Nature：物理学家的“捣乱思维”参与癌战

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, S( t. q. G2 `; d/ T【摘译】Physics meets cancer: The disruptor 3 u$ I' T1 M) v
Paul Davies likes to ask big questions. But how did the freethinking cosmologist suddenly find himself probing the physics of cancer?/ w3 X( j+ m  |0 @
Published online 1 June 2011 | Nature 474, 20-22 (2011) | doi:10.1038/474020a
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       都说隔行如隔山，但物理学家Paul Davies却在跨界之后从癌症研究中得到乐趣：因为生物学家们说，正是从他那些直指核心的“傻问题”中大受启发。——M. Michelle Waldrop
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       在此之前，不论是进行研究，还是撰写那19本科普著作，Paul Davies的动力来源都是当初在接受物理学和宇宙学训练时脑子里冒出的一些问题：宇宙是怎样产生的？宇宙定律为什么适用于生命？时间是什么？生命如何起源？
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     这种兴奋之情，就是65岁的Paul Davies还要开拓一个全新领域的动力，在这个年纪，大部分学者已经计划着退休了。5 x7 ?4 `9 c% I
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       2007年11月的一天，Paul Davies接到了那个改变自己职业生涯的电话。当时，他正坐在美国亚利桑那州立大学“超越中心”，“嗯，好，不过我对癌症一无所知”。“没关系，我们需要的就是新的见解”，打电话的是Anna Barker，当时美国国家癌症研究所（NCI）副所长，他想让Paul Davies在40年无果的“抗癌之战”中给她一些帮助。2008年12月NCI宣布了一个计划，要在五年内资助12个物理学-肿瘤学中心，每个中心从物理学、进化论、生物信息学和复杂系统四个角度研究癌症。
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Paul Davies——“捣乱思维”的化身
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      他的幼稚有的时候让生物学家咬牙切齿。今年年初Paul Davies提出肿瘤是一种返祖事件，恢复了多细胞生命出现之前的早期遗传机制。# h$ u  \: r0 A4 n9 o( D5 `- D- F
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      “啊哈！物理学家！”明尼苏达大学生物学家Paul P Z Myers因此在博客中这样嘲讽他。
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  I7 [; \4 B7 a0 i* g* D      “在一些生物学家看来，Paul Davies就是在捣乱”生物物理学家Stuart Lindsay说。$ R) a" ~2 ~! D1 L+ D5 l
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      有一个事实让Paul Davies很受震动：目前，生物学家可以研究细胞的学多细节，几乎达到单个分子层面。不过，这种能力常使癌症研究着走入误区，这关注某些出现问题的基因和DNA片段，而不是把它们看成一个复杂的整体。
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1 D5 q$ ~; Y" w  y    “就好比，你本来是想管理美国的经济，着眼点却是每个城市中每种商品的每种交易。”
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9 W/ Y7 O: q2 |5 k5 f  b- Y     虽然现在出现了一个相对较新的学科——系统生物学，已经在从全局考虑生物学问题，但既便如此，还是少有癌症生物学家熟悉非线性系统分析、网络理论以及数学家和物理学家近几十年来开发的、针对复杂系统的其他工具。
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    Paul Davies 早期作品只反映他在纯物理和宇宙学方面的研究——黑洞的物理学、力的统一和量子理论，而后期作品则反映了他更广泛的兴趣。1980年，他来到英国纽卡斯尔大学物理系，这里有一半的人在研究地球物理。因而潜移默化中，他开始了解地球生命的漫长历史，随后却发现自己陷入里一个重大问题无法自拔：生命是怎么来的？在一个没有生命的宇宙中，自然规律如何独自创造出如此复杂的系统？Paul Davies在一系列科普读物中探讨了这个复杂问题：如1987年的《宇宙蓝图》，1995年的 《我们是唯一的吗》，《上帝与新物理学》《上帝的心智》等。2011年撰文《质疑砷基生命》
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【扩展阅读】
7 U5 a% Y6 N+ A2 ?, t& g8 [遗传物质研究是解决肿瘤问题的方向性错误  http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-39452-1-1.html
+ w4 L4 ~; t$ C6 [5 ?癌细胞的发生可能是一种“返祖”现象？ http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-32073-1-1.html, w8 S( Y1 v: v2 L, V8 G
癌是第一代后生动物（Metazoa 1.0）http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-38154-1-1.html
7 t$ |6 v% E3 T( q癌基因的远古起源：与后生动物的多细胞化相关 http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-38158-1-1.html
8 d1 a) t1 z  L" c, f奥地利科学家在祖先多细胞动物中发现“原始的”致癌基因 http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-38310-1-1.html7 y: b& W, V0 n5 t
癌可能是我们最古老的进化祖先 http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-38172-1-1.html7 i( {! O! d5 W
癌——来自远古的鼓声 http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-40136-1-1.html
8 P, U, s3 K/ Z  U- Q- v$ F贝塔朗菲原则——“整体大于部分之和”http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-38778-1-1.html6 R* ~3 U1 B" V& y* S# K
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& E0 N! l5 y# ^4 m# ZPaul Davies: Physics Could Help Fight Cancer  
. z* G/ U- L) V0 |5 h" {At a science and tech policy discussion, cosmologist Paul Davies  talked about being recruited by the National Cancer Institute to study metastasis. Steve Mirsky reports
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“Only 10 percent of people die from primary tumors. The real problem is when it spreads around the body. The problem of metastases.” Arizona State University’s Paul Davies, speaking at the Penn Club in New York. I don’t think we need to cure cancer. In fact, I don’t really think of cancer as a disease as much as an alternative form of living matter. We don’t need to cure it, we just need to manage it for long enough that people die of something else.”' V: d( c9 d/ t) L3 W
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The cosmologist was asked to study cancer by the National Cancer Institute. “When cancer cells spread around the body, this is a physics problem. These cells are microscopic bodies being swept along in this raging torrent. They wriggle around, they latch on to surfaces, they drill their way through. This is the sort of language that physicists and engineers can understand. Cancer research is dominated by genetics and biochemistry. That’s why we have the therapies, genetic and chemotherapy, as the main approaches. I think that we can open up a whole new frontier just by thinking about the problem in a totally different way.; a% J# A' j2 E0 ]
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—Steve Mirsky" h# e5 X, c3 u* a

5 i. `5 q: O+ |2 R% S[The above text is an exact transcript of this podcast.] + I/ X! ?7 F5 D, n6 g, V8 o
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引自：Scientific American http://www.scientificamerican.co ... -help-figh-11-04-13
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, }& h' F' J  L! L4 X【Paul Davies】
) i% ~" u  N1 ?3 sWelcome to my website. Here you can find a description of my scientific work, information about my books and articles, and details of my media activities. If you want to go BEYOND and visit my new research center, it's here. If you want to see my work as PI of ASU's Center for Convergence of Physical Science and Cancer Biology, it's here.
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I am a theoretical physicist and cosmologist by profession, but these days I also work in astrobiology, a new field of research that seeks to understand the origin and evolution of life, and to search for life beyond Earth. I was born in London, and spent most of my life in the UK. From 1990 to 2006 I lived in Australia, but in September 2006 I moved to Arizona State University to establish BEYOND: Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science. In 2008, I was also appointed co-director of the ASU Cosmology Initiative.+ I, M# w( ^7 q' Q, _5 S7 y" |  k

; T2 \" x& q# o. e+ ^( ^My interests are very broad, extending from the highly mathematical to the deeply philosophical. I like to ponder the big questions of existence: How did the universe begin? What is the destiny of mankind? Is there a meaning to the universe? I have written several books and articles on these topics, and even made a couple of television series.
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Professional scientists and academics will find details of my past and current research work, together with a full list of journal publications. The full text of some recent papers is available here. Other visitors may be interested in the selection of popular newspaper and magazine articles I have listed, or details of some radio and television productions. I have also listed the topics that I have worked on, and frequently lecture about.
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My research and lecturing activites take me to many countries, which provides good opportunites for exotic or amusing photographs.% P$ A# S; [6 n; ]
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引自：http://cosmos.asu.edu/5 y4 m# g# y7 r# @) X
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看看物理学家是如何研究癌症的! h. z6 o6 b5 L" Q
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对研究物理学的人来说，Santa Barbara 的KIPT无疑是理论物理学家都向往朝圣的麦加圣地。这里每年都会举行十来场 物理领域的前沿讨论会，时间长达2到3个月。其目的是希望给研究者一个充分交流和思想碰撞的机会。现在的主题是“癌症和癌症的数理模型”，大部分的录像和幻灯片都是开源的。对于不能参加而又对癌症和癌症的数理模型感兴趣的研究者，这是一个非常好的机会。1 Y* g9 s/ q* ^& c- m
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