肿瘤免疫的概念起源（ZZ from DXY）

饶冠华

肿瘤免疫的概念起源于本世纪初。1909年Ehrlich首先提出，免疫系统不仅负责防御微生物侵犯，而且能从肌体内清除改变了的宿主成分。此后人们认识到癌细胞是改变了的宿主成分。本世纪中期，Foley证实，纯系小鼠诱发的肿瘤能在同系小鼠之间移植，如在肿瘤的生长过程中将移植瘤完全切除，小鼠会对再次接种的肿瘤产生抵抗能力，再次接种的肿瘤或者不再生长，或者长到一定的大小便自行消退。这种抗性有专一性，因为它对再次接种来源于同系动物的另一肿瘤没有抵抗能力。实验说明，肿瘤确能被宿主视为"非己"而产生特异的免疫排斥反应。这使人们相信机体存在着抗肿瘤免疫机制。六十年代经Thomas、Burnet和Good等人将该观点系统化，提出了免疫监视学说。免疫监视学说的中心思想是：免疫系统具有一个十分完备的监视功能，能精确地分?quot;自己"和"非己"的成分；它不仅能清除外界侵入的各种微生物，排斥同种异体移植物，而且还能消灭机体内突变的细胞，防止肿瘤的生长，保护机体的健康。每当免疫监视功能由于这种或那种原因被削弱时，便为肿瘤的发生提供了有利条件；如果机体不具备免疫监视功能，人类的肿瘤发病率会大大提高。 临床也得到了一些支持的证据。但是目前仍然存在争论。# h4 z  G4 S. Q% p

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  D! U3 A) Y- W& ^8 J著名的肿瘤免疫学奠基人之一Richmond T. Prehn首先发现肿瘤特异性抗原，在1970年左右提出肿瘤免疫刺激学说，与诺贝尔奖获得者Bernet的免疫监视学说相反。7 |" z  u* g. F! k6 v

7 a/ ]* f  G2 L0 v1 F" I" I# w1）Prehn RT, Lappe MA. # l" R) q0 Q7 s* B+ e* J* e
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The autoimmune nature of cancer.0 K/ z$ T4 v  J* ^1 |
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Immunostimulation of cancer versus immunosurveillance.
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LiuRoc

肿瘤的发生是个积累的过程。一般说来，“由俭入奢易，由奢入俭难”，坏的东西的发生是个较容易的过程。因为坏的限制少、秩序乱，由好变坏是熵增。所以，理论上肿瘤的发生应该是快的，起码不至于长达十年时间。但现实是肿瘤发生发展是个很长的时间，显然，集体存在某种限制机制监视着并遏制着异常细胞的增值，即肿瘤免疫（或许目前的这种认识非常狭隘）。可惜，从事这种监视并遏制机制的研究不多。

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wzx6660

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虚竹

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饶冠华

1: Oncogene. 2008 Oct 6;27(45):5920-31.
# R# t2 \( d/ ?8 ?0 NThe Janus face of dendritic cells in cancer.5 Z3 e, O& j4 c! D
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Chaput N, Conforti R, Viaud S, Spatz A, Zitvogel L.
, M, b/ E8 R) W8 M4 @Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Villejuif, France.
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% W5 L9 c. t( ?) S5 q" mOn the basis of experimental models and some human data, we can assume that tumor outgrowth results from the balance between immunosurveillance (the extrinsic tumor suppressor mechanisms) and immunosubversion dictated by transformed cells and/or the corrupted surrounding microenvironment. Cancer immunosurveillance relies mainly upon conventional lymphocytes exerting either lytic or secretory functions, whereas immunosubversion results from the activity of regulatory T or suppressor myeloid cells and soluble mediators. Although specific tools to target or ablate dendritic cells (DCs) became only recently available, accumulating evidence points to the critical role of the specialized DC system in dictating most of the conventional and regulatory functions of tumor-specific T lymphocytes. Although DC can be harnessed to silence tumor development, tumors in turn can exploit DC to evade immunity. Indeed, DCs harbor defects in their differentiation and stimulatory functions in cancer-bearing hosts and can actively promote T-cell tolerance to self-tumor antigens. In this review, we will focus on the dual role of DC during tumor progression and discuss pharmacoimmunological strategies to harness DC against cancer.