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[自然要览]
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（选自英国Nature杂志，2011年3月3日出版）
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封面故事: 一项持续了65年的研究
Cover caption
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2051&issue=7336

第六次大灭绝是否已开始？（Mass extinctions: are we there yet?）
Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2077&issue=73363 F1 ~8 ~% W  z# }4 S- P

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iPS细胞中的基因异常（Genetic abnormalities in iPS cells）
Copy number variation and selection during reprogramming to pluripotency
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2079&issue=7336! {. U& q9 m% J; Q$ i# A, b9 b

DNA修复向细胞周期中的融合（Integration of DNA repair into the cell cycle）: ~) _$ }# N  k( q  ~: q
HDACs link the DNA damage response, processing of double-strand breaks and autophagy+ j/ o) r, y! B
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2085&issue=7336& Z5 ]; Y9 q3 U) E% ]3 Q& A

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揭秘“黑子周期-23”的最小值（Quiet flows the Sun）
The unusual minimum of sunspot cycle 23 caused by meridional plasma flow variations
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2087&issue=7336; i  d% q/ Q# W1 O
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玻色自旋-轨道耦合现象的首次实现（Bosonic spin-orbit coupling）# Q7 V0 o( q5 }$ G
Spin–orbit-coupled Bose–Einstein condensates% ^$ I. K* k9 s: f8 M+ e
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2043&issue=7336
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“Metropolis算法”的量子版本（Quantum simulations）  Q& J: ?7 c+ I, G! u
Quantum Metropolis sampling2 ~0 i+ Z# P# L+ _
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2046&issue=7336' V9 u- B4 ^- D

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Milankovitch理论受到质疑（Antarctic snows locally determkned）
Synchronicity of Antarctic temperatures and local solar insolation on orbital timescales
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2049&issue=7336

环节动物的两面性（The double life of/ two sides of/ the annelid worms）
Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2052&issue=7336) s. {5 y( p+ ~8 o, V( _
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线虫“半桥粒”的作用（Pulled into shape）6 M' _$ ^/ C1 n: W' P
A tension-induced mechanotransduction pathway promotes epithelial morphogenesis" K# t4 M2 G- P7 n
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2055&issue=7336

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Fbw7作为肿瘤抑制因子的机制（Fbw7 acts via an effect on apoptosis）1 W2 m8 Y8 P5 j! z' U- u
SCFFBW7 regulates cellular apoptosis by targeting MCL1 for ubiquitylation and destruction / Sensitivity to antitubulin chemotherapeutics is regulated by MCL1 and FBW7. G) W: r: U- g0 k4 Z5 E
肿瘤抑制因子Fbw7的失去在各种不同类型的人类癌症中经常被发现，但其作为一个肿瘤抑制因子的作用机制仍不清楚。两个小组发现，在包括卵巢癌和T-细胞白血病在内的几种癌症类型中，凋亡调控因子Mcl-1被Fbw7作为降解目标。Inuzuka等人发现，这个机制能够决定对以BCl-2家族的凋亡因子为目标的药物的反应；Wertz等人发现，该机制是在有丝分裂停止期间被激活的，它决定对“抗微管蛋白”化疗的反应。因此，癌症患者Fbw7的删除或突变能使肿瘤对这些疗法产生抵抗力。（Letter spp. 104, 110）
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X-染色体上的转录补偿机制（X chromosome expression in the balance）0 z% U. g, {* l+ p+ i* c4 l
X chromosome dosage compensation via enhanced transcriptional elongation in Drosophila7 W6 N+ ?+ X5 k' i
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2064&issue=7336

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基因组不稳定及淋巴瘤的形成
The RAG2 C terminus suppresses genomic instability and lymphomagenesis4 X8 |. O5 }. ?0 ?2 l; N
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 2067&issue=7336
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NEWS & VIEWS. A9 r  |. f* |" u1 s
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Collective behaviour: When it pays to share decisions pp40-41
Theory suggests that the accuracy of a decision often increases with the number of decision makers, a phenomenon exploited by betting agents, Internet search engines and stock markets. Fish also use this 'wisdom of the crowd' effect.
Larissa Conradt% D& d+ ]! f% m# T
doi:10.1038/471040a
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303
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Atomic physics: Atoms playing dress-up  pp41-42
The idea of using ultracold atoms to simulate the behaviour of electrons in new kinds of quantum systems [mdash] from topological insulators to exotic superfluids and superconductors [mdash] is a step closer to becoming a reality. See Letterp.83
Michael Chapman and Carlos Sa de Melo+ K1 X( R9 F4 x/ |4 z8 U9 m! s
doi:10.1038/471041a1 L6 D0 r! N" ^* X* s
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303

Protein folding: Protection from the outside pp42-43
Protein folding is a high-stakes process, with cell dysfunction and death being the unforgiving penalties for failure. Work in bacteria hints that organisms manage this process beyond the boundaries of the cytoplasm [mdash] and even the cell.$ j& W, B3 D" Q/ V& r2 _2 M4 w
Evan T. Powers and William E. Balch
doi:10.1038/471042a% K6 ]) K5 J) c
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303

Evolutionary biology: Annelid who's who pp44-45+ D: Z1 f2 a0 n; n% }" J+ r: T! {; a
The origin of the annelids is buried in distant evolutionary time. A molecular phylogeny resolves their deep family interrelationships and provides a picture of their 'urannelid' ancestor. See Letterp.95
Detlev Arendt. }1 t; ]" p3 V
doi:10.1038/471044a' d" M9 S1 d" Z% }  R% x
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303

Climate change: Another Antarctic rhythm       pp45-46
A novel explanation for the long-term temperature record in Antarctic ice cores invokes local solar radiation as the driving agent. This proposal will prompt palaeoclimate scientists to pause and to go back to basics. See Letterp.91
Koji Fujita- ?. m# X3 E7 A( V
doi:10.1038/471045a
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-201103039 h# Y  |7 C7 h/ c* t; p; L7 z

Stem cells: The dark side of induced pluripotency    pp46-47* b$ _+ S6 N, x
Induced pluripotent stem cells have great therapeutic potential. But genomic and epigenomic analyses of these cells generated using current technology reveal abnormalities that may affect their safe use. See Articlesp.58, p.63 & p.68
Martin F. Pera0 i6 T1 ?# N7 _! E3 H5 S9 X% `
doi:10.1038/471046a, n7 F) T1 @: N- _
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303

Climate change: Rethinking the sea-ice tipping point pp47-48! p6 s$ n  D3 g
Summer sea-ice extent in the Arctic has decreased greatly during recent decades. Simulations of twenty-first-century climate suggest that the ice can recover from artificially imposed ice-free summer conditions within a couple of years." n! R! n3 u6 W7 h
Mark C. Serreze
doi:10.1038/471047a8 o* @% a( H! ~5 V8 A, b1 W
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303

50 & 100 years ago    p48
doi:10.1038/471048b
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303$ ]& C3 r1 k% S4 C, b' l5 Z
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Molecular biology: The expanding arena of DNA repair pp48-495 z9 ]) c7 O1 j8 ]+ q6 D6 `% R5 a
The protein Sae2 mediates the repair of double-strand breaks in DNA. It emerges that Sae2 activity is controlled by both its modification with acetyl groups and its degradation by the process of autophagy. See Articlep.74
Catherine J. Potenski and Hannah L. Klein/ ], v5 T; ]3 o& i) l1 p. T( J1 f. \
doi:10.1038/471048a2 s+ E1 w3 |0 ^2 U/ |: \* K3 `: j
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303
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REVIEW7 u+ s7 t, c/ j' o- P
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Has the Earth/'s sixth mass extinction already arrived? pp51-57
Anthony D. Barnosky et al.& e' c# s: g" U3 G& ?$ P' v3 {
doi:10.1038/nature09678  N1 j. G$ v3 s) @) _& o. O/ {8 t
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-201103037 V( R5 O( |9 h0 ^* H! l

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ARTICLES' K, Y" b8 i5 {3 L0 D3 f/ N8 G/ ]
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Copy number variation and selection during reprogramming to pluripotency       pp58-62! e) K8 s% Z: C
Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that can be differentiated into many cell types has great potential for personalized therapy. By comparing copy number variations of early- and intermediate-passage human iPS cells to their respective parental fibroblast cells and human embryonic stem (ES) cells, this study finds that a high mutation rate is associated with the reprogramming process. However, during moderate length culture, human iPS cells undergo a selection process leading to decreased mutation load of cells equivalent to that observed in human ES cells.' N* D! d' u; y( C# Q0 A
Samer M. Hussein et al.# q* L3 l) Y8 d" Z
doi:10.1038/nature09871
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303) @" z3 D3 m  `* e& l0 }

Somatic coding mutations in human induced pluripotent stem cells       pp63-67
Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that can be differentiated into many cell types has great potential for personalized therapy. This study finds that 22 human iPS cell lines that were reprogrammed using five different methods contain protein coding point mutations. Some mutations were pre existing in the somatic cells, others were new mutations that occurred during and after reprogramming. Therefore, it will be important to ensure iPS cell safety before clinical use.
Athurva Gore et al.
doi:10.1038/nature098058 B9 |! v- X& Y0 [) M4 C
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303! V6 ~2 y+ p9 X6 I
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303" u- K0 i  k5 q! M6 c

Hotspots of aberrant epigenomic reprogramming in human induced pluripotent stem cells pp68-73
Reprogramming of somatic cells to induce pluripotent cellular properties that closely resemble those of embryonic stem (ES) cells has important therapeutic potential. The first whole genome single-base resolution profiling of the DNA methylomes of several human ES cell, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and somatic progenitor lines shows that iPSCs are fundamentally distinct from ES cells, insofar as they manifest common, quantifiable epigenomic differences. These 'hotspots of aberrant reprogramming' might be potentially useful as diagnostic markers for incomplete iPSC reprogramming, for the characterization of the efficacy of different reprogramming techniques, and for screening the potential propagation of altered methylation states into derivative differentiated cells.6 T- E& }) l( @
Ryan Lister et al.
doi:10.1038/nature097986 {' n7 E9 D9 Q
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303" ^% s" ^! v* W: H$ Y7 h
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303( P3 y8 B- q$ u! r/ f4 B

HDACs link the DNA damage response, processing of double-strand breaks and autophagy pp74-79" j: N. [$ i# v+ ~
The presence of DNA lesions is a clear signal that initiates the DNA damage response; however, the mechanisms that attenuate this response when repair has occurred are less clear. Here, deacetylation of Sae2 by Rpd3 and Hda1 is shown to be required for it to act on Mre11. When the role of Sae2 in resection is completed, it is acetylated by Gcn5 and degraded through an autophagic pathway. This work highlights links between DNA damage signalling, acetylation of repair factors, and autophagy mediated degradation of these factors.; e/ F; q4 D' K
Thomas Robert et al.% @5 r! v( e. W+ U( \) [
doi:10.1038/nature09803
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-201103035 E) Q: r+ \& T' f' W, G
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-201103030 j$ E+ }4 a0 X! t, R. ?( w1 d

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LETTERS9 D4 t8 Q9 I5 D3 l; M
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The unusual minimum of sunspot cycle 23 caused by meridional plasma flow variations    pp80-82
Direct observations over the past four centuries show that the number of sunspots observed on the Sun's surface varies periodically. After sunspot cycle 23, the Sun went into a prolonged minimum characterized by a very weak polar magnetic field and an unusually large number of days without sunspots. This study reports kinematic dynamo simulations which demonstrate that a fast meridional flow in the early half of a cycle, followed by a slower flow in the latter half, reproduces both characteristics of the minimum of sunspot cycle 23.
Dibyendu Nandy, Andres Munoz-Jaramillo and Petrus C. H. Martens
doi:10.1038/nature09786/ H& m/ Q& _: \, k2 ^, |
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303- t/ D, O" \" X/ P' z. C
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303
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Spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensates pp83-86
Spin-orbit coupling describes the interaction between a quantum particle's spin and its momentum, and is important for many areas of physics such as spintronics and topological insulators. However, in systems of ultracold neutral atoms, there is no coupling between the spin and the centre of mass motion of the atom. This study uses lasers to engineer such spin-orbit coupling in a neutral atomic Bose-Einstein condensate, the first time this has been achieved for any bosonic system. This should lead to the realization of topological insulators in fermionic neutral atom systems.
Y.-J. Lin, K. Jimenez-Garcia and I. B. Spielman
doi:10.1038/nature09887  }; b0 E5 z0 \6 C" ?5 k, _
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303

Quantum Metropolis sampling    pp87-90
Simulations of interacting particles in classical systems generally involve the Metropolis algorithm. A quantum version of this approach has been hindered by the lack of a means to simulate the equilibrium and static properties of quantum systems. This study overcomes this problem. Its quantum version of the Metropolis algorithm could find widespread application in many body quantum physics, such as computing the binding energies of complex molecules or determining hadron masses in gauge theories.
K. Temme et al.5 _) t6 }, D. a+ C. ]
doi:10.1038/nature09770
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303" L9 u) X+ T. x+ `8 \
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303  b) M# q% I1 U1 w) a& ^: ?; e
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Synchronicity of Antarctic temperatures and local solar insolation on orbital timescales       pp91-94
According to the Milankovitch theory, glacial to interglacial climate variability [mdash] as recorded in Antarctica ice cores [mdash] is governed by summer insolation at high northern latitudes. It is now shown that accumulation of Antarctic snow is biased towards austral winter and may be explained simply by variations in local insolation, with no recourse to northern influences. Although not constituting a complete negative proof, the results show that the Antarctic ice core records do not, in themselves, provide sufficient support for the Milankovitch theory.# y, k, C6 i7 t7 H( P! R! `2 o
Thomas Laepple, Martin Werner and Gerrit Lohmann+ P- [1 C2 L5 p9 m8 @" }
doi:10.1038/nature098251 X6 \* z! [1 a, l
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303
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Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution pp95-98
The annelids, or ringed worms, comprise one of the largest and most diverse animal phyla, and are found everywhere from garden soil to the deep sea. Their precise phylogeny has always been sketchy, but now, a new phylogenomic analysis unravels annelid evolution. Notable features include a division of most annelids into the Errantia and Sedentaria [mdash] a restitution for two groups based on classical morphology [mdash] showing how many details of anatomy and life history bear on the evolution of this important animal group.0 w" J5 [1 T3 f. B8 X, L4 x
Torsten H. Struck et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09864
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-201103032 |4 s( H* v5 d: B- t
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303
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A tension-induced mechanotransduction pathway promotes epithelial morphogenesis pp99-1037 V: }4 i: g( w' e
This study describes a mechanotransduction pathway that links the body wall with the epidermis in Caenorhabditis elegans. The pathway involves the p21 activated kinase PAK 1, an adaptor GIT 1 and its partner PIX 1. Tension exerted by muscles or external pressure keeps GIT 1 on station at hemidesmosomes [mdash] the small rivet like bodies that attach epidermal cells to the underlying musculature [mdash] and stimulates PAK 1 through PIX 1 and Rac GTPase. The C. elegans hemidesmosome is more than a passive attachment structure, therefore, but a sensor that responds to tension by triggering signalling processes.
Huimin Zhang et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09765' v" [6 m: U4 X; l
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-201103038 }8 a' Q5 E5 c( L6 I9 T& h
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-201103032 [; h+ b6 @5 S0 Y) K! U3 P

SCFFBW7 regulates cellular apoptosis by targeting MCL1 for ubiquitylation and destruction    pp104-109
This is one of two papers demonstrating that in several cancer types including ovarian cancer and T-cell leukaemias, the apoptosis regulator MCL1 is targeted for degradation by the FBW7 tumour suppressor. This study finds that this mechanism can determine the response to drugs targeting BCL2 family apoptosis factors. Deletion or mutation of FBW7 found in cancer patients therefore can render tumours resistant to these therapies.
Hiroyuki Inuzuka et al.
doi:10.1038/nature097321 i/ m, `0 W: b- {/ N% h( J0 _
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303! X. H  ~! ], |5 M+ m3 ]- [
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Sensitivity to antitubulin chemotherapeutics is regulated by MCL1 and FBW7    pp110-1146 u2 q3 R( `/ ]3 E5 n
This is one of two papers demonstrating that in several cancer types including ovarian cancer and T-cell leukaemias, the apoptosis regulator MCL1 is targeted for degradation by the FBW7 tumour suppressor. This study shows that this mechanism is activated during mitotic arrest and determines the response to antitubulin chemotherapeutics.+ C: Y# T" g$ ]+ u/ @1 k
Ingrid E. Wertz et al.8 Y, V; F6 U7 z2 G2 s" K! @% B
doi:10.1038/nature09779* e8 e2 m1 a! b  R# P; b! v
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303  Z9 K$ h$ ?. W
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303$ @! \; ?0 J: e) `3 O

X chromosome dosage compensation via enhanced transcriptional elongation in Drosophila  pp115-118
Different organisms use a variety of mechanisms to compensate for X chromosome dosage imbalance between the sexes. In Drosophila, the MSL complex increases transcription on the single X chromosome of males and is thought to regulate transcription elongation, although mechanistic details have been unclear. Here, a global run-on sequencing technique is used to reveal that the MSL complex seems to enhance transcription by facilitating the progression of RNA polymerase II across the bodies of active X linked genes. In this way, MSL can impose dosage compensation on diverse genes with a wide range of transcription levels along the X chromosome.
Erica Larschan et al.4 k8 v1 x. p- O: |/ x
doi:10.1038/nature097572 W- J5 V  B- F- Q, p1 V9 `
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303) g2 S$ H6 i# ^( E: ~
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303

The RAG2 C terminus suppresses genomic instability and lymphomagenesis  pp119-123
Misrepair of DNA double strand breaks produced by the V(D)J recombinase (the RAG1/RAG2 proteins) at immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor loci has been implicated in the pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies. Here, the RAG2 carboxy terminus is shown to be critical for maintaining genomic stability. Rag2c/c p53-/- mice, unlike Rag1c/c p53-/- and p53-/- mice, rapidly develop thymic lymphomas bearing complex chromosomal translocations, amplifications and deletions involving the Tcr[alpha]/[delta] and Igh loci. These results reveal a new 'genome guardian' role for RAG2 and suggest that similar 'end release/end persistence' mechanisms underlie genomic instability and lymphomagenesis in Rag2c/c p53-/- and Atm-/- mice.
Ludovic Deriano et al.
doi:10.1038/nature097550 }$ [3 x0 J) r7 a
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... _id=NATURE-20110303