5 T0 e, ~$ y: z' Q. S6 k  D1 q
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Ullrich KJ, Papavassiliou F. Sodium reabsorption in the papillary collecting duct of rats. Effect of adrenalectomy, low Na diet, acetazolamide, HCO 3 - free solutions and of amiloride. Pflügers Arch 379: 49-52, 1979.' I; j$ v% x4 Q8 ?$ Y3 w

Volk KA, Sigmund RD, Snyder PM, McDonald FJ, Welsh MJ, Stokes JB. rENaC is the predominant Na channel in the apical membrane of the rat inner medullary collecting duct. J Clin Invest 96: 2748-2757, 1995.! F* D5 C7 M. r* C5 @( A6 S( F2 |2 r

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作者: 榴榴莲 时间: 2015-6-10 07:27

很有吸引力

作者: 红旗 时间: 2015-6-11 22:41

免疫细胞疗法治疗肿瘤有效

作者: s06806 时间: 2015-6-16 17:18

我来看看！谢谢

作者: tuanzi 时间: 2015-6-19 10:27

干细胞行业

作者: 兔兔 时间: 2015-6-29 17:35

帮你顶，人还是厚道点好

作者: marysyq 时间: 2015-7-17 18:50

不错，看看。

作者: biobio 时间: 2015-7-22 00:00

强人，佩服死了。呵呵，不错啊

作者: biobio 时间: 2015-8-21 01:56

角膜缘上皮干细胞

作者: biobio 时间: 2015-8-29 17:10

观看中

作者: aakkaa 时间: 2015-8-31 17:10

我喜欢这个贴子

作者: tempo 时间: 2015-9-21 16:43

ips是诱导多能干细胞induced pluripotent stem cells iPS

作者: 榴榴莲 时间: 2015-10-28 16:55

今天没事来逛逛，看了一下，感觉相当的不错。

作者: 泡泡鱼 时间: 2015-10-29 10:27

我在顶贴~！~

作者: 杏花 时间: 2015-11-15 11:42

这个贴好像之前没见过

作者: 石头111 时间: 2015-11-15 21:40

今天没事来逛逛，看了一下，感觉相当的不错。

作者: beautylive 时间: 2015-11-20 14:42

声明一下：本人看贴和回贴的规则，好贴必看，精华贴必回。

作者: tempo 时间: 2015-12-7 14:18

正好你开咯这样的帖

作者: nauticus 时间: 2015-12-16 10:10

每天早上起床都要看一遍“福布斯”富翁排行榜，如果上面没有我的名字，我就去上班……

作者: 泡泡鱼 时间: 2015-12-16 14:43

偶啥时才能熬出头啊.

作者: biobio 时间: 2015-12-18 07:36

心脏干细胞

作者: txxxtyq 时间: 2016-1-21 20:09

先顶后看

作者: 泡泡鱼 时间: 2016-2-9 14:20

呵呵,明白了

作者: 张佳 时间: 2016-2-18 07:54

楼上的话等于没说~~~

作者: HongHong 时间: 2016-2-18 14:43

进行溜达一下

作者: 陈晴 时间: 2016-2-23 22:09

给我一个女人，我可以创造一个民族；给我一瓶酒，我可以带领他们征服全世界。。。。。。。。。

作者: immail 时间: 2016-3-3 22:35

顶你一下.

作者: MIYAGI 时间: 2016-4-6 16:24

好啊，，不错、、、、

作者: feixue66 时间: 2016-4-14 18:53

顶也～

作者: 365wy 时间: 2016-5-15 15:57

要不我崇拜你?行吗?

作者: foxok 时间: 2016-5-16 13:27

不错不错.,..我喜欢

作者: aliyun 时间: 2016-5-21 09:09

顶一个先

作者: leeking 时间: 2016-6-8 10:43

不对，就是碗是铁的，里边没饭你吃啥去？

作者: 锦锦乐道 时间: 2016-6-19 10:26

顶也～

作者: 舒思 时间: 2016-7-26 13:18

(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……

作者: 心仪 时间: 2016-8-7 03:31

先顶后看

作者: whyboy 时间: 2016-8-10 08:27

支持~~

作者: chinagalaxy 时间: 2016-10-11 20:17

这贴？不回都不行啊

作者: highlight 时间: 2016-10-15 04:49

今天的干细胞研究资料更新很多呀

作者: ladybird 时间: 2016-10-21 13:10

设置阅读啊

作者: 红旗 时间: 2016-11-4 15:32

慢慢来，呵呵

作者: aliyun 时间: 2016-11-16 12:09

既然来了，就留个脚印

作者: 泡泡鱼 时间: 2016-12-2 08:36

每天到干细胞之家看看成了必做的事情

作者: 3344555 时间: 2016-12-4 09:10

免疫细胞治疗

作者: 墨玉 时间: 2016-12-7 05:36

每天到干细胞之家看看成了必做的事情

作者: Kuo 时间: 2016-12-10 11:10

我帮你喝喝

作者: 3344555 时间: 2016-12-10 19:17

回答了那么多，没有加分了，郁闷。。

作者: xiaomage 时间: 2016-12-31 13:47

ips是诱导多能干细胞induced pluripotent stem cells iPS

作者: 碧湖冷月 时间: 2017-1-26 04:51

宁愿选择放弃，不要放弃选择。

作者: 若天涯 时间: 2017-2-4 06:35

努力~~各位。。。

作者: biopxl 时间: 2017-2-17 23:35

不错，支持下

作者: 刘先生 时间: 2017-2-27 10:09

不错啊! 一个字牛啊!

作者: 蝶澈 时间: 2017-3-1 05:09

回帖是种美德.

作者: na602 时间: 2017-3-12 00:58

顶的就是你

作者: 罗马星空 时间: 2017-4-14 14:18

今天临床的资料更新很多呀

作者: 考拉 时间: 2017-4-16 04:18

(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……

作者: 依旧随遇而安 时间: 2017-4-23 03:23

水至清则无鱼,人至贱则无敌!

作者: 天蓝色 时间: 2017-5-29 00:18

先顶后看

作者: 快乐小郎 时间: 2017-6-15 15:10

厉害！强~~~~没的说了！

作者: 8666sea 时间: 2017-7-1 03:42

很好！很强大！

作者: 科研人 时间: 2017-7-10 21:58

终于看完了~~~

作者: 心仪 时间: 2017-7-16 01:04

干细胞分化技术

作者: nosoho 时间: 2017-9-5 20:40

偶啥时才能熬出头啊.

作者: kaikai 时间: 2017-9-16 23:41

支持你一下下。。

作者: mk990 时间: 2017-9-28 21:16

观看中

作者: 某某人 时间: 2017-10-9 07:01

加油啊！！！！顶哦!!!!!

作者: 小小C 时间: 2017-10-12 09:43

干细胞从业人员

作者: netlover 时间: 2017-10-19 17:08

昨天没来看了～～

作者: biopxl 时间: 2017-10-20 17:10

干细胞与动物克隆

作者: 若天涯 时间: 2017-10-22 00:42

很有吸引力

作者: changfeng 时间: 2017-10-29 17:26

勤奋真能造就财富吗？

作者: 与你同行 时间: 2017-11-15 19:58

琴棋书画不会，洗衣做饭嫌累。

作者: 追风 时间: 2017-11-19 00:33

你还想说什么啊....

作者: 多来咪 时间: 2017-12-1 13:35

支持~~

作者: 小丑的哭泣 时间: 2017-12-10 13:01

有空一起交流一下

作者: 983abc 时间: 2018-1-9 15:27

今天的干细胞研究资料更新很多呀

作者: 昕昕 时间: 2018-1-28 02:00

太棒了！

作者: 橙味绿茶 时间: 2018-2-8 02:41

先看看怎么样！

作者: 一个平凡人 时间: 2018-2-8 07:53

晕死也不多加点分

作者: 张佳 时间: 2018-2-22 15:54

初来乍到，请多多关照。。。

作者: www1202000 时间: 2018-2-28 13:43

加油啊！！！！顶哦!!!!!支持楼主，支持你~

作者: 与你同行 时间: 2018-3-14 03:48

回贴赚学识，不错了

作者: hmhy 时间: 2018-3-29 00:31

似曾相识的感觉

作者: abc987 时间: 2018-5-6 16:01

干细胞抗衰老

作者: 苹果天堂 时间: 2018-5-12 12:25

不对，就是碗是铁的，里边没饭你吃啥去？

作者: ladybird 时间: 2018-5-18 06:49

看看..

作者: dreamenjoyer 时间: 2018-5-19 16:43

干细胞分化技术

作者: dd赤焰 时间: 2018-5-28 07:36

设置阅读啊

作者: na602 时间: 2018-6-8 22:28

ding 支持

作者: 快乐小郎 时间: 2018-6-10 18:03

回复一下

作者: doc2005 时间: 2018-6-18 18:53

不看白不看，看也不白看

作者: 张佳 时间: 2018-6-23 00:35

呵呵,明白了

作者: sshang 时间: 2018-7-2 09:28

我帮你喝喝

作者: 小倔驴 时间: 2018-7-6 18:42

我帮你喝喝

作者: 舒思 时间: 2018-7-9 01:27

干细胞研究还要面向临床

作者: hmhy 时间: 2018-7-25 02:15

干细胞疾病模型

作者: 若天涯 时间: 2018-8-8 19:03

看看..

作者: 365wy 时间: 2018-8-25 01:01

人气还要再提高

作者: Whole 时间: 2018-9-23 07:04

不错不错.,..我喜欢

作者: 温暖暖 时间: 2018-9-28 14:02

真是佩服得六体投地啊

欢迎光临干细胞之家 - 中国干细胞行业门户第一站 (http://www.stemcell8.cn/)