0 @4 i( s, Z. ?$ L. ^1 K. M, ^由于对细胞异常行为的好奇,Chaffer开始着手进一步的研究,将浮动基底细胞注入小鼠。12周后发现注入的基底细胞产生类似于乳管的结构,包含了基底和管腔细胞,这清楚地表明浮动细胞已经去分化至干细胞。6 r/ Z8 G2 y2 G2 R' |& P2 E% H
5 u- v$ b/ F' F直到现在,没有人表明分化的哺乳动物细胞,像这些基底细胞,能够自发地恢复到干细胞状态。观察基底细胞是否会变成癌症干细胞,Chaffer将致癌基因注入到这些细胞中,之后被注入到小鼠中,发现小鼠体内的肿瘤中含有癌症干细胞群,它们是原先基底细胞的后裔。这一结果表明乳腺癌肿瘤中的基底细胞是癌症干细胞中一个先前未知的来源。: Y6 a' \3 p9 m; X1 I4 j7 |
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目前,对于癌症治疗的研究着重于消除癌症干细胞,Weinberg警告说这些基底细胞的可塑性表明了一种更加复杂的状况。: G; \3 L7 S3 u; B4 j: e- y
* Z) m$ v ~3 v0 Y未来针对癌症的药物治疗必须根除其癌症干细胞,以及消除肿瘤中的非干细胞(non-stem cell),这两个群体都必须根除。0 O) t2 t; `4 ] n* x( f/ M
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Chaffer正着重于研究究竟是什么推动这些灵活的细胞进行去分化,并且针对癌症细胞,如何阻止细胞转化成癌症干细胞。+ T8 @" w3 J' z; ?
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这种可塑性能够自然发生,似乎该推动剂可能是转化为干细胞的生理机制。我们相信某种细胞对于这种推动剂更加敏感,并且该过程在癌症细胞中发生地更加频繁。 3 C- V2 D( R/ z6 f6 [% V(生物谷Bioon.com); {* P, W8 e* s3 U% I
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Scientists Identify a Surprising New Source of Cancer Stem Cells. a5 Y& r9 T% d8 m) d6 u
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ScienceDaily (Apr. 11, 2011) — Whitehead Institute researchers have discovered that a differentiated cell type found in breast tissue can spontaneously convert to a stem-cell-like state, the first time such behavior has been observed in mammalian cells. These results refute scientific dogma, which states that differentiation is a one-way path; once cells specialize, they cannot return to the flexible stem-cell state on their own. ) Z7 D0 L( `" o5 e4 e! o5 ~. m" y) u# ^
This surprising finding, published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), may have implications for the development of cancer therapeutics, particularly those aimed at eradicating cancer stem cells./ e5 S2 ?" I5 I+ p0 f
: W$ a! k6 \, d) _3 ]; a8 k. Q"It may be that if one eliminates the cancer stem cells within a tumor through some targeted agent, some of the surviving non-stem tumor cells will generate new cancer stem cells through spontaneous de-differentiation," says Whitehead Founding Member Robert Weinberg. Cancer stem cells are uniquely capable of reseeding tumors at both primary and distant sites in the body." T: e, `( L: y
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During differentiation, less-specialized stem cells mature into many different cell types with defined functions. These differentiated cells work together to form tissues and organs. In breast tissue, for example, differentiated basal cells and luminal cells combine to form milk ducts.1 z, Q5 _6 b2 w: x8 ^ r8 E5 N" `5 g
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While analyzing cells from human breast tissue, Christine Chaffer, who is a postdoctoral researcher in the Weinberg lab and first author of the PNAS paper, observed a small number of living basal cells floating freely in the tissue culture medium. " q4 n; P- K2 Z& D6 D. T1 \; w & q! V( ]4 ?6 R# JIntrigued by the cells' unusual behavior, Chaffer conducted further targeted investigations, including injection of the floating basal cells into mice. After 12 weeks she found that the injected basal cells gave rise to milk duct-like structures containing both basal and luminal cells -- a clear indication that the floating cells had de-differentiated into stem-like cells.+ @1 P+ R D# s1 [1 m# t
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Until now, no one has shown that differentiated mammalian cells, like these basal cells, have the ability to spontaneously revert to the stem-like state (a behavior described as plasticity).8 `" l) X/ S( B" ^4 t
" R+ C% N4 k" x0 ^To see if basal cells could become cancer stem cells, Chaffer inserted cancer-causing genes into the cells. When these transformed cells were injected into mice, the resulting tumors were found to include a cancer stem cell population that descended from the original injected basal (more differentiated) cells. These results indicate that basal cells in breast cancer tumors can serve as a previously unidentified source of cancer stem cells.9 V6 e5 N! ?5 c" h* K/ o8 f
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As research for new cancer therapies has recently focused on eliminating cancer stem cells, Weinberg cautions that the plasticity seen in these basal cells suggests a more complicated scenario than previously thought.; h# T. X% J7 y2 I S
2 @5 l" J) Z( o6 F3 p- l- n"Future drug therapies that are targeted against cancer will need to eliminate the cancer stem cells and, in addition, get rid of the non-stem cells in tumors -- both populations must be removed," says Weinberg, who is also a professor of biology at MIT. "Knocking out one or the other is unlikely to suffice to generate a durable clinical response."* s9 E, i0 j, ~* V' j
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Chaffer is now focusing on what actually prompts these flexible cells to de-differentiate, and in the case of cancer cells, how to stop the cells from converting into cancer stem cells.2 W/ I$ t- K/ e) ?0 Z( W
, I' L$ d# r% V: Y- G"This plasticity can occur naturally, and it seems that the trigger may be a physiological mechanism for restoring a pool of stem cells," says Chaffer. "We believe that certain cells are more susceptible to such a trigger and therefore to conversion from a differentiated to a stem-like state, and that this process occurs more frequently in cancerous cells."! u! E, a5 v! g1 L
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In the case of normal epithelial cells, the observed behavior may also allow patient specific adult stem cells to be derived without genetic manipulation, holding promise for degenerative disease therapy.! M. G* o: S6 p0 v, f9 l# `
1 `' ^9 z" M8 d# @8 \This research was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and a Department of Defense (DoD) Breast Cancer Research Program (BCRP) Idea Award.7 W _! D" Q( Y
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Journal Reference: ! g a L. _+ L# {5 L3 M: p% J5 e8 e- |5 [: h) D) f- H# A5 X
1.Christine L. Chaffer, Ines Brueckmann, Christina Scheel, Alicia J. Kaestli, Paul A. Wiggins, Leonardo O. Rodrigues, Mary Brooks, Ferenc Reinhardt, Ying Su, Kornelia Polyak, Lisa M. Arendt, Charlotte Kuperwasserd, Brian Bierie, Robert A. Weinberg. Normal and neoplastic nonstem cells can spontaneously convert to a stem-like state. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011 ; O9 l/ ?0 ~) q9 q/ ~% u作者: tpwang 时间: 2011-4-15 09:08
回复 tpwang 的帖子 * o+ G- K# b& z- C U y ) e: D$ X* _2 g" I4 {" c* B, \这个新闻听起来比较颠覆,意思是体内非干细胞在特定条件下可以变成干细胞,而这个发现是在肿瘤内,涉及肿瘤干细胞。- A5 `. k$ {* a% j
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其实,从体内干细胞的概念来说,如果上述现象得到证实,也不太出人意外。体内组织干细胞的存在形态,尤其是在特定机体机能状态下如何维持干细胞的“稳态”,说得具体一些,“干细胞”这个东西在体内是一种有限的资源还是一个系统层面的动态存在,大可讨论。按照现有的流行理论,机体组织干细胞是有限的,需要在补充修复组织细胞损失与维持自身资源之间保持平衡,如果使用过度了,就容易资源枯竭,好像人们说化石能源一样。所以有人提出干细胞及其微环境与衰老有关。但从另一个角度来看,体内干细胞及其微环境的互动,还是靠整个机体系统状态的大环境调控的。人的一生所经历的漫长阶段及其相应的组织细胞代谢更新维持等,似乎不大可能仅仅取决于生就的有限资源的不对称分裂这种机制的吝啬使用。而且,不同组织细胞环境里的干细胞维持和功能代谢差异很大,比如说小肠干细胞补充绒毛组织,代谢更新如此之快,数天一换,要说一个个小的“微环境”里生来就命定了足够的干细胞储备供一生消耗,这概念从进化上有点“傻”,从解剖结构和生理病理机制上有点难以想象。不对称分裂这种机制听起来很巧妙,其实风险很大。所以,很有可能机体干细胞的“维持”是一个整个机体系统层面的动态循环,即组织干细胞可以从其他“非干”细胞来循环补充。或者,这两种机制共存,或者特定组织某种机制在特定情况下占优势。体内直接转分化的苗头也是对这种假设的一个间接支持。 \: F: r1 n) P; Z$ l# R& ?8 ~5 @6 g# K" ]
如果上述推理成立,这个肿瘤干细胞可由“非干”肿瘤细胞转化而来的现象就不难理解了,换句话说,肿瘤就是个特定的系统“环境”条件,导致非干向干的转化。如果说得极端一些,干细胞本身就是肿瘤细胞,只是所谓“正常”干细胞没有在特定条件下失控罢了。这一来,体内干细胞及其微环境互动,机体生理病理系统大环境调控,肿瘤干细胞,直接转分化,重编程,大一统,呵呵,有点戏说。" \+ c' j. j5 ~, B& I
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PNAS网上还找不到这片文章,姑妄论之。作者: jiays 时间: 2011-4-15 09:54
本帖最后由 jiays 于 2011-4-15 09:57 编辑 - N/ s2 s; m! o8 [$ L F: P7 |' {9 h. e1 C s1 \/ a
我也曾经为干细胞的不对称分裂表示困惑,为何数目那么少,如何维持,最近看来一篇文献,说干细胞也可以对称分裂,即产生2个相同的干细胞,通过这种机制来维持干细胞的数目。 8 ^* y" @& z5 R! h( K3 Q' ]参考文献:http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-36634-1-1.html作者: tpwang 时间: 2011-4-15 09:56
回复 jiays 的帖子 0 g3 [0 E9 y! f. ]% S6 v' d. f; F) N0 N
是的。不对称分裂与对称分裂都可能是体内干细胞维持内稳态的必要机制,关键是系统要求压力下的调控。作者: wwk865 时间: 2011-4-15 10:20
回复 tpwang 的帖子5 w0 }6 r& [6 l; U
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哪位朋友能提供一下原文:http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/04/14/1102454108.abstract % L; x( o: ~. n! \7 @+ n8 _) q; @ ( S3 Q* [; N$ P7 Q. a2 x2 K DNormal and neoplastic nonstem cells can spontaneously convert to a stem-like state . f6 n( o4 ^# ~; }0 HChristine L. Chaffera,b, Ines Brueckmanna, Christina Scheela,b, Alicia J. Kaestlia, Paul A. Wigginsa, Leonardo O. Rodriguesa,b, Mary Brooksa,b, Ferenc Reinhardta,b, Ying Suc, Kornelia Polyakc, Lisa M. Arendtd,e, Charlotte Kuperwasserd,e, Brian Bieriea,b, and Robert A. Weinberga,b,f,1; k- p: e( K% C7 W7 g
+ Author Affiliations 5 N. @5 |# b5 X o3 q3 v. v: H5 _ 3 Z5 Y7 b) Z9 G8 v4 T2 x& {aWhitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142; + o; T! O- Y, n% a' n
bLudwig MIT Center for Molecular Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02139; 4 p+ P- D; }1 p0 _; h! fcDepartment of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115; S" ~6 s( z$ \$ [6 `
dDepartment of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Sackler School, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; / i' b5 m* A( |% M6 }2 O* Q8 seMolecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111; and 1 o4 V4 q* ~! O& c( @fDepartment of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 % h) [' N/ D7 O0 D- D: I2 EContributed by Robert A. Weinberg, March 2, 2011 (sent for review December 8, 2010) 0 z- l% A8 `. n4 U 7 w0 @9 x, A' e1 P. ] O4 [•The authors declare no conflict of interest. # r6 A6 v8 \7 ?2 ?" } # ^! t* p+ z: A4 @! z' JAbstract1 ]* c$ E/ D% \* F+ |$ D
Current models of stem cell biology assume that normal and neoplastic stem cells reside at the apices of hierarchies and differentiate into nonstem progeny in a unidirectional manner. Here we identify a subpopulation of basal-like human mammary epithelial cells that departs from that assumption, spontaneously dedifferentiating into stem-like cells. Moreover, oncogenic transformation enhances the spontaneous conversion, so that nonstem cancer cells give rise to cancer stem cell (CSC)-like cells in vitro and in vivo. We further show that the differentiation state of normal cells-of-origin is a strong determinant of posttransformation behavior. These findings demonstrate that normal and CSC-like cells can arise de novo from more differentiated cell types and that hierarchical models of mammary stem cell biology should encompass bidirectional interconversions between stem and nonstem compartments. The observed plasticity may allow derivation of patient-specific adult stem cells without genetic manipulation and holds important implications for therapeutic strategies to eradicate cancer. ; j# w; K1 h; H2 Q
Clonetics® MEGM® mammary epithelial Cell Growth Medium has been optimized for the growth of Mammary Epithelial cells. MEGM® Medium is available as a fully supplemented medium or a BulletKit®. Basal medium without phenol red or bicarbonate are also available. MEGM® is serum-free. 2 H* m% E' T* D* g; g' L6 h4 B " A' P+ M* F k, CClonetics® Media Products are specially designed to support the growth of human and animal primary derived cells. Media systems have been specifically developed and optimized for various cell systems. Media are supplied in several formats:0 b0 Z9 I" B- r O5 y
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Basal Medium - contains no growth factors cytokines, or supplements) s, J5 j/ q. N- ~ W: d) t
SingleQuots® Kit - growth factors, cytokines, and supplements # }0 ]9 ]/ W0 v, f0 `/ f, W UBulletKit® - basal medium and SingleQuots® Kit packaged together4 S2 X+ w9 D; B; ~ V! |8 B: F5 p
Complete media - fully supplemented Medium 7 q4 l9 a4 b7 N& ~5 f9 ~. |# q, p7 q# |& i# _' l
MEGM是不含血清的,为什么那些细胞会自己悬浮,分选出来后又会自己贴壁呢作者: shen_coco 时间: 2011-4-18 00:22
我附上这篇文献的摘要!/ a! }2 k1 o0 }3 |5 ?* Q
Current models of stem cell biology assume that normal and5 I, F& h" \* [. ]
neoplastic stem cells reside at the apices of hierarchies and dif-- G" \; e$ E+ V. C
ferentiate into nonstem progeny in a unidirectional manner. Here we( X G3 ?5 \$ X# h
identify a subpopulation of basal-like human mammary epithelial! I! X8 }0 @% E; N7 A
cells that departs from that assumption, spontaneously dediffer-1 u" b- D9 x- D* Q# v
entiating into stem-like cells. Moreover, oncogenic transformation + Q9 v7 Y4 D3 J6 j* _enhances the spontaneous conversion, so that nonstem cancer cells ) F* d8 [1 ?3 e/ Q* H, \, T/ k' Lgive rise to cancer stem cell (CSC)-like cells in vitro and in vivo. We$ b K s; x: J$ N$ Y
further show that the differentiation state of normal cells-of-origin is+ g; c& v' C$ l, Q) e
a strong determinant of posttransformation behavior. These findings- n7 i7 F' k3 T7 S; T8 u
demonstrate that normal and CSC-like cells can arise de novo from" P8 v6 A M: b( W& |* H# a
more differentiated cell types and that hierarchical models of mam-+ d0 r3 |9 [3 m0 @/ \9 [
mary stem cell biology should encompass bidirectional interconver-1 r+ J9 i! l F' A7 u* c
sions between stem and nonstem compartments. The observed - M% ~; [) [/ W+ b& C: qplasticity may allow derivation of patient-specific adult stem cells & w2 i1 u1 T- Uwithout genetic manipulation and holds important implications for/ p* r$ J0 P Z$ _7 ^4 n E4 `3 T
therapeutic strategies to eradicate cancer./ D; R7 w# O& n6 d
个人认为,肿瘤细胞自发转化成“干性”细胞是有可能的,甚至有可能形成iPS细胞呢,这其中最主要的影响因素就是转化概率,: b8 z# y7 H( d1 w* H
有可能形成了,当在众多肿瘤细胞小群体中有可能存活不了,所以它的存在有可能是比较短的某个时间段才能被察觉到的,所以该文献能发在PNAS上是因为察觉到了这难以察觉的,只能发PNAS应该是因为该实验重复性不高!再说目前“干性”肿瘤细胞的标记也不是很清楚!作者: sunsong7 时间: 2011-4-28 13:22
关于已分化的基底样细胞在体外(in vitro)自发地去分化而成为类干细胞,疑问有二:$ Q2 [* C, ~; N7 i0 R
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1. 实验样品中是不是混杂有干性细胞,或者基底样细胞本身就是未成熟细胞具备潜在可塑性?1 J9 y6 C# C, V2 m; d: k
2. 如何证明这种去分化作用在体内(in vivo)条件下也会发生?作者: sunsong7 时间: 2011-4-28 15:31
【付小兵:表皮细胞去分化】 5 T8 H! o6 N% W& m $ X0 M$ _9 A! X7 ?7 w$ V孙晓艳博士学位论文(导师 付小兵):“表皮细胞去分化形成表皮干细胞的基础研究” http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_617461182/$ u) ?& j) I1 d9 H" A$ F
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目的:从建立表皮细胞去分化模型入手,比较去分化来源的表皮干细胞和机体自身来源的表皮干细胞在功能和生物学特性等方面的异同点,为实现无延迟、无瘢痕完美修复及皮肤组织的再生提供新的实验参考。2 F7 g$ I: a4 ?
, i) i. a. N6 B0 p; K) ~9 R" E方法:采用免疫组织化学的方法探寻胎儿皮肤中的表皮干细胞(epidermal stemcells,ESCs),研究不同发育时期ESCs在胎儿皮肤中分布与迁移。采用改良的Ⅳ型胶原铺板选择黏附法分离培养人ESCs,观察其形态及增值分化的特点,并进行细胞免疫组织化学鉴定。同时,提取小鼠胚胎发育中期组织液,模拟表皮干细胞壁龛微环境,采用免疫组织化学、免疫荧光染色、流式细胞检测及RT-PCR技术研究表皮干细胞在此环境中的表型变化,探讨表皮干细胞周围生长微环境在表皮干细胞“命运”决定过程中的作用。" `- q4 R- o( n
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结果: 表皮干细胞在从基底层经棘层和颗粒层到角质层的分化迁移过程中,经历了有序的成熟模式,这一过程与角蛋白的程序性表达密切相关;毛囊的发生、发育不仅与ESCs的增殖分化有关,同时受到毛乳头的诱导作用。改良的Ⅳ型胶原选择黏附法能够高效的分离表皮中的干细胞。这些细胞具有干细胞的形态特点表达α_6整合素,β_1整合素,CK19,CK14,p63,Nestin及PCNA为阳性,而CK10染色为阴性;激光共聚焦检测显示α_6整合素和CD71在表皮干细胞中的分布存在着区域性差异,可以作为区分标志之一,为ESCs及其亚群的分离与鉴定提供实验参考。 2 J( a; A! a& }$ \' m: U! U # U+ u" R) F& L# u0 X6 c9 [! I结论:ESCs并非真正静止的未分化细胞,而是一种已经进入分化状态但是仍具有多向分化潜能的干细胞,其增殖分化行为不但受到自身程序化基因表达的影响,同时又受到其所处的微环境的调控。bFGF能够诱导表皮细胞在体外发生去分化,去分化而来的表皮干细胞与ESCs相比具有更加强大的分裂增殖能力,可以作为种子细胞应用于皮肤创伤修复与再生的相关研究之中。) s( M* A# C; {
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李海红 付小兵:“表皮细胞去分化初步实验研究”(Preliminary investigation of dedifferentiation of epidermal cells )INFECTION INFLAMMATION REPAIR 2006, 7(3)2 }& v& B0 R& S) q4 b
1 K t8 y1 S' s) e7 Q0 ]包皮皮片去除脂肪细胞后,用蛋白水解酶消化分离表皮,分离的表皮片用Ⅳ型胶原反复粘连并冲洗以去除表皮干细胞.处理后的表皮片用DAPI标记后移植到全层皮肤缺损的BALB/c裸鼠,并局部应用重组人表皮细胞生长因子(rhEGF)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF),7d后用免疫组织化学法和流式细胞仪法检测移植存活皮片的表型改变.结果:用Ⅳ型胶原反复粘连并冲洗的包皮皮片CK19和β1整合素染色阴性;移植后7d,部分皮片柔软、红润,部分皮片干硬呈黑色,皮片存活率为58.3%;存活皮片CK19和β1整合素染色呈多层分布,而不是正常表皮中的单层分布;流式细胞仪检测结果示:处理后的包皮皮片(移植前)α6+CD71- 细胞占0.02%,α6+CD71+占0.03%;移植后7d α6+CD71-细胞占1.43%,α6+CD71+占2.82%,移植前与移植后α6+CD71-和α6+CD71+细胞比例有显著差异(P<0.05).结论:细胞去分化参与创伤组织的修复,去分化源性干细胞可能成为一个新的干细胞来源., l% @+ l- z% N& W, Z* K
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去分化的表皮干细胞与正常表皮干细胞具有相似的生物学功能 q$ r$ b5 s& F5 c
( d( P6 _$ k1 w# J/ i& S研究发现,在一定条件下,人的皮肤表皮细胞可以发生去分化转变为表皮干细胞或干细胞样细胞,进一步研究确证了这种从去分化来源的表皮干细胞或干细胞样细胞在形态、结构和功能方面与正常表皮干细胞的相似性,证实这种去分化来源的表皮干细胞具有一定形成三维皮肤的功能,提示这类干细胞可能在皮肤修复与再生中发挥着重要作用。深入研究发现人皮肤表皮细胞发生去分化主要涉及Wnt和ERK信号通路,它们的激活可以导致去分化效应增强,而抑制则减少去分化的发生。研究提出在胚胎干细胞研究受限的情况下,以去分化途径来“制造”干细胞,可能是一条有关组织修复和再生的重要途径。$ r# w. D9 N+ @9 s! l7 `3 H! o! o0 q
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蔡飒 付小兵:“在体诱导表皮细胞去分化的初步实验研究”(Dedifferentiation of human epidermal cells in nude mice) 第三军医大学学报 2008, 30(21) ! `) b# X6 K( r 6 D: ?3 A& E2 d1 |+ }$ u) I4 j. a目的 在体诱导表皮细胞去分化,探索与表皮细胞去分化有关的信号通路.方法 包皮皮片去除皮下组织,用中性蛋白酶分离表皮,Ⅳ型胶原反复粘贴并牵拉表皮去除基底细胞层.处理后表皮片移植于裸鼠全层皮肤下,分别于3、5、7 d取出移植皮片,采用免疫组织化学染色、流式细胞仪检测、Western blot和RT-PCR等方法检测皮片移植前后表型的改变和ERK MAPK通路各信号分子表达的变化情况. v; S# j. K/ ?6 S/ h X
/ J1 B3 \4 f) j结果 去基底细胞层处理的表皮片干细胞标志物CK19和β1整合素染色阴性;移植后5 d,存活皮片CK19和β1整合素染色呈多层分布,而不是正常表皮中的单层分布.流式细胞仪检测结果显示,表皮片移植后CK19阳性细胞和β1整合素阳性细胞由移植前的0.00%分别增加到7.54%和5.24%,而CK10阳性细胞由99.62%下降为86.56%.Western blot和PCR检测也证实CK19和β1整合素蛋白水平和mRNA水平表达在移植后明显增强.ERK及上下游信号分子(p-Raf、p-MEK1/2、p-ERK1/2和c-myc)表达增强.t-MEK1/2和t-ERK1/2移植前后表达无显著差异(P>0.05). 9 C' h) y; R& E 5 W' k6 `* h) J/ g7 O" v7 X结论 处于终末分化阶段的表皮细胞可以向干细胞状态逆转,这个过程可能与ERK MAPK信号通路有关.$ r# ?/ N, v0 _! a1 s; W& p; h: a