: a- i* ~' k* e9 |肿瘤干细胞学说认为肿瘤为非均质群体,其中占少数的干细胞是复发转移的根源。为此,人们对这部分细胞与临床治疗相关的生物学特性进行了深入研究。Liu有关胶质瘤病例耐药的报告显示,在含有替莫唑胺、卡铂、Vp-16和泰素的培养液中CD133阳性细胞较阴性细胞具有更高的活性。耐药基因表达分析显示,CD133阳性细胞与阴性细胞相比,耐药基因(BCRP1和MGMT)和抗凋亡基因(FLIP、Bcl-2和 Bcl-XL)均有显著性升高[17]。研究证实了BTSC对细胞毒药物具有更高的耐药性,也为脑肿瘤较差的化疗疗效提供理论依据,同时强调逆转干细胞耐药对提供脑瘤化疗疗效具有重要作用。& W( c5 s7 u, l' |
/ n3 `$ T4 }8 _0 g, Z3 v0 H细胞对DNA损伤做出应答的一个重要过程是检查点活化,当细胞受到照射时检查点激酶CHK1和CHK2使关键蛋白磷酸化,从而阻止正常的细胞周期进行。受到有关间充质干细胞放射敏感性研究的启示[18],Bao[19]以胶质瘤病人标本和人胶质瘤异种移植物为对象,检测肿瘤干细胞放射敏感性。结果显示,CD133阳性细胞较阴性细胞放射敏感性显著降低,原因是前者更早活化DNA损伤检测点,并且高效修复射线所致损伤。实验进一步采用CHK1和CHK2特异抑制剂,结果明显提高肿瘤干细胞的放射敏感性。该研究从肿瘤干细胞角度分析胶质瘤辐射耐受的产生机理,为脑瘤放疗生物靶区理论提供了有力证据。' G! z% o# D( [) d
& |7 t: ]5 [/ L1 J3 P2 [+ `) {
骨形态发生蛋白(bone morphogenetic proteins, BMPs)广泛分布于人体多种细胞和组织,调节细胞分裂、凋亡、迁移和分化,进而参与全身多种器官的发育和形成过程[20~23]。其基因表达异常和突变将导致胚胎死亡、组织器官发育异常。来自约翰·霍普金斯和米兰大学的科学家用骨形态发生蛋白4 (BMP4)预处理人恶性胶质瘤细胞,把这些处理细胞注射到小鼠脑内,结果未见肿瘤生长,而对照组可见大片浸润性癌肿生长。随后他们将含有缓慢释放BMP4的粒子直接送达植入恶性胶质瘤细胞的小鼠脑内,发现与对照组相比小鼠生存时间显著延长[24]。证实上述抗瘤作用源于 BMP4与肿瘤干细胞上的受体结合后激发Smad 信号通路,进而阻止后者的分裂能力。利用BTSC与干细胞的相似性,抑制其分裂增生能力,进而控制肿瘤,上述研究对脑瘤治疗具有很好的启示作用。类似的研究也见于Aguado的最新报道[25]:已知大麻可通过诱导转化细胞凋亡和抑制肿瘤血管形成产生抗胶质瘤作用,Aguado以多形性胶质瘤活检组织分离得到的细胞和具有大麻受体的U87MG、U373MG细胞为对象研究大麻的抗肿瘤干细胞作用。结果发现,大麻在体内阻止干细胞增殖、诱导分化,在体外减少神经球形成。研究显示,大麻受体激活后可改变BTSC增殖分化的基因表达,通过加速分化抑制胶质瘤形成。 ! v/ i- M @4 [3 y* _# W g+ Q' Z9 F0 Z
BTSC理论的提出有着重要意义,使临床脑肿瘤治疗更加具有针对性的同时,也为广为关注肿瘤发生问题提供依据。另外,BTSC与NSC属性上的相似,暗示着BTSC与NSC可能存在着某种必然的联系,对BTSC的研究也必将推动对NSC的研究。 $ \& Y: o& W/ R7 k 【参考文献】 * K7 u- k" {, _* g[1] Singh SK, Clarke ID, Terasaki M, et al. Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors [J]. Cancer Res, 2003, 63(18):5821-5828. 6 N; q6 T6 P- K5 Z( Y 1 o" @/ t; z! K 9 }3 b/ ]8 M4 A/ V8 ^3 L 0 f, m3 n5 r/ ] b [2] Reynolds BA, Weiss S. Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system[J]. Science, 1992, 255(5052):1707-l710.# b' t' [3 f4 I
9 m! t( j, @' e5 }/ V; R& T - v1 I* p: i) b5 f) R6 y 1 E7 o' p0 P5 E- w2 ? [3] Bonnet D, Dick JE. Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell[J]. Nature Med, 1997,3(7):730-737. ; C1 U- s( B {& ^ & q9 p8 r! F) x7 J- @2 B5 F- J' s' U6 v$ P% ^- `
6 k' h/ [7 c5 h; `% g. J$ L5 H
[4] Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito HA, et al. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2003, 100(7):3983-3988. 9 f5 K A1 N* O0 M6 C& A6 ?9 w' E
- a, V! C5 ^0 ~/ } T% X9 N
) I) O* ?% E x' F* ]5 }2 i
[5] Galli R, Binda E, Orfanelli U, et al. Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma[J]. Cancer Res, 2004, 64(19):7011-7021.. E# z6 K$ P$ W4 @% j& w
3 X! m( @! i: y
4 d7 _* V U3 i$ M % P7 [5 G7 H5 P* p! G- Q [6] Yuan X, Curtin J, Xiong Y, et al. Isolation of cancer stem cells from adult glioblastoma multiforme[J]. Oncogene, 2004, 23(58):9392-9400.; h k& r% ~. e+ I( ]6 ^
+ J/ j7 Z2 v# y
2 Z5 W( t4 G- I; h 8 F; i5 p2 C+ s2 S$ U [7] Recht L, Jang T, Savarese T, et al. Neural stem cells and neuro-oncology:quo vadis[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2003, 88(1):11-19. 1 Q \; t; b7 _( C# u; T6 f( v' D Z, G4 c9 {$ T& X
+ w6 [5 U6 q' ~4 _/ H0 V - i) A4 d. Z% W [8] Holland EC,Celestino J, Dai C, et al. Combined activation of Ras and Akt in neural progenitors induces glioblastoma formation in mice[J]. Nat Genet, 2000, 25(1): 55-57. 5 X# _$ [- W M: C9 }# {# o + N F% J& F; q2 [( q1 z; y ! L: P. z0 M4 w, `; Z+ G2 b* a. }7 W! B6 Y
[9] Rao G,Pedone CA, Coffin CM, et al. c-myc enhances sonic hedgehog-induced medulloblastoma formation from nestin expressing neural progenitors in mice[J]. Neoplasia, 2003, 5(3):198-204. 3 }, w! ^8 Z. H5 s- Y # J2 X1 @. w0 ?1 E1 a5 P1 Y" @2 X8 W 2 z0 p( a" z$ T) U 8 G+ B0 s0 H5 v7 } @2 M [10] Pomeroy SL, Tamayo P, Gaasenbeek M, et al. Prediction of central nervous system embryonal tumor outcome based on gene expression[J]. Nature, 2002, 415(6870): 436-442. 6 y) G! h& P! f+ B ) u& p6 ~2 D/ K4 A: e : }8 |& J& P; ?! S/ m( | * a+ }" P ~8 K V$ N/ _- b [11] Olson LE, Dasen JS, Ju BG, et al. Paired-like repression/activation in pituitary development[J]. Recent Prog Horm Res, 2003, 58:249-261.2 }. _% g+ X0 i8 p& h! H9 m4 ?
' P; t" W) C# b' Z x7 M% v$ Z9 N
2 ]# `) u8 f: F/ w$ _5 I# v
! n8 ]4 ?0 B7 Q$ i4 h1 m+ O c
[12] Leung C, Lingbeek M, Shakhova O, et al. Bmil is essential for cerebellar development and is overexpressed in human medulloblastoma[J]. Nature, 2004, 428(6980):337-341. ( @8 Q; ~8 ?& R. S6 `; U+ t3 @4 Y* g# X: E
: h2 _( E/ p3 D8 r: Y- g! Z8 k
" a. [) r+ Y7 i5 ? X1 S4 @/ `
[13] Groszer M, Erickson R, Scripture-Adams DD, et al. Negative regulation of stem cell/progenitor cell proliferation by the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in vivo[J]. Science, 2001, 294(5549):2186-2189." f( K) D& f8 `# ?
- y4 r4 G# [. y' d+ V$ j+ V8 e
6 r: r# P% t4 U6 I5 Q- u
& y5 S# y# r3 B" Y$ x1 u- c [14] Bjerkvig R, Tysnes BB, Iboody KS, et al. The origin of the cancer stem cell: current controversies and new insights nature[J]. Cancer Rev, 2005, 5(11): 899-904. 0 v: W& @5 H: k/ O2 w3 k( i) @" v. p6 c; h
$ {( {$ O- X6 E: H * r% J! g8 R2 V' I g$ v& T [15] Nguyen HG, Ravid K. Tetraploidy/anerploidy and stem cells in cancer promotion: The role of chromosome passenger proteins[J]. J Cell Physiol, 2006, 208(1):12-22.; b( _" L4 u' `3 y, y" E$ W5 J
$ I4 B% j* Y, l1 @7 l$ d+ K9 `
! |: E5 f! z' [' D c7 w8 r: s' [: @, K; j( P. w [16] Masutomi K, Hahn WC. Telomerase and tumorigenesis[J]. Cancer Lett, 2003, 194(2):163-172. ( N! V8 a/ p. a% I* T$ Y' t5 t $ w- H9 h; d# K# ]+ Z- w! o% g" u( T# _' Y& W) \+ E
0 U% N* I. Z/ C E& I6 v3 }
[17] Liu G, Yuan X, Zeng Z, et al. Analysis of gene expression and chemoresistance of CD133 cancer stem cells in glioblastoma[J]. Mol Cancer, 2006, 5: 67./ S4 R3 w* \2 \
& D6 u% u3 d% X, q0 V( o& O; w 3 a/ u: N$ R$ J % i" N' i8 |- [5 J7 m [18] Chen MF, Lin CT, Chen WC, et al. The sensitivity of human mesenchymal stem cell to ionizing radiation[J]. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys, 2006, 66(1):244-253. 4 ]2 T) V; q1 |" n' D
/ E; O# n1 H6 ^$ g- \/ z- } c/ ^0 E* b" n, g: f- T: b
+ }3 ~( o: b( { [19] Bao S, Wu Q, Mclendon RE, et al. Glioma stem cell promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response[J]. Nature, 2006, 444(7120):756-760. 5 H1 t h8 a: s2 e* G0 e $ z8 U2 g$ V `- G - m3 V0 g: k6 B( H' U' [) K H _
[20] Piccirillo SG, Reynolds BA, Zanetti N, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein inhibit the tumorigenic potential of human brain bumor-initiating cells[J]. Nature, 2006, 444(7120):761-765.$ H( r. H) l5 L, |; Y6 |7 R5 Q
# d: s% A# ^/ E0 }, k* T# ]
) W! J! K& q& |/ P) G
7 H! e% k! e9 l
[21] Lagna G, Nguyen PH, Ni W, et al. BMP-dependent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-8 mediates apoptosis in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells[J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2006, 291(5):1059-1067.8 \9 ~# I6 k j: q* R
* T1 a+ I4 ?( C9 E% h ( c/ R& e5 g: S' a" z2 ^+ w! h- b8 Z4 E* j: `
[22] He XC, Zhang J, Tong WG, et al. BMP signaling inhibits intestinal stem cell self-renewal through suppression of Wnt-beta-catenin signaling[J]. Nat Genet, 2004, 36(10):1117-1121./ k$ `+ I4 ?4 ~. o- `
5 T. q# ?, k/ P; n9 L; C8 g * p8 y# A% \" _$ Q8 { y0 D " p z, G# C t+ p' b% {) R% U [23] Chen D, Zhao M, Mundy GR. Bone morphogenetic proteins[J]. Growth Factors, 2004, 22(4):233-241. ' Z+ N0 ?0 {% y" V+ M4 y9 n, p; v/ V : J9 s3 x! Z; a+ Q5 Z/ i3 T) ~3 X% {
& ?* m8 k( U N, ^: o: G6 B
[24] Piccirillo SG, Reynolds BA, Zanetti N, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein inhibit the tumorigenic potential of human brain bumor-initiating cells[J]. Nature, 2006, 444(7120): 761-765. 1 F$ D" d. S" y# S7 m- @ " c" o1 f6 U2 f# [: d$ r( U+ b1 c. d$ D/ {$ \
4 J( h4 M' M; r4 v1 W8 v- u8 W
[25] Aguado T, Carracedo A, Julien B, et al. Cannabinoids induce glioma stem-like cell differentiation and inhibit gliomagenesis[J]. J Biol Chem, 2007, 2: [ahead of print].作者: beautylive 时间: 2015-6-9 17:10