同一实验室，两华裔学者获生殖细胞研究新突破（附原文）

qingshui1985

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/ B) q8 |4 ^8 t5 H5 Y同一实验室，两华裔学者获生殖细胞研究新突破) O( x1 _8 c# j! y! H% ^
来自斯坦福大学干细胞研究中心的Renee  Reijo  Pera实验室获得了许多重要的干细胞，生殖细胞研成果，这个实验室曾开发出一种技术能让干细胞转变成生殖细胞，这对于全世界占据10-15%的不孕不育的夫妻来说无疑是一个喜讯，也许未来只要一个人就能生育后代了。 ) C: p% |/ l  i4 J  r  y9 s/ C

$ u" |2 E: {! [' h% Q0 `+ h: w近期其实验室两位华裔学者分别获得了精子基因，以及受精卵检测方面的重要突破，文章分别发表在PLoS  Genetic，和Nature  biotechnology上。
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Renee  Reijo  Pera实验室的前研究员，遗传学家Eugene  Yujun  Xu博士发现几乎所有生物体内（包括海葵、蠕虫、昆虫、海洋无脊椎动物、鱼类、人类）精子中含有一种相同的基因。地球生物于6亿年前开始拥有这种精子基因，并在逐渐进化中保存在各种生物体内。 + n/ \* \( o% }! z1 d, f1 `1 o
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精子在许多动物的体内繁殖，但是之前并没有确凿的证据能够证明这些动物体内繁殖的精子是来自一个共同的起源，而这篇文章通过研究不同物种的演化过程，终于在海葵，海胆，果蝇，虹鳟鱼，公鸡和老鼠的精子中找到了答案。在海葵这种地球上最原始的动物以及其他动物体内发现BOULE基因的存在，证实了这种基因的古老起源。
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这一基因是唯一的一种被科学家发现的只有制造精子功能的基因，这将为男性避孕药的设计提供新的思路，并且可以将这种特性运用到防止传染病、寄生虫和病菌的繁殖的发生，因为它不会对人类身体的其他进程造成伤害。BOULE不是科学家发现的唯一的一种被所有动物所共享的基因，除此之外，还有一些共享基因，例如控制眼睛和心脏发育的基因。 2 d. O" U. y1 r! p+ w$ P
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另外研究组Connie  Wong博士通过一种非侵入性的成像方法，预测哪些胚胎将会发育成胚囊，哪些将会死去，准确度高达93%。这一新成果有望通过选择性地将胚胎植入女性子宫，帮助再生临床医学提高体外受精胚胎的成功植入率。 ! l9 N* j2 f) h' k# }9 |

6 L9 V% p: C8 c) M$ j! J, e; n试管婴儿成功率还只有20%-30%，最多也不过40%。如果能有一种方法，帮助预测胚胎植入的成功率，那么就能提高受孕率了。研究人员开发出了一种视频时差显微技术，利用这种技术人类胚胎，可以清楚地窥见到人类胚胎的发育。并且研究人员还发明了一个监测胚胎进度的方法，从而能预测哪些胚胎将会发育成胚囊，哪些会死去。
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感谢 qingshui1985 dxb1985提供

qingshui1985

PLoS Genetics doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001022( o9 |: \4 v- Y& O; a8 ~; Y* R! s' Y

; O4 {" q$ t4 {$ JWidespread Presence of Human BOULE Homologs among Animals and Conservation of Their Ancient Reproductive Function9 e" m) V+ I  t8 q- e
Chirag Shah#, Michael J. W. VanGompel#, Villian Naeem, Yanmei Chen, Terrance Lee, Nicholas Angeloni, Yin Wang, Eugene Yujun Xu*
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Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America0 C7 I% a; `$ O# u8 f' u4 ^

+ C- w4 b' i, ~0 z: [$ o2 m% n8 x7 r; dSex-specific traits that lead to the production of dimorphic gametes, sperm in males and eggs in females, are fundamental for sexual reproduction and accordingly widespread among animals. Yet the sex-biased genes that underlie these sex-specific traits are under strong selective pressure, and as a result of adaptive evolution they often become divergent. Indeed out of hundreds of male or female fertility genes identified in diverse organisms, only a very small number of them are implicated specifically in reproduction in more than one lineage. Few genes have exhibited a sex-biased, reproductive-specific requirement beyond a given phylum, raising the question of whether any sex-specific gametogenesis factors could be conserved and whether gametogenesis might have evolved multiple times. Here we describe a metazoan origin of a conserved human reproductive protein, BOULE, and its prevalence from primitive basal metazoans to chordates. We found that BOULE homologs are present in the genomes of representative species of each of the major lineages of metazoans and exhibit reproductive-specific expression in all species examined, with a preponderance of male-biased expression. Examination of Boule evolution within insect and mammalian lineages revealed little evidence for accelerated evolution, unlike most reproductive genes. Instead, purifying selection was the major force behind Boule evolution. Furthermore, loss of function of mammalian Boule resulted in male-specific infertility and a global arrest of sperm development remarkably similar to the phenotype in an insect boule mutation. This work demonstrates the conservation of a reproductive protein throughout eumetazoa, its predominant testis-biased expression in diverse bilaterian species, and conservation of a male gametogenic requirement in mice. This shows an ancient gametogenesis requirement for Boule among Bilateria and supports a model of a common origin of spermatogenesis.

qingshui1985

Non-invasive imaging of human embryos before embryonic genome activation predicts development to the blastocyst stage4 @9 O4 \7 r0 V0 K
Connie C Wong,Kevin E Loewke,Nancy L Bossert,Barry Behr,Christopher J De Jonge,Thomas M Baer& Renee A Reijo Perareneer@stanford.edu
( n! R5 k8 e) W2 N4 R4 Z9 w: A# y2 aAffiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name:
' L% N9 z; K* S6 l8 J$ Y5 R/ GNature Biotechnology - J5 F* t  |7 v' p( K$ C% `/ L/ M
Volume: 28, Pages: 1115–1121 Year published: (2010)  doi:10.1038/nbt.1686 , ^# w+ f3 T+ |2 ~8 j. r
Received 05 April 2010 Accepted 03 September 2010 Published online 03 October 2010
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Share/bookmarkConnotea Cite U Like Facebook Twitter Delicious Digg We report studies of preimplantation human embryo development that correlate time-lapse image analysis and gene expression profiling. By examining a large set of zygotes from in vitro fertilization (IVF), we find that success in progression to the blastocyst stage can be predicted with >93% sensitivity and specificity by measuring three dynamic, noninvasive imaging parameters by day 2 after fertilization, before embryonic genome activation (EGA). These parameters can be reliably monitored by automated image analysis, confirming that successful development follows a set of carefully orchestrated and predictable events. Moreover, we show that imaging phenotypes reflect molecular programs of the embryo and of individual blastomeres. Single-cell gene expression analysis reveals that blastomeres develop cell autonomously, with some cells advancing to EGA and others arresting. These studies indicate that success and failure in human embryo development is largely determined before EGA. Our methods and algorithms may provide an approach for early diagnosis of embryo potential in assisted reproduction.

qingshui1985

第一则全文附件：/ w. ]" n, V  Z6 H6 a5 w; N
据国外媒体报道，科学家最新研究发现，几乎所有生物体内（包括海葵、蠕虫、昆虫、海洋无脊椎动物、鱼类、人类）精子中含有一种相同的基因。地球生物于6亿年前开始拥有这种精子基因，并在逐渐进化中保存在各种生物体内。
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一篇有关此项研究的报告于7月15日发表在PLoS  Genetics杂志上，来自美国西北大学的遗传学家徐尤金（Eugene  Xu）是该项研究报告的联合作者之一。他表示：“精子在许多动物的体内繁殖，但是之前并没有确凿的证据能够证明这些动物体内繁殖的精子是来自一个共同的起源：”
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; U9 _' e9 s+ _3 L9 u来自斯坦福大学的干细胞研究中心的主任勒内·锐捷·佩拉(Renee  Reijo  Pera)表示，此项研究结果相当有趣，动物体内的精子细胞有如此多的相似之处，但是各个物种之间的精子细胞又有许多的不同点以示区别。她说：“如果人类产生的卵子可以被一只猴子受精，那是相当怪异的。而基因最大的特点就在于，除了有许多的共同点，来保持其基本的功能之外，各个物种之间又存在的许多差异性。”0 @) C" @* \1 A1 S0 X% n8 _3 |4 t

. @5 c+ ]$ V0 M6 _. D$ B3 c为了证实这种被称为博尔（BOULE）的基因的存在，徐和他的团队通过研究不同物种的演化过程，终于在海葵，海胆，果蝇，虹鳟鱼，公鸡和老鼠的精子中找到了答案。在海葵这种地球上最原始的动物以及其他动物体内发现博尔（BOULE）的存在，证实了这种基因的古老起源。3 X2 e% m) s% t* j5 i# b
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徐还表示，博尔（BOULE）是唯一的一种被科学家发现的只有制造精子功能的基因，这将为男性避孕药的设计提供新的思路，并且可以将这种特性运用到防止传染病、寄生虫和病菌的繁殖的发生，因为它不会对人类身体的其他进程造成伤害。博尔（BOULE）不是科学家发现的唯一的一种被所有动物所共享的基因，除此之外，还有一些共享基因，例如控制眼睛和心脏发育的基因。
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植物与真菌的体内缺乏博尔（BOULE）基因，这意味着植物精子，或者花粉很有可能是完全不同于动物精子的产生的。(

qingshui1985

敲除小鼠boule基因，雄性生殖腺的组织学切片，很漂亮
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Figure 5. Mouse Boule mutant males are infertile, resulting from a global arrest of spermatogenesis. (A) Knockout mice are7 q$ `1 M! @# d& x) u/ K; ?
indistinguishable from those of wild type in morphology and size. (B) The wild type male reproductive tract consists of a pair of oval-shape testes$ X+ r5 v0 @$ _5 ~' G+ ]& e, n
(white arrow head) attached to the epididymis (white arrow), seminal vesicle (yellow arrowhead), and urethra (yellow arrow). (C) The reproductive/ N  v$ H6 O* M& i" q3 Y( c
tract in mouse Boule mutants appears normal, similar to that of wild type mice. Wild type epididymis tubules contain lots of motile sperm (D), and condensed sperm nuclei and sperm tails (arrow) are clearly visible (F at higher magnification). In the Boule mutant, epididymal tubules lack mature* B+ e( q+ K7 o- C! J
sperm and some are half-empty (E). Instead, small degenerating round cells are found inside the tubules (arrow in G). (H) Testicular sections from wild6 z( m8 k2 W) L. }0 h4 q
type mice showing the presence of sperm in the lumen (arrow in H) and elongating spermatids (arrowhead in J). (I, K) Sections from Boule mutant5 d9 A6 H& x) f* \5 p" c" C
testes showing the absence of both sperm from the lumen (arrow in I) and elongating spermatids. Mouse Boule mutant testes contain degenerating
; n$ s: v, g) m7 g, Z" acysts of germ cells (arrowheads in I and K). The scale bars are equal to 100 mm unless noted.

dxb1985

第二篇全文

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panshaohui

谢谢分享

千细胞

谢谢分享，很不错的东东哦！

ouabain1

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