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They zoomed in on pores〞some still embedded in the nuclear membrane and others that they had broken free〞using Fourier analysis to enhance the electron micrographs and eke out more structural detail (Unwin and Milligan, 1982). The pair identified four, previously unrecognized pore components: thin rings resembling washers; spokes that clustered inside the rings; a central hub, or plug; and large particles that sometimes sat on the pore's cytoplasmic side. These pieces gave the pore its cylindrical shape, the researchers concluded, with the spokes affixing the complex to the membrane.
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Flanked by rings on the cytoplasmic and nuclear sides, the spokes extend inward toward the hub. What the large particles were and what they were doing was a mystery. The researchers raised the possibility that they were ribosomes〞and took a lot of grief for it, Milligan recalls. He now thinks they could be structures that collapsed during preparation of the membranes. The central plug was also puzzling〞Milligan speculates that it could be material passing through the pore.5 Q! r j2 o- {, y- R. L# ]
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Nuclear pore complexes include spokes (S), central plugs (C), and rings (R)." ?9 k& @1 S% M2 f* }
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Subsequent studies added some elaborations to this layout. For example, the spokes are much more complex than previously thought, and their inner portions are connected (Akey, 1989; Hinshaw et al., 1992). Jarnik and Aebi (1991) identified filaments emanating from the rings on both sides of the pore, while Goldberg and Allen (1992) spotted basket-like features hanging from the nuclear side. And by analyzing the proteins in the pore complex, Rout et al. (2000) suggested that it contains no more than 30 components〞less than half as many as a ribosome. But the basic arrangement that Unwin and Milligan deduced proved accurate, Milligan says. "The value of the work," he says, "is that it provides a realistic and detailed picture that one can have in one's head" while thinking about possible models of the pore's transport function.5 {3 c; L; l+ d6 n: `9 y6 Q1 ?
* \) h R7 }( r, }Akey, C.W. 1989. J. Cell Biol. 109:955–970., k0 c! R. l* X. O8 i7 h& y
/ z9 h. s9 Z- |" l; A+ A& d% @9 }Goldberg, M.W., and T.D. Allen. 1992. J. Cell Biol. 119:1429–1440.
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Hinshaw, J.E., et al. 1992. Cell. 69:1133–1141.
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h$ |9 N+ [. s9 ]3 A9 s& W7 U" }Jarnik, M., and U. Aebi. 1991. J. Struct. Biol. 107:291–308.
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Rout, M.P., et al. 2000. J. Cell Biol. 148:635–651.: N: N4 \* U0 l& v, d$ \0 P
3 u$ b) O" Z) ?3 C& f! v8 fUnwin, P.N.T., and R.A. Milligan. 1982. J. Cell Biol. 93:63–75.(Astriking photograph in a cell biology t) |
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