ES medium DMEM containing 15% FBS (vol/vol), 2 mM L-GIn, 1 10–4 M nonessential amino acids, 1 10–4 M 2-mercaptoethanol, and 50 U and 50 mg ml–1 penicillin and streptomycin. To prepare 500 ml of the medium, mix 75 ml of FBS, 5 ml of L-GIn, 5 ml of nonessential amino acids, 1 ml of 2-mercaptoethanol and 2.5 ml of penicillin/streptomycin, and then fill to 500 ml with DMEM. Store at 4 1C for a week.