如何制造癌细胞？

sunsong7

事实：' v6 W' r+ Z) v1 E) [; o( o# d2 Y
癌起源于正常体细胞；
) d0 E/ u: g- F  k" Z癌瘤是由单一克隆发育而来；
7 d& @7 V+ _8 b, X  a. H癌与遗传变异相关；
$ P6 q4 j7 N9 u- M1 P+ b/ ~物理、化学、生物因素可以致癌；
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假说：
- c$ X8 ]. \% |0 i  M基因突变假说
, H4 S0 {: |" s2 Q7 p9 \. o非整倍体假说5 y6 a/ ~, t. f# L; Z( J* J: x
多次打击假说1 X! [! ~+ }; y, d9 x
分化阻滞假说
! V  T6 V6 T! O( t病毒致癌假说1 s+ V6 Y! `8 [6 U
细胞返祖假说
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...
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5 u) B3 j* c) W: F1 c" Q) ?6 R+ }问题：可否建立人工体外模型加速进化速度将正常细胞变成癌？验证哪些细胞能发生癌变？观察体外培养细胞癌变历程？证明细胞癌变假说？找到控制癌变的关键节点？2 H9 u+ o! h, y" f. r% t' ~" y
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3 ^1 S% c$ @9 b【扩展阅读】! A2 o% i7 ~7 x) m& j
突破：病人体细胞及肿瘤细胞长期体外培养（附原文） http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-51419-1-1.html
* a/ ^! P$ I6 K# W$ G4 |+ C癌变机理的研究进展 http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-38157-1-1.html
" e. L" Z. p% y1 n% `细胞的驯化与癌变 http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-33603-1-1.html5 u2 ]! }- d; G: U7 \
iPS是人造的癌细胞吗？ http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-26139-1-1.html
6 ^+ n8 K; {; h沉默两个基因足以将间充质干细胞变为癌起始细胞 http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-39212-1-1.html
5 I. e  W' d$ y: Z: B$ d什么样的细胞可能发生癌变？ http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-38913-1-1.html7 _4 Z0 S# I* W

sunsong7

砒霜可将干细胞变为癌细胞，并有促瘤作用...
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Arsenic Turns Stem Cells Cancerous, Spurring Tumor Growth

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ScienceDaily (Apr. 4, 2012) — Researchers at the National Institutes of Health have discovered how exposure to arsenic can turn normal stem cells into cancer stem cells and spur tumor growth. Inorganic arsenic, which affects the drinking water of millions of people worldwide, has been previously shown to be a human carcinogen. A growing body of evidence suggests that cancer is a stem-cell based disease. Normal stem cells are essential to normal tissue regeneration, and to the stability of organisms and processes. But cancer stem cells are thought to be the driving force for the formation, growth, and spread of tumors.
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8 z$ H" Q& K- iMichael Waalkes, Ph.D., and his team at the National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, part of NIH, had shown previously that normal cells become cancerous when they are treated with inorganic arsenic. This new study shows that when these cancer cells are placed near, but not in contact with normal stem cells, the normal stem cells very rapidly acquire the characteristics of cancer stem cells. It demonstrates that malignant cells are able to send molecular signals through a semi-permeable membrane, where cells can't normally pass, and turn the normal stem cells into cancer stem cells.% M1 K1 [2 v5 m. Q
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"This paper shows a different and unique way that cancers can expand by recruiting nearby normal stem cells and creating an overabundance of cancer stem cells," said Waalkes. "The recruitment of normal stem cells into cancer stem cells could have broad implications for the carcinogenic process in general, including tumor growth and metastases."
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2 j7 G8 ]/ M& E+ a* JThis reveals a potentially important aspect of arsenic carcinogenesis and may help explain observances by researchers working with arsenic that arsenic often causes multiple tumors of many types to form on the skin or inside the body. The paper is online in Environmental Health Perspectives.1 _! C1 U( ?) u* T* I. \, e
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Waalkes' lab started working with stem cells about five years ago. The researchers used a prostate stem cell line, not embryonic stem cells.
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8 D6 M% w% r1 P' n"Using stem cells to answer questions about disease is an important new growing area of research. Stem cells help to explain a lot about carcinogenesis, and it is highly likely that stem cells are contributing factors to other chronic diseases," Waalkes said., j$ z+ c) l; r- A' a
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Stem cells are unique in the body. They stay around for a long time and are capable of dividing and renewing themselves. "Most cancers take 30 or 40 years to develop," said Linda Birnbaum, Ph.D., director of NIEHS and NTP. "It makes sense that stem cells may play a role in the developmental basis of adult disease. We know that exposures to toxicants during development and growth can lead to diseases later in life."
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' O& ?  H" o8 e3 b3 z& R- SNext, the laboratory team will look to see if this finding is unique to arsenic or if it is applicable to other organic and inorganic carcinogens.5 n9 [8 \  M# ?0 v! d0 K
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120404101951.htm
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& N& ~8 J1 ~6 E5 i【扩展阅读】" ^5 H! D/ M- K
砒霜治“血癌” 瑞金开花 港大结果 http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-18810-1-1.html6 t1 n2 \- _$ b( W4 v: `( E) @+ L
关于砒霜As2O3可击杀肿瘤干细胞 http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-27871-1-1.html
( i! E+ K1 ]( Q0 n9 @砷 干细胞和癌症发展基础 http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-35441-1-1.html) _" N- c6 M! J. n/ C
三氧化二砷抑制人类肿瘤细胞生长和肿瘤发展 http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-32761-1-1.html
2 `+ r2 m& F- V三氧化二砷可击杀肿瘤干细胞 http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-27556-1-1.html
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sunsong7

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日本在世界上首次人工制成癌干细胞  http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-56885-1-1.html+ i4 Z4 m* g! A- h& l
干细胞可能会引发肿瘤 http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-56815-1-1.html
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sunsong7

科学家开发出大量制作大肠癌干细胞的技术  http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-81681-1-1.html
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