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[自然要览]9 }  [7 j9 f$ c. p; o3 b) t( E

（选自英国Nature杂志，2011年3月10日出版）
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封面故事: 神经元之间的连接与单细胞功能的联系" x! F+ r4 H- w2 }5 w9 V& Z
Network anatomy and in vivo physiology of visual cortical neurons / Wiring specificity in the direction-selectivity circuit of the retina
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2173&issue=7337) ~! c" _# ~* l, U

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B-细胞淋巴瘤中的CREBBP 和 EP300突变（CREBBP and EP300 mutations in B-cell lymphomas）8 Z7 M8 Q0 K* t8 r3 l& T) {
Inactivating mutations of acetyltransferase genes in B-cell lymphoma / CREBBP mutations in relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia7 U: F, R( }: f+ h/ I1 n# ?5 p
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2177&issue=7337+ c, }2 ]% `) N1 K6 Z1 t
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两个谐振器之间在量子层面上的直接耦合（Linkage at the quantum level）
Coupled quantized mechanical oscillators / Trapped-ion antennae for the transmission of quantum information7 V: `$ F# N/ P/ x9 I5 O
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2179&issue=7337$ n  t% f; I" e2 F0 \& j) o2 `

长寿命量子状态的观察（Quantum states with a prolonged life）
Circuit cavity electromechanics in the strong-coupling regime
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2183&issue=7337
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PWP时期西太平洋的厄尔尼诺现象（Then as now for El Niño）
Permanent El Niño during the Pliocene warm period not supported by coral evidence
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2185&issue=7337

“再活化作用”模型的广泛适用性（Two-stage process remixes magma）! O; k5 M) `6 V' c
A rapid mechanism to remobilize and homogenize highly crystalline magma bodies
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2188&issue=7337
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人类特有的基因组删除（The lost DNA that makes us human）
Human-specific loss of regulatory DNA and the evolution of human-specific traits; A8 v, _/ ^; G0 Y; _; f
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2191&issue=7337
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IL-15和视黄酸的新作用（Gluten intolerance mechanism Jabri）' |% g! P* b6 ?
Co-adjuvant effects of retinoic acid and IL-15 induce inflammatory immunity to dietary antigens
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2194&issue=7337) ?0 s  p$ i% O# Q2 D: d

LQTS的干细胞模型（Stem-cell model for long QT）
Modelling the long QT syndrome with induced pluripotent stem cells$ j+ e& r" X' t9 q. ?- G
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2197&issue=73374 o$ o+ ?: @+ Q! V  J
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关于心律失常的新模型（New model for arrhythmias）
Using induced pluripotent stem cells to investigate cardiac phenotypes in Timothy syndrome' @4 H2 L' n/ f: u. N& w
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2200&issue=7337) F$ D4 {6 V, b

线粒体在DNA连接酶-III中的作用（A mitochondrial role for DNA ligase III）, b. z) z! w! d7 |
DNA ligase III is critical for mtDNA integrity but not Xrcc1-mediated nuclear DNA repair / Crucial role for DNA ligase III in mitochondria but not in Xrcc1-dependent repair, _2 R( D, [2 v. e7 V( ?( l4 P8 A$ h9 [
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2206&issue=73376 I; H& a2 P5 o) s
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RNA聚合酶的前后运动（The to and fro of RNA polymerase）
Structural basis of RNA polymerase II backtracking, arrest and reactivation; r/ ~- }. N0 C) ^$ ~5 [
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2212&issue=7337. L2 R" F& S$ a# j. r& P

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NEWS & VIEWS
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Quantum mechanics: A light sounding drum       pp168 - 169
In the effort to demonstrate quantum behaviour in the motion of macroscopic mechanical objects, strong coupling between the objects and an electromagnetic oscillator is advantageous. Such coupling has now been achieved. See Letterp.2043 ]4 O: u& a/ J( Z+ B6 I+ S
Miles Blencowe
doi:10.1038/471168a, U9 j. s/ [! t$ ]7 m4 K6 s3 ?
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7337/full/471168a.html! g+ ?: M( Z' f
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Immunology: Context is key in the gut pp169 - 170
The vitamin-A metabolite retinoic acid normally favours immune tolerance in the gut. But in coeliac disease — an intestinal inflammatory disorder due to adverse reactivity to a dietary protein — it may do just the opposite. See Letterp.2200 U" A) |4 X2 x* i* G* v- F( W
Craig L. Maynard and Casey T. Weaver0 `; l' J- v) b$ A
doi:10.1038/471169a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7337/full/471169a.html% C) ], i0 w9 q% K) c

Neuroscience: Towards functional connectomics pp170 - 172
To understand the brain, the thousands of synaptic connections made by each of billions of neurons should be mapped and related to neuronal function. First steps towards this formidable goal are now reported. See Articlesp.177 & p.183' O( G/ e1 B' ?& t% c. x
H. Sebastian Seung
doi:10.1038/471170a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7337/full/471170a.html! |4 f, c6 Z7 P+ h

50 & 100 years ago    p1718 D+ H1 l3 j% W, C- i% f  c
doi:10.1038/471171a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7337/full/471171a.html

Materials science: Bubble wrap of cell-like aggregates  pp172 - 173
Using a microfluidic device, tiny polymeric capsules have been made in which different compounds can be isolated in separate, membrane-bound compartments — a prerequisite for the development of artificial cell aggregates.# Z( t2 T' E; z6 J+ x5 M
Takamasa Harada and Dennis E. Discher- g. ?6 R& G  g% H
doi:10.1038/471172a+ z% s3 R% h& B
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7337/full/471172a.html
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Host-pathogen interaction: Culprit within a culprit    pp173 - 174* z( I& k) M5 Y1 U1 b! z* j% _
The parasitic infection mucocutaneous leishmaniasis can vary in severity. It emerges that the levels of an RNA virus within the parasite affect both the host's immune response and the parasite's persistence.) n4 i0 X1 j1 P2 J" g9 e
Martin Olivier
doi:10.1038/471173a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7337/full/471173a.html

Earthquakes: A Chilean surprise pp174 - 175
Initiation of the great 2010 Chile earthquake occurred within the rupture zone of the 1835 event experienced by Charles Darwin. However, the peak fault slip was to the north of the epicentre — not where it was expected to occur.: R, Q8 x! [8 _. f9 t
Thorne Lay7 \; F! b+ D: K$ s
doi:10.1038/471174a" L" U2 U4 o, |7 R' K! x
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7337/full/471174a.html. i/ B* |6 R. q1 ?
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ARTICLES; U& x* a: ]$ U" \2 j
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Network anatomy and in vivo physiology of visual cortical neurons    pp177 - 182
To date, various aspects of connectivity have been inferred from electron microscopy (EM) of synaptic contacts, light microscopy of axonal and dendritic arbors, and correlations in activity. However, until now it has not been possible to relate the complex structural wiring between neurons to the function of individual cells. Using a combination of functional imaging and three-dimensional serial EM reconstruction at unprecedented scale, two papers now describe the connectivity of single cells in the mouse visual system. This study investigates the connectivity of inhibitory interneurons in primary visual cortex.
Davi D. Bock et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09802
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09802.html$ V! |& R; s3 V
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09802.html5 t; k1 f) \! Z) s8 @
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Wiring specificity in the direction-selectivity circuit of the retina pp183 - 188
To date, various aspects of connectivity have been inferred from electron microscopy (EM) of synaptic contacts, light microscopy of axonal and dendritic arbors, and correlations in activity. However, until now it has not been possible to relate the complex structural wiring between neurons to the function of individual cells. Using a combination of functional imaging and three-dimensional serial EM reconstruction at unprecedented scale, two papers now describe the connectivity of single cells in the mouse visual system. This study examines how the selectivity of directionally selective retinal ganglion cells may arise from their asymmetry in the wiring with amacrine cells.
Kevin L. Briggman, Moritz Helmstaedter and Winfried Denk9 m9 ?! \# ]# C& `
doi:10.1038/nature09818( l) [' W' H% W  p# z. Q* P) Y
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09818.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09818.html
: }% s3 \/ c1 G6 i& ~
Inactivating mutations of acetyltransferase genes in B-cell lymphoma pp189 - 195
In three different subtypes of B-cell lymphomas, two papers now report frequent somatic mutations in CREBBP and EP300, present in primary tumours or acquired at relapse. These genes encode related acetyltransferases that mainly function to regulate gene expression by acetylating histones and other transcriptional regulators. The mutations found inactivate these activities and thus alter chromatin regulation of gene expression, as well as proliferation and potentially the response to therapeutic drugs.
Laura Pasqualucci et al.5 }. O8 Z& F, ~1 b/ t; Z
doi:10.1038/nature09730- k* c3 C# ?% j- a  M( F0 f1 t
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09730.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09730.html8 G1 w- ]6 \0 `$ Y; g( K, L

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LETTERS
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Coupled quantized mechanical oscillators       pp196 - 199
The harmonic oscillator is a simple and ubiquitous physical system. This paper reports a new realization in the quantum regime, achieving direct controllable coupling between quantized mechanical oscillators. The oscillators are ions held in trapping potentials (separated by 40 micrometres) and coupled through their mutual Coulomb interaction. The system could be used as a building block for quantum computers and simulators.
K. R. Brown et al.% F5 _4 ^! W: ]4 e0 f! g; w3 P# P
doi:10.1038/nature09721+ ?( I* Z4 ?" w9 b% P& [3 I. A: `# k
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09721.html0 s* |( E' B( @6 \0 }6 s0 z
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09721.html4 }0 P9 e- F, Y( u
# X4 s, A2 g9 @. v, K0 H! j
Trapped-ion antennae for the transmission of quantum information       pp200 - 203, |9 }+ V! |6 p8 D  n4 V
A quantum mechanical link between two mechanical oscillators has never been directly demonstrated. This study achieves direct coupling between single ions oscillating in traps separated over a distance of 54 micrometres. Additional ions are employed as antennae to amplify the coupling. The system may provide a building block for quantum computers and opportunities for coupling different types of quantum systems, such as trapped Rydberg atoms.' U) p+ K! b0 A+ F- B
M. Harlander et al.4 U$ l" y# N" w9 Y' L
doi:10.1038/nature09800( a' H2 }7 s2 ~8 s
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09800.html. V2 v9 z. S4 C: O7 c2 r
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09800.html1 W! p; B3 x  w: g! r1 K

Circuit cavity electromechanics in the strong-coupling regime pp204 - 208
There is a strong drive towards observing quantum effects in macroscopic mechanical systems, as this could lead to new insights in quantum-limited measurements as well as test fundamental questions regarding the impossible consequences of quantum physics at a macroscopic scale. To obtain sufficiently long-lived mechanical states the usual approach is to couple a mechanical oscillator to an electromagnetic resonance in a cavity. This study presents a new design for such a system where a free-standing flexible aluminium membrane (like a drum) is incorporated in a cavity defined by a superconducting circuit, and demonstrates a coupling strength that is two orders of magnitude higher than achieved before. The approach shows the way to observing long-lived quantum states that could survive for hundreds of microseconds.
J. D. Teufel et al.0 W! v  V: |9 H2 H
doi:10.1038/nature09898
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09898.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09898.html
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Permanent El Niño during the Pliocene warm period not supported by coral evidence    pp209 - 211" \2 z! k5 T! K4 I. m6 L* `
Coarse-resolution palaeoclimate proxy evidence has suggested that the Pliocene warm period (∼3–5 million years ago) was characterized by permanent El Niño conditions in which the equatorial Pacific was uniformly warm, instead of having the modern-day 'cold tongue' extending westward from South America. This study uses high-resolution climate proxy information from fossil corals to challenge this assertion and shows that ocean conditions in the western Pacific during the Pliocene warm period were characterized by El Niño variations similar to modern-day variations.4 M% A8 r' E9 b* U. F5 S5 z& x
Tsuyoshi Watanabe et al.% O$ J! E: Q! B6 ^& o8 D- t
doi:10.1038/nature097772 e& e  O- N. z4 |
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09777.html1 M1 O$ P7 ?' t/ m* u) G, ]! E) M2 R
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09777.html

A rapid mechanism to remobilize and homogenize highly crystalline magma bodies  pp212 - 215
This study shows that a dynamic two-stage model can unify a wide range of apparently contradictory observations from both large plutonic bodies and volcanic systems by a mechanism of rapid remobilization, or 'unzipping', of highly viscous crystal-rich mushes. This remobilization can lead to rapid overturn and produce the observed juxtaposition of magmatic materials with very disparate ages and complex chemical zoning. The agreement between calculated and observed unzipping rates for historical eruptions at Pinatubo and Montserrat demonstrates the potentially wide applicability of the model.1 D) ~# T2 e' X, _1 e5 q% [
Alain Burgisser and George W. Bergantz
doi:10.1038/nature09799
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09799.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09799.html$ B, H" I- L2 s5 m7 g* c8 W; B; G4 ~
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Human-specific loss of regulatory DNA and the evolution of human-specific traits       pp216 - 219* w  c& q# A7 B" y
This study searched for putative regulatory mutations specific to the human lineage by looking for sequences that are highly conserved between chimpanzees and other species, but are not present in the human genome. The 500-odd human-specific deletions tend to lie in non-coding DNA stretches and near genes involved in steroid hormone signalling and neural function. This is illustrated with two examples, one of which affects penile anatomy whereas the other affects brain size.2 o1 u* {2 G# z8 \% F! H' [% ]+ Q8 b
Cory Y. McLean et al.
doi:10.1038/nature097749 O& ?8 ~) y( M- m+ w7 |
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09774.html8 x2 e4 c: q- y, b% n, M# l0 M
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09774.html
( {0 A. [( U. R+ l4 E$ p
Co-adjuvant effects of retinoic acid and IL-15 induce inflammatory immunity to dietary antigens pp220 - 224
The vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid is shown to act in conjunction with IL-15 to induce IL-12p70 production by intestinal dendritic cells, thereby promoting an inflammatory T-cell response to dietary antigens. The mechanism may underlie coeliac disease pathogenesis.
R. W. DePaolo et al.0 s2 ^! k# Z+ T; r$ p9 h
doi:10.1038/nature098495 k: \0 d* ~1 ?
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09849.html- \4 \2 W9 G5 K) g
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09849.html; X9 `/ P( \2 m2 ]4 R6 s# Y
: A; n8 s5 l" m3 k3 r' s
Modelling the long QT syndrome with induced pluripotent stem cells    pp225 - 229
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a life-threatening congenital arrhythmogenic disease. This study models type-2 LQTS, which is caused by a mutation in the potassium-channel-encoding KCNH2 gene, by using induced pluripotent stem cell technology to generate cardiomyocytes from the fibroblasts of an individual diagnosed with the syndrome. The cells were used to screen a variety of drugs for either amelioration or aggravation of the disease phenotype, demonstrating the power of this approach for drug development and for patient-specific safety screening.% _0 S: t/ Y# L. u) g+ \+ z
Ilanit Itzhaki et al.
doi:10.1038/nature097472 b+ m+ E, q' M) M; Z
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09747.html. I( F5 r. H: B) j- g
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09747.html, U/ K# j$ U! D0 I2 J7 b: ?
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Using induced pluripotent stem cells to investigate cardiac phenotypes in Timothy syndrome    pp230 - 234, K& C! O" O2 F1 y$ T3 g; W
A mutation in the gene CACNA1C, encoding the L-type calcium channel CaV1.2 in humans, causes Timothy syndrome, a disorder characterized by autism, syndactyly, immune deficiency and cardiac arrhythmias. This study generated induced pluripotent stem cells from the fibroblasts of two patients with Timothy syndrome and converted them into cardiac cells. The patient cells displayed abnormal electrical and calcium signalling properties, which were restored by a drug, roscovitine, known to increase the voltage-dependent inactivation of CaV1.2.7 J, q7 b# L% s
Masayuki Yazawa et al.* s+ \9 O  h8 O- N3 t9 }8 H! ^2 O
doi:10.1038/nature098557 y' v7 i8 i) Z
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09855.html2 P/ L1 k& t7 @4 J3 y3 }
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09855.html% I& K9 `& O' l- _4 _

CREBBP mutations in relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia    pp235 - 239
In three different subtypes of B-cell lymphomas, two papers now report frequent somatic mutations in CREBBP and EP300, present in primary tumours or acquired at relapse. These genes encode related acetyltransferases that mainly function to regulate gene expression by acetylating histones and other transcriptional regulators. The mutations found inactivate these activities and thus alter chromatin regulation of gene expression, as well as proliferation and potentially the response to therapeutic drugs.
In three different subtypes of B-cell lymphomas, two papers now report frequent somatic mutations in CREBBP and EP300, present in primary tumours or acquired at relapse. These genes encode related acetyltransferases that mainly function to regulate gene expression by acetylating histones and other transcriptional regulators. The mutations found inactivate these activities and thus alter chromatin regulation of gene expression, as well as proliferation and potentially the response to therapeutic drugs.
Charles G. Mullighan et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09727
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09727.html' Q6 T+ t8 }/ ~/ P  C9 Z, x; p
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09727.html/ G' Y* A1 Z# Z% b% G& I/ N4 W
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DNA ligase III is critical for mtDNA integrity but not Xrcc1-mediated nuclear DNA repair       pp240 - 244
In the nucleus, a complex of DNA ligase III (Lig3) and Xrcc1 catalyses the last step of base excision repair. Inactivation of Lig3 in the mouse leads to early embryonic lethality, but the critical role played by Lig3 in viability is unknown. This study shows, using conditional knockouts of Lig3 in the nervous system and cardiac muscle, that its essential function is maintenance of mitochondrial DNA integrity. The results also indicate distinct functional roles for Lig3 and Xrcc1.# H$ k' I( Z. U7 V* H9 v
Yankun Gao et al.; F' k0 |( d6 r) N3 B
doi:10.1038/nature097730 o5 w8 I" c; X9 A# {
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09773.html- [6 Q* O8 Z- f( U6 [, _
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09773.html
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Crucial role for DNA ligase III in mitochondria but not in Xrcc1-dependent repair    pp245 - 248
Eukaryotic cells have several DNA ligases. DNA ligase III (Lig3) forms a complex with Xrcc1 that can function in nuclear repair. But, Lig3 null animals cannot be made; is this nuclear role in base excision repair its critical function? This is one of two papers showing that the role of Lig3 in the nucleus is non-essential. Rather, the catalytic activity of Lig3, but not Xrcc1, is essential for the maintenance of mitochondria.
Deniz Simsek et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09794
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09794.html: @+ z# X! P& E+ u* a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09794.html

Structural basis of RNA polymerase II backtracking, arrest and reactivation    pp249 - 253' A2 k* ^, a; B1 E& b, z
During gene transcription, RNA polymerase (Pol) II moves forward along DNA and synthesizes mRNA. However, Pol II can also move backwards and stall, which is important for regulatory purposes or when the polymerase hits an obstacle such as a nucleosome. This arrested state is reactivated by the transcription factor TFIIS. Here, a crystal structure is presented of a backtracked yeast Pol II complex in which the backtracked RNA can be observed, plus a structure of a backtracked complex that contains TFIIS. A model is presented for Pol II backtracking, arrest and reactivation during transcription elongation.
Alan C. M. Cheung and Patrick Cramer
doi:10.1038/nature09785
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09785.html. M4 a, |: r; j
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09785.html

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CORRIGENDA/ r1 F4 I4 P% `& j1 g
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Reliability of flipper-banded penguins as indicators of climate change  p254- m: F1 K6 v" G5 l% i- a
Claire Saraux et al.. d; N8 p1 y0 w  ?7 b5 N0 y; Q  L; b
doi:10.1038/nature09858
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09858.html

Evolution of human BCR–ABL1 lymphoblastic leukaemia-initiating cells p254
Faiyaz Notta et al.+ f" E* P. |& _
doi:10.1038/nature09877- @  e: L1 J! d$ `
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09877.html
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CD95 promotes tumour growth    p254: e4 B& }( q5 C6 n
Lina Chen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09897
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09897.html: M* J2 ?2 b7 R8 U( T
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FUTURES* Z( i- J. i# w+ j! j+ T
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The Cambrian p260( v9 T) H5 |! q% `. f
It doesn't add up.
George Zebrowski4 z4 a' v# @- t! B$ a$ V9 k, r
doi:10.1038/471260a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7337/full/471260a.html

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