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美国宾西法尼亚大学医学院遗传系的Vivian G. Cheung在近期《科学》报道RNA与DNA序列之间的差异广泛存在。他们对27个人的全基因组和转录组(全部RNA)通过二代测序技术进行大规模测定,比较发现大量的RNA与其模板DNA序列不一致,平均每个人存在大约1065个这种RNA与DNA序列差别(RNA-DNA difference, RDD),在不同的人,这种差异的具体位置和基因也有所不同。RNA与DNA序列不一致说明在誊抄过程中可能被“篡改(RNA editing)”? ( t7 b9 U1 p5 f6 |! P3 H( j同日,《自然》杂志撰文指出RNA编辑将在人体细胞中普遍产生“新”的蛋白质 编码序列。 4 i' q% ]9 C5 U2 V6 G# [, N% B# b9 Q7 @1 x, e9 {5 _; @$ y2 I Widespread RNA and DNA Sequence Differences in the Human Transcriptome }' n% R# `9 m7 f( m5 p
Published Online 19 May 2011 Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1207018 2 A5 c1 c1 N& i0 d2 ^; ]& I
Mingyao Li1,*, Isabel X. Wang8,*, Yun Li6,7, Alan Bruzel8, Allison L. Richards4, Jonathan M. Toung5, and Vivian G. Cheung2,3,8 , V3 H2 [! @4 p. C. x1 P2 H$ | 0 g. L( c7 [& |The transmission of information from DNA to RNA is a critical process. We compared RNA sequences from human B cells of 27 individuals to the corresponding DNA sequences from the same individuals and uncovered more than 10,000 exonic sites where the RNA sequences do not match that of the DNA. All 12 possible categories of discordances were observed. These differences were nonrandom, as many sites were found in multiple individuals and in different cell types, including primary skin cells and brain tissues. Using mass spectrometry, we detected peptides that are translated from the discordant RNA sequences and thus do not correspond exactly to the DNA sequences. These widespread RNA-DNA differences in the human transcriptome provide a yet-unexplored aspect of genome variation. 6 B/ [7 H ~$ b; ]9 S9 S7 @- b
) z: [: X p) z+ S' k# i$ kNews: Cells may stray from 'central dogma'[attach]27537[/attach]8 f+ X" N C9 B1 ]" B4 l7 e Published online 19 May 2011 | Nature | doi:10.1038/news.2011.304 , b/ K/ U- e, P7 C
7 I) T, a0 l* O- m作者: ellapan 时间: 2011-5-26 19:45
估计可能性不大作者: 细胞海洋 时间: 2011-5-26 20:07
本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2011-5-27 12:02 编辑 ( C6 @7 u) p d$ ?
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重大突破性发现将改写“遗传中心法则”? ' x' r# k* P2 }2 h) y % n) Q7 \' B; ]1 b2 N& a 1 W5 x5 k0 l* S+ w2 n6 l! d% Z " h8 R0 I7 ^; J$ ?3 \美国宾西法尼亚大学医学院遗传系的Vivian G. Cheung领导的研究小组在本期Science上发表了一篇Research article: * q6 w7 |3 Y' T* R9 }2 D5 R# ?$ I( k9 B6 t
Widespread RNA and DNA Sequence Differences in the Human Transcriptome.+ {! r+ {! u% z1 Y7 S) G
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研究报道了RNA与DNA序列之间的差异广泛存在。他们对27个人的全基因组和转录组(全部RNA)通过二代测序技术进行大规模测定,经过比较,发现大量的RNA与其模板DNA序列不一致,平均每个人存在大约1065个这种RNA与DNA序列差别(RNA-DNA difference, RDD),在不同的人,这种差异的具体位置和基因也有所不同。 3 Q$ H8 E7 `0 q7 N* D2 L7 ]$ g2 i4 V% K3 [0 T
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估计大部分人会说,差异嘛,正常的,测序出错呗。嗯,我也是这么想的。很不幸,如果抱这种想法,那可是要与“重大发现”擦肩而过了。不过,老想以这种方式指望“重大发现”岂不是与守株待兔如出一辙?这种靠碰运气撞到“重大发现”的可能性有多大?我相信开展这项研究的人恐怕是刻意去寻找这种“差异”,这种结果是他们“期待已久”甚至是“预谋已久”的。就连我11年前都怀过这种期待。 , W8 z1 g4 F, f6 G7 B 8 ^% q/ F6 Z S6 i/ y; E z: t ) q% X f, e' t* j t0 q
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: f# m7 w# q% E0 T如果这种差异是真实的,而不是测序本身的错误,那将是本年度的最重要发现,遗传中心法则将会被改写。: `, K$ W6 z4 T" K9 y
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$ I, ~7 Y* k; ]' a Z 4 ^' g+ \- k* A/ u为什么呢? - ?2 z- y( Y" {% `9 u1 e ! }0 v/ A: |) d学过生物的朋友都会知道中心法则。简单地说,就是我们的遗传信息的流向,是以DNA作为蓝本,经过转录成RNA,将蓝本信息忠实抄送给核糖体这个蛋白加工厂,在那里按照这个誊抄的图纸制造蛋白。蛋白是生物功能的主要执行者;个别情况下,有些遗传信息还可以从RNA回到DNA,如RNA病毒可通过逆转录成DNA序列(David Baltimore因为这个已经拿了一回诺奖)。4 ?5 i, G. v* _# l& g3 L( f& k
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如果,RNA与DNA序列确实不一致,那说明在誊抄过程中被或者“出错”或者被有意“篡改”了,前者应该是是随机,可能性不大,因此只能是细胞有意为之,有个专业术语叫“编辑”。8 H3 p4 A$ ]6 Y. a
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回复 tpwang 的帖子' _3 e: r. s! }9 H" m# v, m
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Cheung大夫的自述挺有意思。个人感觉这个idea和研究的启发来自于临床实践的观察和思考,兴趣还在找出更精确的疾病genotype和phenotype之间的联系,如果这个现象得到证实,在这个关系上又多了一个层次。 - m! ?2 k& H8 k8 J2 K/ ~& K7 L% W, C) ^2 q, g% ^ http://www.hhmi.org/research/investigators/cheung_bio.html. x) B1 t9 u; ?$ [
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Vivian G. Cheung, M.D. 8 W5 b+ Q3 C7 M 4 k( q; t# C: Z7 c7 G; ] P
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Vivian Cheung, a pediatrician at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, is often frustrated about how little knowledge in basic research has been translated into patient care. She is especially interested in a disorder called ataxia telangiectasia, a genetic disease that first appears in young children. It presents particular challenges to doctors because children with the disease—characterized by neurological problems, immunodeficiency, and cancer—can react very differently to treatment. “Many patients suffer side effects from the therapy we give them,” she says. “How do we make sure we do more good than harm?” 1 s: Y2 T- s( }- v/ o6 g" v
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Cheung wants to create a genetic tool that will give physicians the information they need to make better decisions. Such a test, built from genetic data from her own studies, would predict a patient's response to the most commonly prescribed therapeutics to “guide physicians and patients in selecting therapeutic options and designing preventive care,” she says. 3 i$ j- C& M2 M( Q7 z 7 p& N9 H) R/ T“When you walk into a doctor's office, you want the doctor to look at all your relevant risk factors, not just whether you smoke and other matters of lifestyle, but also risk factors that differ by gender, by family medical history, even by ethnic group,” says Cheung. “We're starting to see genetics play a role in that process, but it's not a major focus of most medical practice.” : R1 e, D5 T1 m# q6 a
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Cheung wants to change that. Genetics should be a “foundation of predictive and preventive medicine,” she says, not just a “medical subspecialty.” , H/ x2 V" I% G+ G( x' D
R# |* l3 V( g' D& iCheung studies the effects of genotype—the sequence of DNA letters on a person's chromosomes—on phenotype—a person's observable traits. But the phenotypes she studies are unusual. She uses DNA microarray technology to measure the expression levels of genes in a cell. “Gene expression is a very convenient phenotype, because we can take a large number of measurements quickly using microarrays,” she says. “And understanding gene expression has a direct impact on disease, since disease is almost always associated with an aberration of gene expression.” ' x$ k8 r( F" D& Y, n L" U% I' Y! q+ ^: V0 c( s. K6 U* i8 a
Cheung and her colleague Richard Spielman at the University of Pennsylvania have done a large study linking differences in DNA sequences to differences in gene expression. Using extensive genetic data collected from families and from the International HapMap Project, which has catalogued genetic differences among people from Asia, Africa, and Europe, they identified thousands of places in the genome that affect gene expression. Many of these regulatory regions are quite distant from the genes they help control. * p* } k9 S4 L . w3 q2 w# m" Q* {Now Cheung's group is working to apply this knowledge directly to medical practice. They are studying how gene expression changes in response to various therapeutic agents, such as drugs and radiation, in cells from different individuals. They then connect the differences in responses that they observe to sequence variations in the regulatory regions. ) q2 r" K) V2 H
' z' j4 F9 y4 @: }/ s/ \* k( iThe result will be a map of regulatory regions that can be used to predict how a person will react to a given drug or treatment. Cheung wants to use information from this kind of basic science research to guide diagnosis and treatment of diseases so that a doctor will no longer have to start a patient on one drug and wait for a reaction to decide whether to continue the drug or try something else. 4 b, X5 d' d5 r8 I4 m" X3 t6 x2 }1 F- B
Ultimately, Cheung would like to see genetic tests become an essential component of medical care. “My dream is that eventually everyone will have a genetic test done, so we'll know how best to treat that person.”+ C# p$ P/ |% M5 S2 u
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Dr. Cheung is also Professor of Pediatrics and Genetics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and William Wikoff Smith Endowed Chair in Pediatric Genomic Research at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. " M3 k' m- e n% ?& k9 Z x9 X; L4 H) [4 o( ]
8 v" }5 k* w/ c/ |- C3 X' jRESEARCH ABSTRACT SUMMARY:3 s* q$ E4 P, _1 B2 `' }' {
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Vivian Cheung investigates the genetic basis of complex human traits and develops tools that facilitate such studies.( B% E3 g1 z; b: N
) t- X5 H, k6 B8 ] . p, C" K2 s" a. J, c+ S. e% V 作者: genedu 时间: 2011-5-27 11:19
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文章中测序RNA就是用的RNA-Seq。 + m) c6 S4 r7 E+ o % v& v7 r: O. O& u. q后面validation时用的是Sanger sequencing of RNA and DNA in B-cells, primary skin and brain cortex. 作者: 张也行 时间: 2011-6-22 10:44