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[自然要览]. t# U& l" ?0 c% z# H
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（选自英国Nature杂志，2011年1月13日出版）) Y3 T9 S& Q& [
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b2AR的X-射线晶体结构（Kobilka x 2 + Tate  (article  + 2 letters)）
Structure of a nanobody-stabilized active state of the β2 adrenoceptor
Brian Kobilka及其同事的两篇论文和Christopher Tate及其团队的第三篇论文，介绍了与不同激动剂（增效剂）结合在一起的“人b2肾上腺素能受体” (b2AR)的X-射线晶体结构。b2AR是感应细胞外分子和激发内部信号作用通道的“G-蛋白耦合受体” (GPCR)  跨膜受体家族的一个成员。在人类生理中普遍起作用的GPCR是药物发现的主要目标。这一系列新的结构揭示了伴随激动剂的结合而发生的微妙结构变化，显示了细胞膜内外的结合事件是怎样稳定受体的激发状态的。激动剂的结合被发现诱导“儿茶酚胺结合‘袋’”相对于与拮抗剂相结合的受体发生收缩，而且分子动态模拟表明，与激动剂相结合的激发状态在没有一个G-蛋白存在时会自然松弛到一种类似于非激发的状态。（Article p. 175; Letters pp. 236, 241; News & Views）! z; F4 D, U3 D' o
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封面故事：给企鹅戴标记物的研究方法不可靠
Reliability of flipper-banded penguins as indicators of climate change6 ^! R2 M4 ^% [9 z0 w3 p
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1333&issue=7329/ [' `3 T$ e) X5 A4 t" @
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引力透镜效应对高红移星系观测结果的影响（Gravitational lensing distorts post-dark age Universe）# b0 X2 L! V2 Y' r* u* _2 }
A distortion of very-high-redshift galaxy number counts by gravitational lensing
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1321&issue=7329% t8 u! z3 j+ Y2 d: \3 l
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复杂生物材料的纳米断层扫描图（Nanoscale tomography of complex biomaterials）/ a! k8 Z# i  n0 c: h
Nanoscale chemical tomography of buried organic–inorganic interfaces in the chiton tooth
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1327&issue=7329
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“Eastern Lau”扩散中心的观测结果（A back-arc spreading centre observed）4 T, v9 G. o2 p1 ~  w& M
Contrasting crustal production and rapid mantle transitions beneath back-arc ridges
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1330&issue=7329

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生物合成的模块化（Circuit training for bioengineers）0 Q' r0 B& a6 S
Distributed biological computation with multicellular engineered networks / Robust multicellular computing using genetically encoded NOR gates and chemical ‘wires’6 l& e8 S; q+ l- v6 j3 F
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1336&issue=7329
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利用GWAS方法识别致癌基因（GWAS identifies oncogene）  b: p; [- I" z3 `& G+ L, I
Integrative genomics identifies LMO1 as a neuroblastoma oncogene$ d, r: U/ Y0 C' M2 W. N
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1342&issue=7329% d, ~& z, v) m6 n3 S) O- S

线粒体在NLRP3触发先天免疫反应中所起作用6 i& k) N2 k2 u: \5 W2 n9 \5 V6 S5 ~8 e
A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1345&issue=7329
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推动细胞形状发生变化的力
Hydrostatic pressure and the actomyosin cortex drive mitotic cell rounding
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1348&issue=7329
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JNK信号作用的机制（JNK signalling mechanisms）: O+ o- o3 T) u0 X# ^9 B/ |! e" p5 p
c-Jun N-terminal phosphorylation antagonises recruitment of the Mbd3/NuRD repressor complex1 y; B" I( D! C3 m7 Z
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1351&issue=7329/ V5 p1 q8 R' }7 l) s

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NEWS & VIEWS' C0 s9 z' \0 r1 C
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Animal behaviour: The price tag pp164 - 165
Studies of animal populations often use tags to track the fate of individuals and assume that there is no adverse impact. Work on penguins shows that seemingly innocuous flipper bands affect survival and breeding success. See Letterp.203
Rory P. Wilson
doi:10.1038/469164a1 F4 W. b2 j* ]- v
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7329/full/469164a.html  c3 H+ Q4 ]( s4 n+ ~

Particle physics: Beyond Feynman's diagrams    pp165 - 166
Generations of physicists have spent much of their lives using Richard Feynman's famous diagrams to calculate how particles interact. New mathematical tools are simplifying the results and suggesting improved underlying principles.
Neil Turok' j9 p8 J# C  [* h4 L8 V
doi:10.1038/469165a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7329/full/469165a.html
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Structural biology: Finding the wet spots    pp166 - 167" p$ ], I* \. ]
The functions of proteins are critically coupled to their interplay with water, but determining the dynamics of most water molecules at protein surfaces hasn't been possible. A new spectroscopic method promises to change that.( s! h9 v! k4 Z# q
Vincent J. Hilser  a) a* H8 i: p* x! }% [
doi:10.1038/469166a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7329/full/469166a.html

Condensed-matter physics: The conducting face of an insulator pp167 - 168: [% `) O5 u* x, V2 l: J- {
Stacking two oxide insulators together is known to yield a conducting system at the interface between the oxides. But the discovery that simply cleaving such an insulator yields the same outcome is unexpected. See Letterp.189
Elbio Dagotto5 w/ Z* A; {9 I9 |7 t: M7 {
doi:10.1038/469167a0 S! V5 z1 I8 |, M
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7329/full/469167a.html- [! k' V. a: @" Q) D

Conservation: The trouble with bumblebees    pp169 - 170
A survey of bumblebees in North America provides unequivocal evidence that four previously common and abundant species have undergone recent and widespread population collapse. Various explanations remain possible.
Mark J. F. Brown( A# F: W* j/ O; ^5 @
doi:10.1038/469169a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7329/full/469169a.html. A; s. r3 G: H0 M+ U
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Earth science: A back-arc in time    pp170 - 171: x2 [# A/ C3 I5 @+ b/ ~/ }
The Eastern Lau spreading centre in the Pacific Ocean is the subject of especial interest. The influence of the neighbouring subduction zone is considerable, but evidently has unexpected limits. See Letterp.198% z- N3 c, o" s3 ~
Peter Michael& P% ~6 V1 n$ d8 C- ?" j
doi:10.1038/469170a- W8 S8 d6 z( u5 ]7 M
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7329/full/469170a.html
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Synthetic biology: Division of logic labour    pp171 - 172
Cellular compartmentalization is an effective way to build gene circuits capable of complex logic operations, in which binary inputs are converted into binary outputs according to user-defined rules. See Lettersp.207 & p.212
Bochong Li and Lingchong You( H% F! A) A6 \$ q& a4 N; ], n
doi:10.1038/469171a, @4 W' T( t, I, O& m+ ]: X
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7329/full/469171a.html

Cell signalling: Binding the receptor at both ends    pp172 - 1735 d3 R. T* k7 b4 U4 z; M9 }
G-protein-coupled receptors initiate a wide range of signalling pathways in cells. It seems that both a G protein and an agonist molecule must bind to the receptors to persistently activate them. See Articlep.175 & Lettersp.236 & p.241
Stephen R. Sprang
doi:10.1038/469172a' ^) g1 ~5 R' E3 D! A- m
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7329/full/469172a.html4 t: d+ y* J3 T) |; }( q$ v

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ARTICLE
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Structure of a nanobody-stabilized active state of the β2 adrenoceptor  pp175 - 1809 o, F# I) Z2 x1 O- P
The X-ray crystal structure of the human β2 adrenergic receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor, in an agonist-bound 'active' state is solved. Comparison of this structure with a previously published structure of the same GPCR in an inactive state indicates that minor changes in the binding pocket of the protein lead to major changes elsewhere — there is a large outward movement of the cytoplasmic end of one of the transmembrane segments and rearrangements of two other transmembrane segments. This structure provides insights into the process of agonist binding and activation.0 F  Q( R: ?/ {3 T2 s; o, e# P' M& p
Søren G. F. Rasmussen et al.7 P9 ?( D4 Y+ q' m+ W8 `' G
doi:10.1038/nature09648* F5 U: Y) }* W9 ?
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09648.html2 C9 F  l. f, V0 U6 H
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09648.html7 P7 O5 f9 r9 k& o8 v
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LETTERS$ V! X; J2 {$ K0 N& i
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A distortion of very-high-redshift galaxy number counts by gravitational lensing       pp181 - 1841 [3 o: W  V6 o
The observed number counts of high-redshift galaxy candidates have been used to build up a statistical description of star-forming activity at redshift of about z>7. Here it is reported that gravitational lensing is likely to dominate the observed properties of galaxies with redshifts of about z>12, when the instrumental limiting magnitude is expected to be brighter than the characteristic magnitude of the galaxy sample. The number counts could be modified by an order of magnitude. Future surveys will need to be designed to account for a significant gravitational lensing bias in high-redshift galaxy samples.) C& z: g2 L4 D: J
J. Stuart B. Wyithe, Haojing Yan, Rogier A. Windhorst and Shude Mao
doi:10.1038/nature09619
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09619.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09619.html' J( E0 `# f6 u6 Y+ L# p

Local charge of the ν = 5/2 fractional quantum Hall state    pp185 - 188$ f: m: Q+ U! X1 r
This study measures 'puddles' of charge in a fractional quantum Hall device and finds new evidence for the existence of quarter charge particles, thereby boosting confidence in the prospects for topological quantum computation.3 \* o" w: T5 Z# `' w, @
Vivek Venkatachalam, Amir Yacoby, Loren Pfeiffer and Ken West' }) ?6 X! g* M
doi:10.1038/nature09680- h2 w, V7 ~7 A: Z# J2 X! d$ B
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09680.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09680.html

Two-dimensional electron gas with universal subbands at the surface of SrTiO3 pp189 - 1930 t0 [# |9 x- `
An exotic two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) forms at oxide interfaces based on SrTiO3, but the precise nature of the 2DEG has remained elusive. In a systematic study using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), new insights into the electronic structure of the 2DEG are obtained. The findings shed light on previous observations in SrTiO3-based heterostructures and suggest that different forms of electron confinement at the surface of SrTiO3 lead to essentially the same 2DEG.
A. F. Santander-Syro et al.
doi:10.1038/nature097201 V6 X3 }/ U+ s* u; J: {% e
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09720.html. @) J" _7 ?  }' l
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09720.html& A0 @0 l3 H8 Z! `8 {
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Nanoscale chemical tomography of buried organic–inorganic interfaces in the chiton tooth       pp194 - 197
Many biomineralized tissues (such as teeth and bone) are hybrid inorganic–organic materials whose properties are determined by their convoluted internal structures. Now, using a chiton tooth as an example, this study shows how the internal structural and chemical complexity of such biomaterials and their synthetic analogues can be elucidated using pulsed-laser atom-probe tomography.
Lyle M. Gordon and Derk Joester
doi:10.1038/nature09686
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09686.html" A& }8 d8 _. \) m
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09686.html

Contrasting crustal production and rapid mantle transitions beneath back-arc ridges    pp198 - 202# p# X8 B/ Z0 i+ O3 Z0 b
This study shows that across-strike and along-strike changes in crustal properties at the Eastern Lau spreading centre are large and abrupt, implying correspondingly large discontinuities in the nature of the mantle supplying melt to the ridge axes. It is concluded that stable, broad triangular upwelling regions, as inferred for mid-ocean ridges, cannot form near the mantle wedge corner. Instead, the observations imply a dynamic process in which the ridge upwelling zone preferentially captures water-rich low-viscosity mantle when it is near the arc. As the ridge moves away from the arc, a tipping point is reached at which that material is rapidly released, resulting in rapid changes in the character of the crust formed at the ridge.
Robert A. Dunn and Fernando Martinez9 y+ Q  |9 R; b- A
doi:10.1038/nature09690
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09690.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09690.html
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Reliability of flipper-banded penguins as indicators of climate change  pp203 - 206# r  r/ a1 Z/ b3 ^9 |0 `
Much of what we know about the behaviour of animals in the wild comes from studies in which individual animals are marked for identification purposes. But can the marking itself affect the outcome? This study shows that it does. In a ten-year study on king penguins in the Antarctic, penguins sporting identification bands on their wings had significantly lower long-term fitness than unmarked penguins. This study should give pause for thought to researchers seeking to discover the behaviour of animals in the wild.
Claire Saraux et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09630, l2 ?5 s1 s3 Y" ~* ~
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09630.html5 [+ x2 w( n0 t1 v% I. Y
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09630.html8 l' X5 f+ j# S6 r% g( I

Distributed biological computation with multicellular engineered networks    pp207 - 211
For synthetic biologists' creativity to be unleashed, basic circuits must become truly interchangeable, that is, modular and scalable. This study, one of two linked papers, has harnessed yeast pheromone communication to achieve complex computation through communication between individual cells performing simple logic functions. Such extracellular 'chemical wiring' is one promising way to get around intracellular noise when building more complex genetic circuitry./ B/ t5 O! l& D6 ?9 t1 t
Sergi Regot et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09679
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09679.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09679.html
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Robust multicellular computing using genetically encoded NOR gates and chemical ‘wires’ pp212 - 215
For synthetic biologists' creativity to be unleashed, basic circuits must become truly interchangeable, that is, modular and scalable. This study, one of two linked papers, has harnessed bacterial 'quorum sensing' to achieve complex computation through communication between individual cells performing simple logic functions. Such extracellular 'chemical wiring' is one promising way to get around intracellular noise when building more complex genetic circuitry.  X9 ]" [7 B( Q9 k5 l" I
Alvin Tamsir, Jeffrey J. Tabor and Christopher A. Voigt
doi:10.1038/nature09565
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09565.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09565.html$ _- d. P1 G# A

Integrative genomics identifies LMO1 as a neuroblastoma oncogene       pp216 - 220
Here, single nucleotide variants within the LMO1 locus are shown to be associated with inherited susceptibility to neuroblastoma, a childhood cancer of the sympathetic nervous system. Acquired structural variation in the same locus was also frequently found in neuroblastoma patients, leading to the suggestion that loci identified through genome-wide association studies might be also prone to somatic alterations and therefore identify potential therapy targets and/or biomarkers of tumour aggressiveness.% {/ _7 G4 `! S9 m
Kai Wang et al.  ]" `- h8 r0 R' q$ x# y: M2 K; x
doi:10.1038/nature09609" \' U& v0 ^$ q
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09609.html; n) r% z! y1 j# o( \7 N% E1 \
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09609.html( ^" u0 C! z) M; i7 A- ^! @# h

A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation       pp221 - 225# H# g2 {; {7 t8 X* P" ^2 ?" o' Y
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are shown to be required for activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by various stimuli.
Rongbin Zhou, Amir S. Yazdi, Philippe Menu and Jürg Tschopp5 v- o/ f- V! ?; ]! J
doi:10.1038/nature096631 b  [1 k( g# E. Z- T* q
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09663.html) H( S! Y) I0 D! O9 `! s
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09663.html" E8 Z0 c& a' e: R

Hydrostatic pressure and the actomyosin cortex drive mitotic cell rounding    pp226 - 230
During mitosis, adherent cells change from a flattened to a rounded morphology, and this is thought to be necessary for the geometric requirements of cell division. Here, the forces that drive this shape change are studied. Mitotic rounding force depends both on the actomyosin cytoskeleton and the cell's ability to regulate osmolarity. The rounding force is generated by osmotic pressure and the actomyosin cortex maintains this rounding pressure against external forces. These results support the idea that in animal cells, the actomyosin cortex behaves like an internal cell wall that directs osmotic expansion to control cell shape.1 O0 J& N* x5 q3 Q- X+ A" _4 l
Martin P. Stewart et al.7 J- M! g, p2 y! W4 k$ i
doi:10.1038/nature09642
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09642.html! U) ~% ~! N$ V1 L2 V. @( L
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09642.html* t8 J5 q$ B* v4 i8 F5 o8 I+ G) P3 K9 q
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c-Jun N-terminal phosphorylation antagonises recruitment of the Mbd3/NuRD repressor complex    pp231 - 235
The kinase JNK is known to stimulate c-Jun transcriptional activity, but the molecular mechanism has been unclear. Here, N-terminal phosphorylation of c-Jun is shown to antagonize the interaction of c-Jun with Mbd3, a component of the repressor complex NuRD. The interaction between c-Jun and Mbd3 is shown to be important in regulating the proliferation of intestinal progenitor cells in mice.! V; c- n. z( J  \: Q1 U- I& r" M
Cristina Aguilera et al./ f8 ^4 q. M: P. m
doi:10.1038/nature09607/ v, @2 T1 |# h! Z4 Y1 N
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09607.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09607.html8 k1 b5 V: w4 D% O! b& h( M

Structure and function of an irreversible agonist-β2 adrenoceptor complex    pp236 - 2402 M8 [% ~6 @4 v) I' w0 l8 {
The X-ray crystal structure of the human β2 adrenergic receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), covalently bound to a small-molecule agonist is solved. Comparison of this structure with structures of this GPCR in an inactive state and in an antibody-stabilized active state reveals how binding events at both the extracellular and intracellular surfaces stabilize the active conformation of the receptor. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the agonist-bound active state spontaneously relaxes to an inactive-like state in the absence of a G protein.
Daniel M. Rosenbaum et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09665
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09665.html% I. D& [( M/ y5 p5 u
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09665.html! F& i; y% d. u4 q# F
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The structural basis for agonist and partial agonist action on a β1-adrenergic receptor pp241 - 244" w$ Y* f6 y0 g7 O5 K. R3 A
Here, the X-ray crystal structure of the β1 adrenergic receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor, bound to four small molecules that either act as full agonists or partial agonists is solved. The structures show that agonist binding induces a contraction of the catecholamine-binding pocket relative to the antagonist-bound receptor. This work reveals the pharmacological differences between different ligand classes, which should facilitate the structure-based design of new drugs with predictable efficacies.; \/ }* C1 Y4 s! P1 N$ F6 k: U
Tony Warne et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09746
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09746.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09746.html
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H2AX prevents CtIP-mediated DNA end resection and aberrant repair in G1-phase lymphocytes    pp245 - 249
Antigen receptor loci contain numerous gene segments that are recombined in response to antigen stimulation. The RAG endonuclease makes the double-strand breaks that initiate recombination. The ends of these breaks are hairpins that can only be cleaved by the Artemis nuclease. Here, it is shown that the specificity for Artemis is dictated by the histone protein H2AX, in cooperation with the repair protein MDC-1. In the absence of H2AX, another nuclease, CtIP, can open the ends but they are not joined efficiently; this leads to genomic instability.
Beth A. Helmink et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09585) q+ ^. M9 {$ |1 O( t' c/ ?+ j
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09585.html, s' m+ x  X% k5 G$ K, A
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09585.html' I$ a+ W, A9 F& F. c. p0 H

ATM damage response and XLF repair factor are functionally redundant in joining DNA breaks    pp250 - 254' W- b' k! G* Q. d
Although loss of XLF, a classical non-homologous DNA end-joining (NHEJ) repair factor, shows strong effects in non-lymphoid cells, in lymphoid cells its absence has only modest effects on V(D)J recombination. This study now shows that in lymphoid cells, two other repair factors — ATM kinase and histone protein H2AX — have functional redundancy with XLF. Thus, mice deficient in both ATM and XLF have compromised conventional NHEJ, although alternative end-joining is retained. The results hint that the redundant function in end-joining that XLF has with both ATM and H2AX may have to do with an ATM role in chromatin accessibility.% e" y9 N% J& [2 K/ ?  `  m
Shan Zha et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09604
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09604.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09604.html