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发表于 2011-10-11 08:27 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览 |打印

本帖最后由细胞海洋于 2011-10-11 09:11 编辑
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The discovery of DNA as the genetic material brought great hope to scientists all over the7 X" y) f- _; ]& n9 B8 g  @0 r
world. It was believed that many of the lingering questions in genetics and the mechanisms
of heredity would finally be answered. However, as often is the case in science, more questions
arose out of this discovery. What defines a gene? What are the mechanisms of gene* X* j; W5 O- }+ E) ?
regulation? Further discovery and technological innovations brought about sequencing
techniques that allowed the study of complete genomes from many organisms, including% I, a  s1 ~% p; a" E- F1 i2 ?9 n
Arabidopsis and humans. Despite all the excitement surrounding these technologies, many4 I4 Q9 |5 w3 r" R# r2 t5 }; e" {2 t
features of the genome remained unclear. Peculiar characteristics in genome composition
such as significant redundancy consisting of many repetitive elements and noncoding  Y; v+ F/ H" f7 o* F
sequences, active transcriptional units with no protein product, and unusual sequences in
promoter regions added to the mysteries of genetic make-up and gene regulation. Indeed,
the more we discovered about the genome, the more difficult it became to understand the
complexity of cellular function and regulation.
Out of the study of the intricacies of the genome and gene regulation, arose a new
science that was independent of actual DNA changes, but critical in maintaining gene* {( @: e* s# q+ D& F; ?
regulation and genetic stability. Epigenetics, literally translated as “above genetics,” is the
science that describes the mechanisms of heritable changes in gene regulation that does7 s# ?# f& P3 ~1 u* R7 e& I" U
not involve modifications of DNA sequence. These changes may last through somatic cell$ `5 k9 J9 e& L% E! m0 R
division and, in some cases, throughout multiple generations.
Epigenetics is perhaps one of the most popular and quickly evolving fields of modern3 H. `& \. a8 f5 T# p
science. Despite the fact that the ideas behind epigenetics had already been developing in
the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, major advances have only occurred0 c9 D6 D5 j) i$ k) U8 e8 U
within the last 10–15 years as the mechanisms surrounding epigenetic regulation began to
be uncovered. It was hoped by many that the mysteries of gene regulation and inheritance* Y  C# o' u! A  U3 ^2 g
that remained unanswered would finally be elucidated with the help of this new science.8 L# r7 w) a& {7 o4 B
Since, the understanding of the contribution of epigenetic regulation to cell function has
helped scientists from many distinct fields of research such as molecular biology, population4 t3 j" T5 ^' f$ F0 \
genetics, microbiology, ecology, developmental biology, and evolution.
Gene silencing as an epigenetic mechanism to control gene expression was first! A- _: ^( V+ B0 b% o1 p
described in plants. This occurred with the beginning of the era of plant transgenesis, and! |1 P1 V9 R, d% L) U$ p2 |
almost undermined the new paradigm of improvement of plant performance via transgenic
techniques. Silencing was a serendipitous discovery, as this finding revitalized the
field of epigenetics. Phenomena such as plant acclimation and adaptation to stress, hybrid
and heterozygote vigor (heterosis), plant tolerance to viral infection, transgenerational. F% D  t1 p/ n% G
changes in genome stability, paramutations, among others, are now considered excellent9 V% U7 L' D; |( J; M
candidates for regulation via epigenetic mechanisms. Future studies involving various protocols
for the analysis of methylation patterns, histone modifications, chromatin structure,& z7 p9 Q  ], S- @9 M7 M2 w1 h3 y9 k& Z
and small RNA expression, the hallmarks of epigenetic regulation, will undoubtedly help% F" ~4 s& ~) r2 d
to explain these phenomena. It will be exciting to discover how plants utilize these mechanisms) L( t. c: k) Z9 h7 D
to adapt to stress, and how we can manipulate these characters for the generation of' g) ~$ C7 n* I1 I8 n+ a  q
better and hardier crops.% K& ~! S! Y2 e( `
vi Preface4 ^3 T( S8 r4 X  m$ l2 ~
In this book we have collected a variety of protocols for the study of the function of, C3 c+ j5 l% F2 e
small noncoding RNAs, DNA methylation, and histone modifications in plants. Where possible
and appropriate, we presented several protocols with different degrees of complexity.
We also include protocols for plant transgenesis and the analysis of genome stability, with a# ~$ L9 h/ D4 B/ _7 {3 [
discussion for their applications to epigenetic studies. It was our aim to put together a single
manual that researchers in the field of plant epigenetics can turn to in hopes to answer the
many yet undiscovered and unexplained phenomena in plant biology.
Lethbridge, AB, Canada Igor Kovalchuk$ H1 \+ d( l# R9 e( W2 j  ?
Franz J. Zemp0 R1 I0 G3 R* y. |1 a! g

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