本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2012-4-30 23:15 编辑
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$ [* \6 B1 x2 H! i5 A9 ~% \7 N者:Rafael Casellas 来源:《自然》 发布时间:2012-4-27 9:48:31
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染色体易位是指两条非同源染色体发生断裂,一条染色体的断裂片段移至另一条染色体断端,并连接形成新染色体的过程,由此可引发遗传信息失控以及细胞转化而致癌。有时候染色体重排可能是有益的,它使得免疫系统能够对大量的微生物和病毒作出应答。然而染色体易位则可能导致肿瘤发生。7 L. u. R2 V) n! t! q
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来自美国国立卫生研究下属国家关节炎、肌肉骨骼病及皮肤病研究所(NIAMS)的科学家们近期在一项新研究中解答了长期以来关于驱动人类淋巴瘤和白血病形成的染色体易位根源的一些疑问。相关研究论文发表在《自然》(Nature)杂志上。
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从1960年起,人们就已经知道特异的染色体易位可驱动人类肿瘤。当时美国费城的两位科学家Peter Nowell 和David Hungerford首次在患有慢性髓样白血病的患者中观察到了这种病变。然而直到现在对于这种恶性重排的根源还都不清楚。目前至少提出有三种理论来解释其病因:& g! s# N$ X! K9 e6 J8 a+ U
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(1)两种基因间的易位主要是通过肿瘤前体细胞核内基因间频繁互作驱动所致。
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+ M+ Z! \7 K3 b/ N* C7 Y(2)相比于非易位基因,易位基因更频繁地发生了DNA损伤。
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(3)基因组中的所有基因都拥有均等机会彼此发生相互易位,但似乎某些易位由于能驱动细胞转化而受到了特殊选择。( c+ l) J1 X- j; s
2 L3 e f# ^; c- B' A在新研究中,NIAMS的科学家们利用最尖端的技术探究了这三种理论。在B细胞中,他们发现DNA损伤的频率与易位的频率直接呈正比。有趣的是,研究人员发现一种称为AID的酶在B细胞中损伤了大约150多种基因,使得它们更易于发生易位。在这些靶基因中,许多过去都曾证实在人类癌症中发生了易位。进一步的分析还揭示AID确失的情况下,基因邻近效应(gene proximity)或相互作用频率都是易位的推动力。/ F( z0 ]+ t2 h) F
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新研究不仅澄清了肿瘤诱导性易位的根源,也表明了设法抑制AID或能潜在防止大量人类肿瘤发生。(来源:生物通 何嫱)5 Y( x& N7 e( m1 n+ ?7 M6 E; [
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DNA damage defines sites of recurrent chromosomal translocations in B lymphocytes 8 z" E, s# w# b4 E
Ofir Hakim1, 9 Wolfgang Resch2, 9 Arito Yamane2, 9 Isaac Klein3 Kyong-Rim Kieffer-Kwon2 Mila Jankovic3 Thiago Oliveira3, 4 Anne Bothmer3 Ty C. Voss1 Camilo Ansarah-Sobrinho2 Ewy Mathe5 Genqing Liang2 Jesse Cobell2 Hirotaka Nakahashi2 Davide F. Robbiani3 Andre Nussenzweig6 Gordon L. Hager1 Michel C. Nussenzweig3, 7, 9 Rafael Casellas2, 8, 9 ' x$ [2 D3 y0 v% U( r% z' R
AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors Journal name:NatureYear published 2012)doi:10.1038/nature10909
5 r- A0 ?4 q5 P I# WReceived11 August 2011 Accepted31 January 2012 Published online07 February 2012 Abstract
6 v" x* ?/ K5 e R/ L6 J1 `9 fConnoteaCite U LikeFacebookTwitterDeliciousDiggRecurrent chromosomal translocations underlie both haematopoietic and solid tumours. Their origin has been ascribed to selection of random rearrangements, targeted DNA damage, or frequent nuclear interactions between translocation partners; however, the relative contribution of each of these elements has not been measured directly or on a large scale. Here we examine the role of nuclear architecture and frequency of DNA damage in the genesis of chromosomal translocations by measuring these parameters simultaneously in cultured mouse B lymphocytes. In the absence of recurrent DNA damage, translocations between Igh or Myc and all other genes are directly related to their contact frequency. Conversely, translocations associated with recurrent site-directed DNA damage are proportional to the rate of DNA break formation, as measured by replication protein A accumulation at the site of damage. Thus, non-targeted rearrangements reflect nuclear organization whereas DNA break formation governs the location and frequency of recurrent translocations, including those driving B-cell malignancies.
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2 R8 s- n* O& l: J! ghttp://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature10909.html4 I! [& `8 Q6 ]: ?1 H% g( Y3 f
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2楼原文 感谢naturalkillerce 提供 |