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自然要览]! z" s% `/ i+ m: X. ]2 ?+ G0 q

（选自英国Nature杂志，2011年2月17日出版）
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封面故事：人类活动影响极端降水量的证据2 h4 v  G5 R0 v+ ^" A  }: u2 N0 v0 k
Human contribution to more-intense precipitation extremes /  Anthropogenic greenhouse gas contribution to flood risk in England and Wales in autumn 2000& X! e1 c! i5 A
人类活动的一个显著效应已经在所观测到的气温和平均降水量趋势中被检测到。但迄今为止，尚没有研究工作正式识别出关于极端降水量的人类影响“指纹”，而且评估人类对特定天气事件的影响已被证明是困难的。现在，两个小组提供的证据表明，人类活动产生的温室气体显著增加了大降雨量及局部洪灾风险的概率。Min等人对北美、欧洲和北亚1951年和1999年间降水量的观测结果和模拟结果进行了比较，他们发现了温室气体增加对北半球陆地上大部分地区极端降水事件发生率的一个在统计上具有显著性的效应。Pall等人利用公开发布的气候模拟结果发现，温室气体排放量增加在2000年秋季英格兰和威尔士的大范围洪灾期间使洪灾风险有实质性增加。" Z: ~+ m* _, Q1 C/ n6 k/ j

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人类祖先的界线划分（Drawing the line on human ancestors）& U: N/ T4 ^' ?
The evolutionary context of the first hominins
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1933&issue=7334

衰老的端粒/线粒体轴线（The telomere/mitochondria axis of ageing）
Telomere dysfunction induces metabolic and mitochondrial compromise; y9 Z8 i6 z! H/ a  v% y# W* \
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1937&issue=7334) m! r) K. j1 v( S# h. E, `
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超大质量黑洞的质量比以前估计的要小很多（Super-massive black holes cut down to size?）7 x8 S) X: j8 v/ L
Broad-line active galactic nuclei rotate faster than narrow-line ones
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1939&issue=7334

具有前所未有高折射率的“超材料”（Refractive index of 30-plus in new metamaterial）9 b, }8 s" [& y2 m% k! t
A terahertz metamaterial with unnaturally high refractive index: v  V: _% k# S5 q5 l, N
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1941&issue=73340 D0 @6 E) N/ K! ?
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晶体纳米颗粒三维结构信息的获得（Crystal power now in 3D）7 l$ a7 y. S3 c& _6 N; o# V
Three-dimensional atomic imaging of crystalline nanoparticles& _) V2 U, t9 E% z
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1943&issue=7334

渔场管理的可持续模式（Sustainable model for fisheries）! K2 A# F3 ~0 E6 L# e% B+ }
Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries2 ]* k/ k- P) h( L" V
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1949&issue=7334

宏观复杂生命形式化石记录的时间被提早（Rolling back the fossil record for complexity）
An early Ediacaran assemblage of macroscopic and morphologically differentiated eukaryotes
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1907&issue=7334
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p53在癌细胞转移中的作用（The role of p53 in metastasis）& o4 G8 H* j% r6 l0 o% i9 u# A
CKIα ablation highlights a critical role for p53 in invasiveness control3 g+ _" u( v3 y; X1 R
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1919&issue=7334

DNA修复在细胞增殖中的作用（DNA repair role in cell differentiation）
Embryonic lethal phenotype reveals a function of TDG in maintaining epigenetic stability% Y, @9 k" ?! r1 J
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1925&issue=7334- t5 Z9 |4 I# I+ p
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NEWS & VIEWS* s% m9 ~2 m; H
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FORUM
Genomics: Drugs, diabetes and cancer pp338 - 339+ p% w  U1 X9 S' d5 [# P  h5 c: `
Variation in a genomic region that contains the cancer-associated gene ATM affects a patient's response to the diabetes drug metformin. Two experts discuss the implications for understanding diabetes and the link to cancer.
Morris J. Birnbaum and Reuben J. Shaw
doi:10.1038/470338a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7334/full/470338a.html  ^! ^9 I- v" z  `/ X0 z5 a4 I

Evolutionary biology: When life got big pp339 - 340
Deposits in China dating to about 600 million years ago contain carbon compressions of algae and other organisms. The fossils provide a new window into the early evolution of complex multicellular life. See Letterp.390' m' N1 D" l, c' u3 ^5 O: @
Guy M. Narbonne; Z- p3 |3 ]- F( }
doi:10.1038/470339a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7334/full/470339a.html

Biophysics: Push it, pull it pp340 - 341; ]6 J- q# F- `+ q7 W) {
During migration, cells interact with their environment by exerting mechanical forces on it. A combination of two techniques shows that they do so in all three dimensions by a push–pull mechanism.
Pascal Hersen and Benoît Ladoux
doi:10.1038/470340a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7334/full/470340a.html3 i% p) p( f! @+ b6 X9 E1 X, N2 ]

Cell biology: Ageing theories unified pp342 - 343
Ageing is a complex process involving defects in various cellular components. The latest evidence suggests a unifying mechanism for cellular ageing that is relevant to the development of common age-related diseases. See Articlep.359) P. E9 s7 R/ A7 h
Daniel P. Kelly4 t+ F" \, o* G: N
doi:10.1038/nature09896  x7 J: m+ {/ W1 P$ R
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09896.html/ a+ V. Q+ u( J3 d* l- o$ N/ R

Applied physics: Extreme light-bending power pp343 - 344
Metamaterials are best known for their ability to bend light in the opposite direction to that of all materials found in nature. A hidden ability of these man-made materials has now been discovered. See Letterp.369! r0 r# B, }: {
Xiang Zhang
doi:10.1038/470343a; @1 M' v9 j4 D8 s
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7334/full/470343a.html

Climate change: Human influence on rainfall    pp344 - 345/ E% `, w1 {% U
Rising concentrations of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may already be influencing the intensity of rainfall and increasing the risk of substantial damage from the associated flooding. See Lettersp.378 & p.382
Richard P. Allan
doi:10.1038/470344a0 n) t6 Q4 L( U+ r, [0 o
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7334/full/470344a.html

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REVIEW! `1 a0 I. G$ N  l6 O3 I
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The evolutionary context of the first hominins  pp347 - 352
Bernard Wood and Terry Harrison% @( Q1 M" p& m  H( k
doi:10.1038/nature09709" v! Q3 H* y/ n: l* l1 Y( ?3 {' K
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09709.html; l0 N" a! U% m5 A8 }' ~) m4 v
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09709.html

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ARTICLES
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Asymmetric cell divisions promote Notch-dependent epidermal differentiation    pp353 - 358
This study focuses on developing mouse skin where mitotic basal progenitor cells switch from symmetric divisions to asymmetric division concomitant with stratification. Using a novel technical approach, the genetic pathway regulating spindle orientation is dissected, providing the first direct evidence that the proteins governing spindle orientation (LGN, NuMA and Dctn1) promote asymmetric cell divisions regulated by Notch signalling in mammalian cells in vivo.
Scott E. Williams, Slobodan Beronja, H. Amalia Pasolli and Elaine Fuchs
doi:10.1038/nature09793
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09793.html( f% f; n" G! B# P' Y1 O) c: A
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09793.html
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Telomere dysfunction induces metabolic and mitochondrial compromise    pp359 - 365
Here it is shown that telomere dysfunction drives metabolic and mitochondrial compromise. Mice with dysfunctional telomeres activate p53, which in turn represses PGC-1α and PGC-1β, master regulators of metabolic and mitochondrial processes. This results in reduced mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced ATP generation, impaired gluconeogenesis, cariomyopathy and increased reactive oxygen species. This telomere–p53–PGC pathway shows how telomere dysfunction may compromise organ function and contribute to age-related disorders.6 [6 j% |& v" K) l3 x
Ergün Sahin et al.* G* ?' [$ f7 X7 c
doi:10.1038/nature09787' _5 C% Q3 Z  E
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09787.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09787.html

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LETTERS; _; N2 `, z: \- r# i
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Broad-line active galactic nuclei rotate faster than narrow-line ones pp366 - 3685 x) ]: S2 X& U* G9 ~
The super-massive black holes of 106 to 109 solar masses that reside in the nuclei of active galaxies (AGN) are surrounded by a region emitting broad emission lines, probably associated with an accretion disk, which cannot be resolved spatially. The relative significance of inflow, outflow, rotational, or turbulent motions in the broad-line region as well as their structure (spherical and/or thin/thick accretion disk) are unknown. This study reports a fundamental relation between the observed emission line width and shape in AGN spectra, from which it is inferred that the geometry of the inner region is flattest for the fast-rotating broad-line objects whereas slow-rotating narrow-line AGN have a more spherical structure. Knowing the rotational velocities one can derive more accurately the central black hole masses, which are two to ten times smaller than previously estimated.& P3 W) P5 ]5 {$ c& L! s
Wolfram Kollatschny and Matthias Zetzl
doi:10.1038/nature09761
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09761.html% }) S, U: |% T" ~! ]2 Q
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09761.html) \( e6 R" h( l: X1 C1 y' {
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A terahertz metamaterial with unnaturally high refractive index pp369 - 373' d6 I5 k( m+ F. {0 S
In the area of metamaterials it is shown that electromagnetic properties can be achieved that are not attainable with natural materials. The main research efforts have been directed towards experimentally realizing materials with negative refractive index, but to extend the potential and design flexibility for novel 'transformation optics' applications, it is of considerable interest to produce a material with unnaturally high refractive index. A broadband, flexible terahertz metamaterial with unprecedented high refractive index, reaching a value of 38.6, is now demonstrated.
Muhan Choi et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09776
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09776.html5 P" ]% ]* u0 m: S
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09776.html& U( F2 m9 ?+ n& y3 E
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Three-dimensional atomic imaging of crystalline nanoparticles pp374 - 3772 w2 Z" ~6 r1 S/ o9 a3 k( `
This study demonstrates how it is possible to extract full three-dimensional structural information at atomic resolution using a combination of electron tomography and electron microscopy, coupled with separately available knowledge of the crystallographic structure adopted by the target nanoparticle. Such information should ultimately lead to a better understanding of the desirable properties of these systems.
Sandra Van Aert et al.
doi:10.1038/nature097417 d9 \! h6 O6 h# V: R7 y
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09741.html7 K5 [% O. S: g) @1 X' b, s4 k
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09741.html
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Human contribution to more-intense precipitation extremes    pp378 - 381
A significant effect of anthropogenic activities has already been detected in observed trends in temperature and mean precipitation. But so far, no study has formally identified such a human fingerprint on extreme precipitation — an increase in which is one of the central theoretical expectations for a warming climate. This study compares observations and simulations and detects a statistically significant effect of increased greenhouse gases on observed increases in extreme precipitation events over much of the Northern Hemisphere land area.. d  V1 g* }5 q
Seung-Ki Min, Xuebin Zhang, Francis W. Zwiers and Gabriele C. Hegerl
doi:10.1038/nature09763/ j2 l, t8 Q' p; S( n3 G
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09763.html0 C  [& L3 E1 q0 @$ n
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09763.html

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas contribution to flood risk in England and Wales in autumn 2000    pp382 - 385
Human emissions of greenhouse gasses — and related warming — have been shown to be an influence on global and regional warming and on broad-scale precipitation changes. But so far, assessing the human imprint on specific weather events has proven difficult. Now, publicly contributed climate simulations are used to show that increased greenhouse gas emissions substantially increased the risk of flood occurrence during the catastrophic 2000 England and Wales floods.. o0 v9 d( W8 T  j# H5 q% n0 q
Pardeep Pall et al.! U: [5 t% {3 x5 @  [. Y
doi:10.1038/nature09762
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09762.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09762.html2 u& I' ^3 ?7 g
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Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries  pp386 - 389
One approach to sustainable fisheries is that of co-management, in which fishers and managers take joint responsibility for regulation. The evidence that this works is largely anecdotal, so this study systematically examined 130 co-managed fisheries. Several attributes of co-management were required for success, with leadership being the most important. A total of 8 attributes of co-management were required for a successful fishery, and above this number there was a linear relationship between the extent of co-management and success.# s0 n! x! S# L
Nicolás L. Gutiérrez, Ray Hilborn and Omar Defeo
doi:10.1038/nature09689
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09689.html( ]/ \2 q; D: f' r5 l
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09689.html4 R2 c0 [0 ~  @4 V  i2 P
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An early Ediacaran assemblage of macroscopic and morphologically differentiated eukaryotes    pp390 - 3937 j. J) ~8 ~% {2 }8 M6 R, D
When did macroscopic, complex life forms first appear in the fossil record? This study presents spectacular fossils of seaweed-like forms from the approximately 600-million-year-old early Ediacaran of China, a time when the Earth had only just recovered from the worldwide Marinoan glaciation.4 d1 b2 s* u7 x2 a
Xunlai Yuan et al.- a3 N3 s, G* a7 $ r
doi:10.1038/nature098108 E2 [/ W) w3 R: s& z. w
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09810.html  O+ ~3 ~0 _! g2 m) z9 O$ }
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09810.html

Tbx6-dependent Sox2 regulation determines neural or mesodermal fate in axial stem cells pp394 - 398
A common stem cell is known to produce both neural plate and mesoderm, but the factors regulating this choice are unknown. This study determines that Tbx6-dependent modulation of the developmental transcription factor Sox2 drives the fate of axial stem cells. In the absence of Tbx6, cells aberrantly upregulated Sox2 activity, with the result that cells originally destined to be mesoderm turned into ectopic neural tubes. In the absence of the N1 enhancer, this aberrant regulation is corrected and cells follow the appropriate fate, even in the absence of Tbx6. Therefore, active repression of the neural fate program is essential for mesoderm tissue to develop from axial stem cells.
Tatsuya Takemoto et al.
doi:10.1038/nature097295 e/ ^, q; {9 x! F4 E4 X
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09729.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09729.html
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生理:新発見の遺伝子twenty-fourはショウジョウバエ生物時計の重要な翻訳段階を規定している  Y3 D8 J" q1 {; r3 m3 {  p
The novel gene twenty-four defines a critical translational step in the Drosophila clock       pp399 - 403
Gene expression fluctuates in concert with the day/night cycle, and this results in differential behaviours throughout the day. These changes in expression have been studied at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. Here, another type of circadian-influenced regulation that occurs at the post-transcriptional level is defined. The twenty-four (TYF) protein associates with the mRNA of the clock protein PER, enhancing its translation.
Chunghun Lim et al.  u" Q3 X% c/ ~: m- p1 {
doi:10.1038/nature09728$ C" y5 I$ i8 ?5 H( Q9 I5 ?, r
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09728.html- U7 M5 c# |  m4 Q' q
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09728.html

生理:AMPKとカルシニューリンによる寿命延長はCRTC-1とCREBにより仲介される
Lifespan extension induced by AMPK and calcineurin is mediated by CRTC-1 and CREB    pp404 - 408
Activating AMPK or inactivating calcineurin slows ageing in worms and increases their lifespan. Here it is shown that inhibition of CRTC-1 is required for these life-extending effects. CRTC-1 is the only worm member in the family of CREB-regulated transcriptional co-activators, or CRTCs, and, like the mammalian family members, CRTC-1 interacts with a worm homologue of the CREB transcription factor (CRH-1). Eliminating crtc-1 increases lifespan in a crh-1-dependent manner, as does elimination of crh-1 alone. Downregulation of components in the CRTC/CREB pathway has previously been shown to confer health benefits to mice, complementing their lifespan effects in worms.
William Mair et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09706
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09706.html% f6 J9 P% ?7 H
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09706.html7 A1 X7 s* A) D6 K4 W6 C

細胞:CKIαの除去により、浸潤性制御におけるp53の重要な役割がはっきりする
CKIα ablation highlights a critical role for p53 in invasiveness control       pp409 - 413$ L. Z4 v! S6 I
This study shows, via a mouse model of intestinal cancer, that in the absence of CKIα, the loss of p53 dramatically enhances tumour progression and metastasis. p53 is shown to normally limit cancer cell invasion via the regulation of p21 and a set of invasion genes that include Prox1. This study adds important insights to the emerging picture that during tumour development the p53 tumour suppressor gene not only controls cell death and proliferation but also metastasis.
Ela Elyada et al.8 U+ c. N' X7 ^
doi:10.1038/nature09673
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09673.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09673.html4 g: Q7 K5 O+ A0 K8 q

免疫:コロニン2Aは炎症性応答遺伝子のアクチンに依存した抑制解除を仲介する: Q" _$ M- E( I' ?. s4 ^! d
Coronin 2A mediates actin-dependent de-repression of inflammatory response genes       pp414 - 418
Activation of inflammatory gene expression by toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathways involves the removal of gene repression complexes such as NCoR. Here, coronin 2A, a component of the NCoR complex, is shown to mediate TLR-induced NCoR turnover and de-repression of inflammatory genes by a mechanism involving interaction with oligomeric nuclear actin.
Wendy Huang et al.; u( p: I: b0 t2 d
doi:10.1038/nature09703+ h% E# \* b. n# U* @& M( S( m
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09703.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09703.html* [, O) s0 f2 m# D

遺伝:胚性致死の表現型はエピジェネティックな安定性の維持におけるTDGの機能を示す  x  l' K( w, H1 R) ~/ J2 v
Embryonic lethal phenotype reveals a function of TDG in maintaining epigenetic stability       pp419 - 423# e  k: }2 r/ s+ ]) \
TDG is a member of the uracil DNA glycosylase family of DNA repair enzymes. It has been implicated in gene regulation but its biological functions have been unclear. Here, a knockout of the Tdg gene in mice reveals functions in embryonic development and in the maintenance of chromatin states.6 [/ C7 Q+ m3 \. J, N4 s$ n
Daniel Cortázar et al.- I/ z( r7 T6 n( F4 F' A$ l
doi:10.1038/nature09672/ F9 V& A* ^/ `6 M
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09672.html8 L5 b4 V  x. V" k% u" }8 p2 y5 ~
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09672.html

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