标题: 【METHOD】How to write a review [打印本页] 作者: linxingxing 时间: 2009-9-5 12:17 标题: 【METHOD】How to write a review
本帖最后由 linxingxing 于 2010-4-27 11:50 编辑 ! O/ _ `* q' a5 V" {: v( U2 O
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How to Write and Structure Your Manuscript 2 T9 S2 c3 _' H# e5 r
Patricia K Sonsalla, Ph.D. ' L' W* l* P' f/ SUMDNJ-RWJ Medical School Piscataway, NJ # t$ |" Z& ^% a3 y* J- d& ^# R" I) T0 j
REFERENCES: 2 T. ^+ U( d% D! a
How to Write and Revise a Scientific Paper, Kim E. Barrett 4 N7 R8 X% o; r; a. P
The Elements of Style, William Strunk, Jr. (www.bartleby.com/index.html) & S5 \6 S, x) e- i! Y1 C* w) _2 T
& s+ Q+ W! ?/ Q5 _: AI. Select the journal and follow guidelines. Guidelines provide authors with what is expected in manuscripts. Review published papers for style and form. }; V, W5 R. I, O' T6 [7 y) F! t. h/ b) v/ p; D
II. Prepare outline of paper. What are major points to be made in each section? - s( k$ _4 }% ]7 \5 B1 q3 [; Q' u4 ^2 |) ~: Y
III. Title 6 I- f) n- R8 z+ e# w7 c1 v
A. Be as specific as possible. The title is a key element that describes the content of the paper. ; R0 `, l7 B/ u9 T$ d1 f
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Role for Dopamine in Neuronal Damage Produced by Malonate 6 X8 _: Q5 c/ e/ f% L: A # t! r# o" D9 D; i, f$ g2 v. H- w
Role for Dopamine in Malonate-Induced Damage In Vivo in Striatum and In Vitro in Mesencephalic Cultures 0 q" G& r: Q' s: S & v. E$ d' v9 Y3 F8 A9 u5 u6 l Dopamine Contributes to Neuronal Damage Produced by Malonate in Mouse Striatum and in Mesencephalic Cultures - K1 s. u# _' K9 y3 d% B+ `, m& m# g: b6 J& y
IV. Abstract + f& H1 c3 h* j( ~& n$ k( E
A. The abstract is the "window" to revealing contents of paper. ; ~. s3 u. P* ^* F. ]6 q1 d
B. Medline and other search programs provide easy access to abstracts. The contents of the abstract will determine whether a reader will actually read the paper. Thus, it is important that the abstract contain all key findings within the space allowed. ! I$ {) b6 i( C2 K% H6 l! IC. Abstract should include the following:& p5 l7 w0 Q2 \% x! \
1. Background: 1-3 sentences : T; T; Y( U; C g6 I( n
2. Hypothesis/purpose of studies: I sentence . V5 l4 j$ M3 d4 ]1 {9 Q7 l) c3. Model systems used (e.g., rat, mouse) 3 X8 H* n/ P6 l3 q/ z4 r5 U. f' u
4. Methods - general (e.g., acute vs. chronic treatment; do not provide specifics) 2 _; A" f7 a& @5. Results: Provide as complete a summary of the findings as possible but avoid presenting actual data values (space limitations). " Z1 H1 t! h U6. Statement as to significance ( _- h! c8 L% W5 P9 p
& Y3 |, j: u% U# F* oV. Background . D' o0 h% Q: V; z
A. Provide brief review of pertinent literature and cite relevant findings that led to studies. Be careful not to exclude relevant findings by other investigators. + M' w0 m: e7 `/ sB. Discuss unknowns that remain to be determined or controversies that exist in the literature. Controversial findings need to be addressed (Background or Discussion). Present controversial findings in the Introduction if they are key to rationale for studies. ! O) A# s2 l, a$ t1 m
C. Why was the study undertaken? State hypothesis or purpose of studies. 5 j' A0 ?0 _/ @ y1 A F4 Q( C
w& @' p( d, E+ `5 e OVI. Materials/Methods 3 I; Y% G5 b8 O, @9 a. V3 C' XA. Provide sufficient details so that another investigator can repeat your experiments. $ x l( U5 f4 W: l/ o W1 n$ c
B. Avoid detailed reiteration of published procedures but describe any modifications. , b- G, g1 Y: Q. U& Q* t7 l
C. Provide source of materials and make-up of non-standardized solutions (e.g., drugs). 9 \3 ~/ ?0 ]. E2 N( {" [
D. Provide information on statistical analysis. Are they appropriate? 0 w# l8 Q# T8 k
E. Presentation of data (here or in figure legends/tables). Is variation in SD or SEM? If SEM, need to provide number of observations in each group. " p+ b4 h" O; r6 P9 r/ u. z1 M& j' Z' o2 ^5 ^2 [
VII. Results ; X* O" h5 N6 Z& q$ R! |+ X
A. Present findings in a logical progression through the experimental process. Tell a story; this does not necessarily mean that findings will be presented in the chronological order in which they were performed. F3 g7 X# |& g" Z4 GB. Provide sufficient interpretation of data to lead the reader from one concept to the next but leave detailed analysis for the Discussion section. 9 d0 j5 @$ b# G! W% }/ o
C. Avoid duplication of information particularly of data within text, figures or tables, or in figure legends. 3 I2 i7 K8 T7 V9 j( Z3 sD. Save comparison of findings from studies to those of others for Discussion section. 3 R' n3 |8 ]( ^( @1 k2 t! V, V( y# q# k; f: m$ }
VIII. Discussion 8 t( ?: U& A, \' F8 q3 i4 xA. Avoid simple reiteration of background information - place discussion in context of background. Discuss how your results advance knowledge in the area. & T* t. K& C8 m+ `% Z
B. Avoid reiteration of results. Discuss results as to interpretations and conclusions based on findings. Speculation is okay, but avoid excessive speculation. ! H: \1 _% `* o z* f% Q! T/ c. yC. Generally, it may be helpful to structure the discussion section to parallel presentation of results. Initiate with introductory paragraph that restates the purpose of studies? Provide overview of findings with brief mention of significance? : N$ t4 m+ c. h: {5 N! c5 N) I
D. Discuss significance of findings (last paragraph?). 4 T) f: ^$ _" D0 s5 ^6 I " J3 r& h9 F. {5 y5 uIX. References , M1 H( N' V) Q% p3 IA. Limit number of citations. 6 D3 T" e' }+ ^B. Use of reviews vs original papers. 6 A# Y6 q7 e# S9 x: ?- j8 y" @
C. Avoid excessive self-citations to the exclusion of others. - ]6 h! q: e: ?5 P: R+ q7 S
D. Check references for accuracy. ' c2 W( H6 P# t B) l, l # h6 p/ }. C9 _) R: T( q8 z! AX. Order of Writing ; H/ L" O4 M, t# q- f
A. Abstract, background, results, discussion? ! U, w( y5 L, D' u0 z& F, d5 k
B. Results, background, discussion, abstract? % E4 f: D: k- T, c8 }5 F
C. Results, discussion, background, abstract? % w( y8 |1 J0 `" e# n2 t/ E
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XI. Writing Style 9 U, ?1 R1 {6 L% QA. Organization of paragraphs. Use one paragraph per topic. Begin each paragraph with a general sentence. The structure should resemble an "hourglass" where the content goes from general to specifics to conclusion statement that conforms with first sentence. Does new paragraph link with previous? May need an introductory sentence that provides link. ( ?; J! `1 R% a0 ]
Example: The impairment of energy metabolism by inhibitors of succinate dehydrogenase ... imposes a metabolic stress on multiple neuronal populations. The infusion of malonate, a reversible inhibitor of SDH, into the stfiatum of animals causes ... degeneration of DA and GABA neurons. Moreover, the exposure of rat embryonic mesencephalic cultures to malonate results in damage to both DA and GABA neurons. These observations indicate that a metabolic stress imposed by impairment of energy metabolism can cause degeneration of both DA and GABA neurons. # z0 z. @* l/ V7 z) O
- `1 g7 {' y s. v7 j( jB. Write simply and directly; omit needless words. Avoid run-on sentences. Example: The identification of DA release is particularly relevant because of accumulating evidence which suggests that this neurotransmitter may act as an endogenous neurotoxin and contribute to the pathology of PD, HD and ischemia-induced damage in the striatum (ref)., C8 _9 D: }5 i: R% K+ Y9 f( c+ S
vs. ( E: p3 d4 a( H/ ~. _9 I Endogenous DA may become toxic under various pathological conditions as seen in PD, HD or stroke (re)g. In ischemia models, striatal DA is released from the nerve terminals into the extracellular space. Furthermore, infusion of DA into the striatum, which mimics an increase in extracellular DA, causes neuronal damage. These observations suggest that increased extracellular DA may be detrimental in various pathological conditions. & \, q- I, B' B+ B& t: O$ J; \; a
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C. Use active rather than passive voice. - E y/ i9 u9 P( l) B- g: j
Example: Smith and colleagues have reported that drug X produced its effects ... vs. Drug X produces... (Smith et al.). 0 H0 {! m5 c0 z% k6 Y G( h! y4 ^1 M1 Q) Z: O/ K2 r/ P9 h1 f# g" ]
Example: Our studies have demonstrated that... vs. We demonstrate that... 1 l( l- C7 I' Z! c" z2 ?: [4 e
- w3 Q2 @4 ^4 M- s7 }D. Avoid use of noun strings. # u# ^7 R+ ~ n Example: The malonate dopamine toxicity ... vs. The toxicity of malonate to dopaminergic neurons... 9 w1 S- O Z7 p1 R
4 ]$ C ?( A: z; I' ]3 EE. Use verbs rather than noun forms of verbs. 2 }) W0 A/ c E* G$ z
Examples: My suggestion is that the discussion of the issues ... vs. I suggest that we discuss the issues... # {/ t* O, l8 L) H' D3 l' s
Our conclusion is that the impairment of renal function by the drug is due to ... vs. We conclude that the drug impairs renal function by actions... ( s# ^8 }! l* z4 ?) M/ Z
This study was a further investigation of the phenomena that Drug X produces ... vs. We further investigated whether Drug X… ) Z3 o8 _6 A2 Y9 S6 U7 k1 u0 x& u
$ H& M: P9 d/ y) [) x4 S9 E6 L1 YF. Avoid excessive use of abbreviations.- B. n. T! o! Q0 r) \
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Comes from: http://www.the-aps.org/careers/c ... p/2001/Sonsalla.doc作者: linxingxing 时间: 2009-9-5 12:18
. e! C- Y I' d0 iDo's and Don'ts 0 h8 i7 D+ w0 U/ G5 Y" {5 z5 C
Do ensure that all requested items are submitted to the journal office; you do not want to make enemies of the editorial office staff or, worse, the Editor. 7 t1 E. t8 f+ x7 f N 8 z' P! k' {2 Q- lDo try to enlist the help of a native English-speaking colleague to assist with the preparation of your manuscripts if English is not your first language. * e1 H. s% o% l: ]
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Do read your manuscript carefully prior to submission, and preferably ask a number of individuals to check the typescript for errors. Familiarity breeds "typo-blindness"! $ n/ d7 Q$ Y2 Z0 g1 B
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Do conduct your experiments with a view to their ultimate publication. Thus, don't waste too much time with a series of studies with minor variations in design, only to have to go back to make the required number of repetitions of an experiment to allow for statistical analysis. ) n/ T7 {& A/ W. h% Q: k g. ~1 w! M# B+ I6 [8 L4 }8 Q- S, H+ q
Do state the hypothesis of your study prominently in the introduction section. G! _5 F0 l4 M! s7 W
1 z# @( G' z) g! uDo read the instructions! ' e) G" ^' k, [2 [3 h5 I2 z. v: u$ G5 \! `8 a
Do consider starting to prepare your manuscript even before all of the experiments are complete. Often, outlining the results section will alert you to gaps in the reasoning and additional experiments that can fill them. 8 h& G3 Z4 U$ T$ [+ A: N 6 ~2 F& F1 q0 N" f1 m1 RDo provide all authors, including students, an opportunity to comment on the manuscript before it is submitted. Indeed, many journals now require a signed statement to the effect that all authors have seen and approve of the manuscript's contents. : j- A0 |2 d- r9 P7 p 9 i- o$ I) }7 G; r% u0 @Do try to make your study complete. Resist the temptation to submit your work as LPU-s (least publishable units). $ G- q# w' y. K, Z/ @( L$ x4 C' Y 7 ?; [6 r! z) N" {" zDo try to allow your students and fellows to develop their own writing style, while maintaining quality control over the output of your laboratory. 8 B/ j$ t5 B1 b' k2 m0 M1 h" R; W- L( B* }' \/ y/ v
Do participate in the peer-review process of journal manuscripts to the greatest extent possible. It is a wonderful way to learn what works (and what doesn't). & J4 w: f: o. ~5 `6 C* i" `
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Do be willing to accept constructive criticism from trusted colleagues. / q! R, E5 E9 \* d0 A # i' B2 a4 X/ e: y/ Z" ^Don’t include data that has been published previously, other than in abstract form. Prior publication includes symposium proceedings and the like that are not peer-reviewed, even if the data are only in preliminary form in the prior work. 4 \6 S7 R# o! y' J
3 u& s7 Z3 J- O* ?Don’t rely too heavily on the spell-check feature of your word processor (but do use it!). Don't include titles on figures intended for publication. * B+ w9 a1 Y6 ^# B% }/ L8 E% i* g' Z/ K; ^3 _
Don’t feel that you cannot call or write to the Editor for clarification, if points raised in the review process seem unclear. Note, however, that some editors will only accept such inquiries if made in writing. 2 |* @) D6 W, e. o) ] ' z3 V8 u: Q, d0 vDon’t give co-authors unlimited amounts of time to comment on the manuscript. Set them a deadline after which you will proceed with submission with or without their input.& q; w* ?0 N: j3 m' @
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Comes from: http://www.the-aps.org/careers/c ... op/2001/Barrett.doc作者: fanfuzi09 时间: 2009-9-5 16:39
写综述总是被骂，值得看看再提高作者: linxingxing 时间: 2009-9-5 17:10
It is a good way to know more about the stuff what you are doing now作者: pig 时间: 2009-9-12 00:45
作者: nobel1943 时间: 2009-9-24 23:03
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽作者: tieyun 时间: 2009-9-25 17:03
It's very useful, thank you very much!作者: 张也行 时间: 2009-9-27 00:56
Very Helpful！ Thannks a lot!作者: linxingxing 时间: 2009-9-30 01:16
The most critical thing is to practice a lot. . v/ t) o6 m% z# M1 }( ^% DI am writing a review now, the sentences sound like a kid's words. 6 ^+ o: z6 I3 v3 u" A) q3 b4 cread first, then do it personally.作者: linxingxing 时间: 2009-10-3 17:03
