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[自然要览]
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（选自英国Nature杂志，2011年2月24日出版）
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封面故事：距今5亿多年前的“叶足动物”化石6 p. o6 I$ b$ Z7 @2 X
An armoured Cambrian lobopodian from China with arthropod-like appendages
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1982&issue=7335
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物种怎样在演化上适应气候变化（Following the trend）* r: J# C% k+ H2 T1 c
Climate change and evolutionary adaptation% Y% a/ A9 k/ S7 c: M3 N
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1959&issue=7335
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开放量子体系的模拟（Opening the way to quantum computation）
An open-system quantum simulator with trapped ions5 ]3 y& t4 P' Q" k0 u3 U+ f
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1961&issue=73356 e9 i4 @, f6 `, X& M5 j; f
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压力症的一个生物标记（A biomarker for stress disorders）; O& U) Z1 y( u8 W: Y
Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor, J) H. O- S2 b$ y1 h" d/ K, X  \) H
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1963&issue=7335
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DNA链非标准配对方式（Odd couples add spice to genome）
Transient Hoogsteen base pairs in canonical duplex DNA6 ^$ D& u6 s0 `7 s
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1965&issue=7335/ S( u- D9 e* z! G
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胚胎中的“神经默认”现象（The neural default in the embryo）# C; L* D- i2 P$ _$ r. S
Intrinsic transition of embryonic stem-cell differentiation into neural progenitors
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1967&issue=7335
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有“背景”的“亚毫米”星系（Galaxies in the background）! y0 y- U# X, D! E! U) ]
Submillimetre galaxies reside in dark matter haloes with masses greater than 3 × 1011 solar masses
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1970&issue=7335
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“超级干旱”的历史（A history of megadroughts）6 u- u6 e' r. E( A( u
Extended megadroughts in the southwestern United States during Pleistocene interglacials
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1976&issue=7335
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火山地震的性质（The nature of volcanic tremor）
Seismic tremors and magma wagging during explosive volcanism
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1979&issue=7335' A+ }6 l2 ?& u' d; O+ m: A

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NEWS & VIEWS
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Psychiatry: A molecular shield from trauma    pp468 - 4697 {1 T6 m+ ^  q0 X* W. R
Why do some people develop post-traumatic stress disorder, but others emerge from a horrific event relatively unscathed? A molecule involved in orchestrating the brain's response to stress may hold the key to this difference.
Murray B. Stein
doi:10.1038/470468a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7335/full/470468a.html2 B1 S9 w0 n( a0 I

Spectroscopy: Unexpected interactions pp469 - 470
Unpaired electrons can exert effects that allow interatomic contacts in molecules to be detected more easily using nuclear magnetic resonance. One such effect reveals unusual interactions between certain atoms in a protein.
Ivano Bertini & Claudio Luchinat
doi:10.1038/470469a9 e) V0 B, n2 h  j
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7335/full/470469a.html

Prion diseases: Infectivity versus toxicity    pp470 - 471
Prions are infectious proteins that can cause deadly diseases in mammals. Detailed measurements of infectivity suggest that there may be distinct infectious and toxic versions of this protein. See Letter p.540
Reed B. Wickner1
doi:10.1038/470470a) J6 d/ o" d7 {' d9 G7 _
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7335/full/470470a.html

Earth science: Volcanic tremor wags on  pp471 - 472
A new model for volcanic tremor has a magma column, surrounded by gas bubbles, oscillating or 'wagging' back and forth. The model reconciles several observations of this characteristic signal. See Letter p.522, s5 P) W" H+ ^0 E4 p! Q
Stephen R. McNutt1
doi:10.1038/470471a( u0 D3 D" L& h- l# R
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7335/full/470471a.html1 C" i- B! M( g

Biophysics: Flipping Watson and Crick pp472 - 473( l& `3 W! Y3 ?- u
Watson–Crick base pairs underpin the DNA double helix. Evidence of transient changes in base-pairing geometry highlights the fact that the information held in DNA's linear sequence is stored in three dimensions. See Article p.498
Barry Honig & Remo Rohs
doi:10.1038/470472a/ A: Q& b& y8 R  P  q
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7335/full/470472a.html7 g5 T* O0 ~! b
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Climate change: Old droughts in New Mexico    pp473 - 474
A long climate record reveals abrupt hydrological variations during past interglacials in southwestern North America. These data set a natural benchmark for detecting human effects on regional climates. See Letter p.518
John Williams
doi:10.1038/470473a9 i: v# ?( t; y5 Z7 q9 Q. F5 V
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7335/full/470473a.html( X) e" v; T6 s* g9 c

Fluid dynamics: A turbulent matter    pp475 - 476; R, t  L( f% A8 c- D8 {
A long-standing controversy about whether the motions within a typical astrophysical disk of gas are stable or unstable has resurfaced. The answer has profound significance for our understanding of how stars and planets form.* O# i# H2 k* ?7 z! C
Steven A. Balbus1
doi:10.1038/470475a0 K' x, f. y' x9 |+ r
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7335/full/470475a.html. ?0 F$ r- ?4 n1 R& O! a( n( g

Cancer: When catastrophe strikes a cell pp476 - 477& `2 m  G$ x' R; S# e3 I- a
In 2–3% of cancers, a single genetic event may have led to hundreds of genomic rearrangements confined to just one or a few chromosomes. This finding challenges the conventional view of how mutations accumulate in oncogenesis.
Jose M. C. Tubio & Xavier Estivill
doi:10.1038/470476a) s; h' a9 a6 l) t( o% u) H  f
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7335/full/470476a.html/ g( m/ {4 v% b5 s9 T
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REVIEW  {& n- b# T- m& g8 [
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Climate change and evolutionary adaptation    pp479 - 4858 O/ ?* Q8 Y, [
Ary A. Hoffmann & Carla M. Sgro
doi:10.1038/nature09670! t2 [' @: m9 F
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09670.html/ b' {1 g- h% s& D
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09670.html
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ARTICLES
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An open-system quantum simulator with trapped ions    pp486 - 491
Impressive progress has been achieved in isolating quantum systems from the environment and coherently controlling their dynamics. However, engineering the dynamics of many particles by a controlled coupling to an environment (in an 'open' quantum system) remains largely unexplored. Here, an approach is demonstrated based on ion-trap technology for simulating an open quantum system with up to five qubits. By adding controlled dissipation to coherent operations, the work offers novel prospects for open-system quantum simulation and computation. Impressive progress has been achieved in isolating quantum systems from the environment and coherently controlling their dynamics. However, engineering the dynamics of many particles by a controlled coupling to an environment (in an 'open' quantum system) remains largely unexplored. Here, an approach is demonstrated based on ion-trap technology for simulating an open quantum system with up to five qubits. By adding controlled dissipation to coherent operations, the work offers novel prospects for open-system quantum simulation and computation.% f# Q; H* T' u6 o
Julio T. Barreiro et al.' R2 b' u! e/ G9 A
doi:10.1038/nature09801; N# d7 i- |3 n" J. K4 m/ I: M) \: N
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09801.html+ ~0 p4 d3 ?, \% C7 d& W* ~
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09801.html
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Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor pp492 - 497) \& ~2 D' U7 [. f- u
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is known to broadly regulate the cellular stress response. In contrast, it is unclear if the PACAP–PAC1 receptor pathway has a role in human psychological stress responses, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here we find, in heavily traumatized subjects, a sex-specific association of PACAP blood levels with fear physiology, PTSD diagnosis and symptoms in females.) P& `8 q6 |* w
Kerry J. Ressler et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09856
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09856.html6 ^7 j. e6 ~7 y+ i% d8 C
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09856.html. E. U8 `, x+ F* u: ~- @. ?- R

Transient Hoogsteen base pairs in canonical duplex DNA  pp498 - 502
The standard view of the genome is that the two DNA strands are linked by Watson-Crick base pairing. Some deviations from this canonical pairing have been observed when DNA is bound to a ligand. This paper now shows that naked DNA itself can transiently adopt a Hoogsteen base-pairing arrangement. This excited state base pairing provides a means to expand the chemistry and structure of DNA, and has implications for the binding of proteins to and repair of DNA. The standard view of the genome is that the two DNA strands are linked by Watson-Crick base pairing. Some deviations from this canonical pairing have been observed when DNA is bound to a ligand. This paper now shows that naked DNA itself can transiently adopt a Hoogsteen base-pairing arrangement. This excited state base pairing provides a means to expand the chemistry and structure of DNA, and has implications for the binding of proteins to and repair of DNA.
Evgenia N. Nikolova et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09775+ R; E3 i! N3 e8 d0 M
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09775.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09775.html
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Intrinsic transition of embryonic stem-cell differentiation into neural progenitors    pp503 - 509
Embryonic stem cells are typically driven to adopt a neural fate in response to inductive signals originating from the environment. However, little is known regarding the downstream molecular mechanisms operating intracellularly to induce this transformation and differentiation. Here, the zinc-finger nuclear protein Zfp521 is demonstrated to be necessary and sufficient to force a neural fate, providing evidence for a cell-intrinsic factor important in transitioning multipotent ES cells to a neural fate. Embryonic stem cells are typically driven to adopt a neural fate in response to inductive signals originating from the environment. However, little is known regarding the downstream molecular mechanisms operating intracellularly to induce this transformation and differentiation. Here, the zinc-finger nuclear protein Zfp521 is demonstrated to be necessary and sufficient to force a neural fate, providing evidence for a cell-intrinsic factor important in transitioning multipotent ES cells to a neural fate.) K4 {6 |9 ~( N( i* H6 g/ m# ~
Daisuke Kamiya et al.
doi:10.1038/nature097260 c& J7 z3 I; m/ P+ |
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09726.html. F3 y8 X1 T; `
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09726.html* L& L/ T* {, z* m3 N, T

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LETTERS/ t+ }5 B4 R9 {$ t
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Submillimetre galaxies reside in dark matter haloes with masses greater than 3 × 1011 solar masses    pp510 - 5127 P# z/ F( V! n. G7 \# K+ ]
The extragalactic background light at far-infrared wavelengths comes from optically faint, dusty, star-forming galaxies with star formation rates at the level of a few hundred solar masses per year. These faint submillimetre galaxies are challenging to study individually, but their average properties can be studied using statistics such as the angular power spectrum of the background intensity variations. This study reports excess clustering over the linear prediction at arcminute angular scales in the power spectrum of brightness fluctuations at 250, 350 and 500 micrometres. It is found that submillimetre galaxies are located in dark matter haloes with a minimum mass of log10[Mmin/solar mass]=11.5+0.7-0.2 at 350[deg] micrometres. The extragalactic background light at far-infrared wavelengths comes from optically faint, dusty, star-forming galaxies with star formation rates at the level of a few hundred solar masses per year. These faint submillimetre galaxies are challenging to study individually, but their average properties can be studied using statistics such as the angular power spectrum of the background intensity variations. This study reports excess clustering over the linear prediction at arcminute angular scales in the power spectrum of brightness fluctuations at 250, 350 and 500 micrometres. It is found that submillimetre galaxies are located in dark matter haloes with a minimum mass of log10[Mmin/solar mass]=11.5+0.7-0.2 at 350[deg] micrometres.' B  X; H- p5 W2 e
Alexandre Amblard et al., H4 R1 Y8 m* N
doi:10.1038/nature09771
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09771.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09771.html
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Geometric frustration in compositionally modulated ferroelectrics    pp513 - 517
In geometrically frustrated materials there is an intrinsic incompatibility between fundamental interaction rules and the underlying lattice geometry, which leads to exotic material behaviour. So far, geometric frustration has been reported for a range of magnetic materials but not yet in ferroelectrics, which would be of significant fundamental interest. This study reports computational results that show that geometric frustration can be induced in ferroelectrics with compositional grading. The findings reveal unusual ordered phases, allowing new microscopic insights in the phenomenon of geometric frustration. In geometrically frustrated materials there is an intrinsic incompatibility between fundamental interaction rules and the underlying lattice geometry, which leads to exotic material behaviour. So far, geometric frustration has been reported for a range of magnetic materials but not yet in ferroelectrics, which would be of significant fundamental interest. This study reports computational results that show that geometric frustration can be induced in ferroelectrics with compositional grading. The findings reveal unusual ordered phases, allowing new microscopic insights in the phenomenon of geometric frustration.
Narayani Choudhury, Laura Walizer, Sergey Lisenkov and L. Bellaiche
doi:10.1038/nature09752
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09752.html- \' j- F8 p; M) ?
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09752.html* Y5 i2 H5 E/ i  V; d2 K! I( w# S

Extended megadroughts in the southwestern United States during Pleistocene interglacials       pp518 - 521
Droughts of tens of years are known to have occurred in the southwestern United States over the past two millennia, but model simulations suggest that much longer 'megadroughts' might occur in a future, warmer climate. So far, the presence of such droughts in the palaeoclimatic record has been unclear. Now, a lake sediment core from northern New Mexico is analysed, showing that millennial-scale megadroughts were a regular feature of Pleistocene interglacials. The results suggest that, in the absence of anthropogenic warming, the southwestern United States would probably be entering a cool and wet phase. Droughts of tens of years are known to have occurred in the southwestern United States over the past two millennia, but model simulations suggest that much longer 'megadroughts' might occur in a future, warmer climate. So far, the presence of such droughts in the palaeoclimatic record has been unclear. Now, a lake sediment core from northern New Mexico is analysed, showing that millennial-scale megadroughts were a regular feature of Pleistocene interglacials. The results suggest that, in the absence of anthropogenic warming, the southwestern United States would probably be entering a cool and wet phase.2 |' s3 W9 Q" B7 y% f: ^2 U8 m
Peter J. Fawcett et al.3 j0 G, S' H1 g  H8 B; W  m) w$ i
doi:10.1038/nature09839
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09839.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09839.html
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Seismic tremors and magma wagging during explosive volcanism pp522 - 525
Most models for volcanic tremor rely on specific properties of the geometry, structure and constitution of volcanic conduits as well as the gas content of the erupting magma. Here, a model is used of a silicic magma rising in a conduit as a columnar plug to demonstrate that, for most geologically relevant conditions, the magma column will oscillate or 'wag' against the restoring force of a highly vesicular annulus of sheared bubbles at observed tremor frequencies. The frequencies produced are relatively insensitive to the conduit structure and geometry. Most models for volcanic tremor rely on specific properties of the geometry, structure and constitution of volcanic conduits as well as the gas content of the erupting magma. Here, a model is used of a silicic magma rising in a conduit as a columnar plug to demonstrate that, for most geologically relevant conditions, the magma column will oscillate or 'wag' against the restoring force of a highly vesicular annulus of sheared bubbles at observed tremor frequencies. The frequencies produced are relatively insensitive to the conduit structure and geometry.5 Z+ d( `+ e" q- W. f- F$ q
A. Mark Jellinek & David Bercovici- I, f5 @# {" w# z  X+ v3 ]0 p- H5 N
doi:10.1038/nature09828
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09828.html7 O! X( {. F- V2 q
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09828.html
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An armoured Cambrian lobopodian from China with arthropod-like appendages    pp526 - 530
The 'Cambrian explosion', just over 500 million years ago, was a burst of evolution during which most kinds of animals we see today first appeared in the fossil record. They were, however, accompanied by a large number of creatures whose lineages were destined to disappear. Among these were the lobopodians, creatures vaguely related to modern arthropods and the velvet worms of tropical forests, and which [mdash] like velvet worms [mdash] looked more like worms with legs. Lobopodians came in a variety of bizarre forms, and the discovery of a lobopodian from the Cambrian of China adds to this group. It looked like a thin, flexible worm with oddly inappropriate, chunky, armoured legs. It is claimed that this creature was, however, the closest known fossil relative of modern arthropods, suggesting that the process of acquiring the robust external skeleton characteristic of the group started with the legs, and worked upwards from there. The 'Cambrian explosion', just over 500 million years ago, was a burst of evolution during which most kinds of animals we see today first appeared in the fossil record. They were, however, accompanied by a large number of creatures whose lineages were destined to disappear. Among these were the lobopodians, creatures vaguely related to modern arthropods and the velvet worms of tropical forests, and which [mdash] like velvet worms [mdash] looked more like worms with legs. Lobopodians came in a variety of bizarre forms, and the discovery of a lobopodian from the Cambrian of China adds to this group. It looked like a thin, flexible worm with oddly inappropriate, chunky, armoured legs. It is claimed that this creature was, however, the closest known fossil relative of modern arthropods, suggesting that the process of acquiring the robust external skeleton characteristic of the group started with the legs, and worked upwards from there.! u7 v7 [: b+ t1 E; X+ V4 V
Jianni Liu et al.' X, e# r/ k6 E2 w- w8 \0 y
doi:10.1038/nature09704
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09704.html: o' x9 B, v: `) W+ g
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09704.html3 Z) d! \+ P- \
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Consequences of climate change on the tree of life in Europe pp531 - 534
Many species are projected to become vulnerable to twenty-first-century climate changes, with consequent effects on the tree of life. If losses were not randomly distributed across the tree of life, climate change could lead to a disproportionate loss of evolutionary history. Here we estimate the consequences of climate change on the phylogenetic diversities of plant, bird and mammal assemblages across Europe. Using a consensus across ensembles of forecasts for 2020, 2050 and 2080 and high-resolution phylogenetic trees, we show that species vulnerability to climate change clusters weakly across phylogenies. Such phylogenetic signal in species vulnerabilities does not lead to higher loss of evolutionary history than expected with a model of random extinctions. This is because vulnerable species have neither fewer nor closer relatives than the remaining clades. Reductions in phylogenetic diversity will be greater in southern Europe, and gains are expected in regions of high latitude or altitude. However, losses will not be offset by gains and the tree of life faces a trend towards homogenization across the continent.- S/ O" k" t: K
Wilfried Thuiller et al.8 d  y9 _% k6 I) P3 h
doi:10.1038/nature097058 W( y- H+ Y4 ~
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09705.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09705.html8 @' |1 ~' M. _. q# o; l$ Z
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Synaptic potentiation onto habenula neurons in the learned helplessness model of depression    pp535 - 539
It has recently been shown that neurons in the lateral habenula (LHb), a nucleus that projects to midbrain reward areas, can signal aversive outcomes and may be disrupted in depressive disorders. This study now shows that in rats exhibiting learned helplessness (a model of major depression) excitatory synapses onto LHb neurons are potentiated, and that this correlates with helplessness behaviour. Furthermore, depleting transmitter release by repeated electrical stimulation of LHb using a protocol similar to deep brain stimulation rescues both synaptic changes and learned helplessness behaviour. It has recently been shown that neurons in the lateral habenula (LHb), a nucleus that projects to midbrain reward areas, can signal aversive outcomes and may be disrupted in depressive disorders. This study now shows that in rats exhibiting learned helplessness (a model of major depression) excitatory synapses onto LHb neurons are potentiated, and that this correlates with helplessness behaviour. Furthermore, depleting transmitter release by repeated electrical stimulation of LHb using a protocol similar to deep brain stimulation rescues both synaptic changes and learned helplessness behaviour.* K3 i- w1 B4 R. M! U
Bo Li et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09742
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09742.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09742.html  k% P9 ^. }! ?3 V# h& ]

Prion propagation and toxicity in vivo occur in two distinct mechanistic phases pp540 - 542
Here it is shown that during the silent phase of prion infection, prions first exponentially propagate until a defined limit is reached. Then a plateau phase follows. Prion propagation is independent of prion concentration, whereas in the plateau phase the time to clinical onset is inversely correlated to prion concentration. The similar levels of infectivity at the end of the first and second phase suggests that there is a separation between prion infectivity and toxicity. Moreover, something seems to limit prion production. It is suggested that the prions are not neurotoxic themselves but catalyse the formation of such species from PrPC. Production of neurotoxic species is triggered when prion propagation saturates, leading to a switch from autocatalytic production of infectivity to a toxic pathway. Here it is shown that during the silent phase of prion infection, prions first exponentially propagate until a defined limit is reached. Then a plateau phase follows. Prion propagation is independent of prion concentration, whereas in the plateau phase the time to clinical onset is inversely correlated to prion concentration. The similar levels of infectivity at the end of the first and second phase suggests that there is a separation between prion infectivity and toxicity. Moreover, something seems to limit prion production. It is suggested that the prions are not neurotoxic themselves but catalyse the formation of such species from PrPC. Production of neurotoxic species is triggered when prion propagation saturates, leading to a switch from autocatalytic production of infectivity to a toxic pathway.( T% q7 }, S7 O& y
Malin K. Sandberg et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09768
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09768.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09768.html7 X( D4 B) M+ B) o

Programming the magnitude and persistence of antibody responses with innate immunity pp543 - 547
Here it is shown that nanoparticles containing two Toll-like receptor ligands can boost the magnitude and persistence of vaccine-elicited antibody responses in primates, improving vaccine-mediated protection against influenza virus. Here it is shown that nanoparticles containing two Toll-like receptor ligands can boost the magnitude and persistence of vaccine-elicited antibody responses in primates, improving vaccine-mediated protection against influenza virus./ e: k  W: m& f3 w1 I6 T5 {$ p
Sudhir Pai Kasturi et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09737
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09737.html7 m/ t4 j2 [+ s, H0 N# v1 B
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09737.html. C% o& o4 Z. n  p1 x$ `
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Tumour-infiltrating regulatory T cells stimulate mammary cancer metastasis through RANKL-RANK signalling       pp548 - 553
In a mouse model of Erbb2-driven mammary tumours, this study finds a role for RANKL in the formation of lung metastases. RANKL is produced by regulatory T cells infiltrating the primary tumours and acts via its receptor RANK expressed on the cancer cells. Targeting RANKL may therefore prove useful in reducing breast cancer metastases. In a mouse model of Erbb2-driven mammary tumours, this study finds a role for RANKL in the formation of lung metastases. RANKL is produced by regulatory T cells infiltrating the primary tumours and acts via its receptor RANK expressed on the cancer cells. Targeting RANKL may therefore prove useful in reducing breast cancer metastases.
Wei Tan et al.3 Y/ j4 m- e5 f/ k6 W5 L1 B- ]. ~* i
doi:10.1038/nature09707
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09707.html. O% r7 \$ X- b! G4 i4 P5 j
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09707.html' Q* l  }. @4 L* w
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Co-directional replication–transcription conflicts lead to replication restart  pp554 - 5571 Z- e3 r/ M1 |) c1 d
As the rates of replication and transcription are different, the machineries that carry out these processes are bound to clash on DNA. In contrast to results from head-on collisions, co-directional encounters have been shown to have mild effects in vitro, requiring no additional replication restart factors. It is now shown that in bacterial cells, both types of events require the activities of restart proteins to resume replication when a transcription complex is encountered. As the rates of replication and transcription are different, the machineries that carry out these processes are bound to clash on DNA. In contrast to results from head-on collisions, co-directional encounters have been shown to have mild effects in vitro, requiring no additional replication restart factors. It is now shown that in bacterial cells, both types of events require the activities of restart proteins to resume replication when a transcription complex is encountered.
Houra Merrikh et al.) e$ ?) W) A/ w! u7 |' L
doi:10.1038/nature09758: H+ [) ?1 V0 w9 c9 X1 E2 U
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09758.html  V: X# c$ ^. u* a' d+ q
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09758.html

Crystal structure of the CusBA heavy-metal efflux complex of Escherichia coli pp558 - 562
Gram-negative bacteria expel toxic chemicals via tripartite efflux pumps spanning both the inner and outer membranes. A crystallographic model of this tripartite efflux complex has been unavailable because co-crystallization of different components of the system has proven to be extremely difficult. The X-ray crystal structure of CusA of the CusCBA tripartite efflux system from Escherichia coli has been reported previously, and here the X-ray crystal structure of the CusBA co-complex is reported. The structure reveals that the trimeric CusA efflux pump interacts with six CusB protein molecules at the upper half of the periplasmic domain, and the predicted structure of the trimeric CusC channel was used to develop a model of for the tripartite efflux complex. Gram-negative bacteria expel toxic chemicals via tripartite efflux pumps spanning both the inner and outer membranes. A crystallographic model of this tripartite efflux complex has been unavailable because co-crystallization of different components of the system has proven to be extremely difficult. The X-ray crystal structure of CusA of the CusCBA tripartite efflux system from Escherichia coli has been reported previously, and here the X-ray crystal structure of the CusBA co-complex is reported. The structure reveals that the trimeric CusA efflux pump interacts with six CusB protein molecules at the upper half of the periplasmic domain, and the predicted structure of the trimeric CusC channel was used to develop a model of for the tripartite efflux complex.
Chih-Chia Su et al.
doi:10.1038/nature097438 I0 G# \% F' N  j, B7 [
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09743.html0 x4 d3 r- W% w, C& S+ r& g+ O% a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09743.html