本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑 ' G2 W8 ? k9 I4 h1 t( a* K- P- z. K4 \% Z
Biotechnology% i4 p: A! i- q4 G
Fifth edition/ e; _, ^6 T5 v8 I2 M$ O
Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few ) o k% }7 Q- m0 ppeople realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society. 7 U" A0 h. t( ?. fThe defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct [/ c& h( ?% ?understanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style# `! c# B4 F3 T, c7 b1 x6 F
that made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith5 W0 r& V g6 O' M9 a8 M' X
once again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering 1 s6 M2 ^% o1 F* n( }. m+ Hand use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in , ~3 K0 A. {0 M5 h' v+ i- hbiotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment/ y' s( U$ H' e& q" ]3 S1 t5 t6 V
of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses6 t4 H! v& l+ ]4 J* c$ a" F
the innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems1 t4 S8 Q$ u! F* b1 u
biology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith: d# w- H, b. [/ A* ~
also re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and , e* n: z B* Bputs new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro # l7 Q5 F' Z/ I* IRNA. ' w+ Z% V0 K% ?6 HJohn E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the4 ]& j4 t9 h4 i7 i0 Z: P
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, ! J! O9 n3 P, f KGlasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.: [- S# s& \; g" A
9 d/ F' S, i' g' X3 V6 @' RPreface " D" n9 B1 r, Z% k$ d, U, mA defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish % e4 N( d8 {% D Q2 J5 cthe correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology. % f4 o2 R2 N' I. r* H0 q! ]7 ~Biotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.' r# j# \$ S5 ]# h% f* V- \
It is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many9 X% o2 n# a) ]! F
disciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, ; y% m" {4 [2 D) [( x: vgenetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also " [% s7 T5 I8 P. D( y: U N6 |be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical! F* K" x; I: O
application of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components7 n: v2 [$ j* O
to manufacturing and service industries and environmental management. J7 q* I+ c8 W( Z
Historically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a9 \& R8 I; }2 P3 n; l
science, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where/ ^! E! m6 ]8 o. U6 P; s7 D
the techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,6 j' A7 ~- O% @! r+ V# U; T' g2 r
while the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific' R- n+ u1 ~$ F1 `5 L9 h
basis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more ! Q: k' t/ o( v1 P3 I# oefficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the# D* z" S: J1 O! l" a7 Y
major financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,; e/ q2 w; {& G3 s" M
etc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new 7 K# D1 l- E# S& r- [/ O0 q% Qand novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,9 ]! d" v, ~( F& X+ ~
the production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation 9 `' z( c! b3 b/ C) g. n7 N" w) Bpractices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range 1 K+ h6 \1 Q/ a) W* Iof new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular 8 Q. e6 L* Y; P+ z5 c) `7 Ichanges to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of2 o9 r, r6 {0 H+ B) W0 K
genomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic * \8 q6 L4 e3 K8 x$ X, L, E: t- Lmicroorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals, & H( K* W0 F; o- |and major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised 7 U6 K7 e" [( ^0 f% b) K! y, Tactivities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment, 5 W/ A3 J* F/ C& {biotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water 1 g8 [' Q( N7 V+ v' f8 K9 ?) dand land management and also remediating the pollution generated by % @* M! h3 v( R. ]; x/ l$ oover-industrialisation. 8 \# l" N7 j9 q9 L, RThere have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in: [/ Y1 }( F& C- P$ Q
medicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will" h4 R1 u/ E* K* x+ i; p ~
the huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised? 5 _) n' G) p2 F6 O# ?" TUntil recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts & C! V' E( v7 kand bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe + V, C9 N5 x. B& ]; B. hand to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately : i; {2 @' R m0 L4 A4 x8 zto develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and" v" }4 x. C3 L* q% ~: p
complex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.0 K# N% @5 p" n# r. l' A* i& y
Some of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering, # m/ v, {% H" v- ~1 u$ K Khave aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political6 q! I* @5 c2 X2 R' w
character. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining2 ^0 z8 |6 ^; c
the implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that( e- d, a( Z) E
common sense will prevail. / Q" U. s$ o# j$ r# KUndoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential - n7 O/ {7 z# d3 B, A! S9 Dto benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,; ~( r% T2 M6 p# w" k
awareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the 9 ?' y# R8 D4 K1 Y0 ucomplex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater; K* i+ `8 M2 X+ y
level of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the* Y9 N! i$ v/ f, R# h6 X
public at large. * _, \9 K) f( A* LThis expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an, f4 u$ ]5 o) n) F3 r
integrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned/ V; S3 A; d* ~+ R: M6 V
subjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,: J# ^" [! k! t) T
satisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the , o W4 R7 ]9 h" Pmajor technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised 6 c7 ?, z7 g" @by the lay public. : m9 q- L2 f# ~I amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for& { j! s2 ~& @0 P, h* [0 }
her skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication.作者: 细胞海洋 时间: 2010-1-14 17:50