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iPS克隆猪
5 n) J/ n$ [; I; }0 Z+ L2 A2 E由于猪的生理特征、组织细胞结构和人类十分类似，因此猪等大动物的诱导多能性干细胞（iPS）研究受到世界各国科学家的重视。然而，由于目前对iPS诱导机制还缺乏了解，全世界诱导获得的猪iPS细胞制作克隆猪之前一直未能获得成功。在中科院广州生物医药与健康研究院赖良学博士、浙江大学肖磊博士和华大基因研究所杜玉涛博士等的努力下，这个难题得以破解，标志着我国在大动物iPS研究方面取得了标志性的成果。研究成果于2012年12月18日在线发表于国际期刊Cell Research上。
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本项研究是在中国农业大学李宁院士领导下，集合了全国10多个研究单位共同完成的。由于目前对iPS诱导机制还缺乏了解，诱导获得的猪iPS细胞制作克隆猪虽经多次努力尝试（克隆胚胎移植实验100多次），之前一直没有获得成功。团队在研究中发现，外源基因的表达和表观遗传学可能是影响iPS克隆胚胎发育的主要原因。赖良学课题组将肖磊实验室获得的猪iPS细胞分化4-6天，一方面使iPS细胞退出快速的细胞周期，另一方面外源基因表达下降后再进行核移植，分化后的iPS细胞核移植后体外发育囊胚率由原来的5%提高到20%左右，通过将这些分化iPS细胞克隆胚胎移植代孕受体，赖良学课题组2011年率先获得健康活泼的克隆小猪1头。随后，杜玉涛博士的课题组将猪iPS用去乙酰化抑制剂后，采用手工克隆方法于2012获得了4头iPS克隆猪。
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9 k1 B( F* l9 z由于胚胎干细胞建系一直没有成功，导致在大动物中进行基因打靶十分困难。iPS的出现为大动物基因打靶提供了新的希望。获得基因打靶的iPS细胞之后，一方面可以通过嵌合体技术，获得生殖系嵌合的动物，经过交配获得基因修饰动物；另一方面，可将这些基因打靶iPS细胞为核供体，通过核移植技术获得基因修饰克隆动物。3 n6 x1 b7 s' u- y1 \
4 c$ n; E4 V" P- z/ Y此次研究在世界上第一次获得了成活的iPS克隆猪，为用iPS来实现大动物基因打靶打通了技术路线。 （来源：中科院广州生物医药与健康研究院）1 {* F8 a3 |# I- t4 a$ ~1 M, C
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Letter to the EditorCell Research (2013) 23:162–166. doi:10.1038/cr.2012.176; published online 18 December 2012 Piglets cloned from induced pluripotent stem cellsNana Fan1,2,*, Jijun Chen3,4,*, Zhouchun Shang5,*, Hongwei Dou6, Guangzhen Ji7, Qingjian Zou1,2, Lu Wu3,4, Lixiazi He3,4, Fang Wang7, Kai Liu7, Na Liu7, Jianyong Han8, Qi Zhou9, Dengke Pan10, Dongshan Yang1, Bentian Zhao1, Zhen Ouyang1, Zhaoming Liu1, Yu Zhao1, Lin Lin6, Chongming Zhong5, Quanlei Wang5, Shouqi Wang4, Ying Xu6, Jing Luan6, Yu Liang5, Zhenzhen Yang5, Jing Li5, Chunxia Lu5, Gábor Vajta5,11, Ziyi Li12, Hongsheng Ouyang12, Huayan Wang13, Yong Wang14, Yang Yang15,16, Zhonghua Liu17, Hong Wei14, Zhidong Luan18, Miguel A Esteban1, Hongkui Deng15,16, Huanming Yang5, Duanqing Pei1, Ning Li8, Gang Pei19, Lin Liu7, Yutao Du5,6, Lei Xiao3 and Liangxue Lai1 - 1Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
- 2School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- 3College of Animal Sciences, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- 4Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- 5BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- 6BGI Ark Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- 7Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- 8State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- 9Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- 10Department of Gene and Cell Engineering, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- 11Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
- 12College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
- 13Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- 14Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, College of Basic medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- 15Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100101, China
- 16Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100101, China
- 17Life Science College, North-east Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
- 18Department of Developmental Biology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
- 19Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Correspondence: Liangxue Lai, E-mail: lai_liangxue@gibh.ac.cn; Lei Xiao, E-mail: leixiao@zju.edu.cn; Yutao Du, E-mail: duyt@genomics.org.cn *These three authors contributed equally to this work , @+ O, J2 _/ o, G& d
Top of pageDear Editor,Embryonic stem (ES) cells are powerful tools for generating genetically modified animals that can assist in advancing our knowledge of mammalian physiology and disease. Pigs provide outstanding models of human genetic diseases due to the striking similarities to human anatomy, physiology and genetics, but progress with porcine genetic engineering has been hampered by the lack of germline-competent pig ES cells. To overcome this limitation, genetically modified pigs have been produced using genetically modified somatic cells and nuclear transfer (NT). Yet, somatic cells exhibit limited proliferative capacity and have an extremely low frequency of homologous recombination compared to ES cells. Hence, only a few knockout pig models have been reported thus far using standard gene-targeting approaches. Remarkably, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been generated by reprogramming somatic cells from multiple mammalian species using defined cocktails of transcription factors1. Mouse iPSCs have passed the crucial test of germline contribution and generation of all-iPSC mice through tetraploid embryo complementation2. This demonstrated that bona fide iPSCs are, if not identical, very similar to ES cells. Likewise, cloned mice have been obtained from mouse iPSCs by the NT method3. These studies indicate that iPSCs can substitute ES cells for the purpose of genomic manipulation. Pig iPSCs (piPSCs) have been reported by several groups4,5,6. These cell lines could be differentiated into the three germ layers in vitro and in vivo. One group claimed that the piPSCs they generated could pass the crucial test of germ line chimera production6, but the chimerism was confirmed only by PCR detection. Therefore, whether piPSCs can be generally used as a vehicle to create gene-targeted pigs through chimera approaches, as in mice, remains an open question. Nevertherless, piPSCs are capable of long-term proliferation, which allows lengthier and potentially more sophisticated in vitro manipulations. More importantly, they are similar to ES cells in many aspects, suggesting that they may also have a high efficiency of homologous recombination. Hence, if piPSCs were suitable for cloning pigs by NT, gene-targeted pigs could potentially be produced more efficiently than using fibroblasts as nuclear donors. In the present study, we explored the feasibility of generating cloned pigs from piPSCs. We employed piPSC lines generated by different groups with various strategies. The first two piPSC lines, iPF4-2 and iPM6-11, were induced from porcine ear fibroblasts and porcine bone marrow cells (pBMCs), respectively, of a 10-week-old Danish Landrace pig using a lentiviral vector overexpressing human transcription factors induced with doxycycline (DOX)4. The third piPSC line, hsC13, was induced from porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs) by retroviral overexpression of human transcription factors5. Characterizations of the three iPSC lines referenced above have been previously documented4,5. In addition, we used three piPSC lines (JN2, KSR-4, and 5%O2-1) produced from pBMCs or PFFs by retroviral overexpression of mouse or porcine transcription factors. The characterization of these piPSC lines is shown in Supplementary information, Table S1. We then used these piPSCs as donor cells for reconstruction of NT embryos by traditional cloning (TC)7 or handmade cloning (HMC) methods8. For the TC method, a total of 11 923 cloned embryos reconstructed with the 6 piPSC lines were introduced into 71 surrogate mothers. Among these mothers, 25 were pregnant, as detected by ultrasonography on days 24-26 following embryo transfer. As shown in Supplementary information, Table S2, five piPSC lines (except JN-2) could support NT embryos to implant in vivo, but none of the embryos was able to develop to term. Some surrogates maintained the pregnancy for as long as 60 days, but most of the fetuses degenerated prior to day 50 after embryo transfer. For the HMC method, 1 585 cloned blastocysts from four piPSC lines (iPF4-2, iPM6-11, KSR-4, 5%O2-1) were transferred into 15 surrogates, but no cloned piglets were obtained (Supplementary information, Table S3). These results were consistent with embryo transfer data from other groups that were part of our joint initiative to generate piPSC-derived cloned pigs. These researchers followed a similar protocol and transferred a total of 22 260 reconstructed embryos (from 7 additional piPSC lines) to 107 recipient gilts, resulting in 41 pregnancies, but none developed to term (Supplementary information, Table S4). Altogether, this outcome was disappointing considering that mouse iPSCs have been successfully used as donor cells for creating living cloned mice3. When we looked over the characterizations of the piPSC lines used in the above experiments, we noticed that, in contrast to those used in mouse, the foreign transcription factor genes had not been silenced. We thus thought that this may underlie the discrepancy of in vivo developmental capacity of NT embryos derived from mouse iPSCs and piPSCs. Previous studies have also demonstrated that the state of histone acetylation in somatic cell NT embryos, significantly impacts the developmental competence in several species9. Therefore, in the second round of experiments, we took the following measures to attempt to improve the developmental capacities of cloned embryos: 1) silence the exogenous transcription factors through spontaneous differentiation of piPSCs before they are used as donor cells; 2) increase histone acetylation by treating the constructed embryos with Scriptaid, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor that can improve cloning efficiency through increasing transcriptional activity9. To silence exogenous transcription genes, piPSCs were allowed to spontaneously differentiate for 4-6 days. After that, they became enlarged and flattened, and developed an epithelium-like morphology (Supplementary information, Figure S1A). For iPF4-2 and iPM6-11, the expression of all the exogenous transcription factor genes was reduced significantly after differentiation, as measured by quantitative RT-PCR (Supplementary information, Figure S1B). However, the expression of all four exogenous genes in KSR-4-differentiated cells did not decrease significantly as compare to iPF4-2 and iPM6-11 (Supplementary information, Figure S1C). Some of the exogenous genes in 5% O2-1-differentiated cells were even expressed at higher levels than in the undifferentiated cells (Supplementary information, Figure S1C). The discrepancy between iPSC lines iPF4-2 and iPM6-11 and the other cell lines is likely due to the use of a DOX inducible system4. When the differentiated piPSCs were used as donor cells in the reconstruction of cloned embryos by the TC method, the resulted NT embryos had a significantly increased rate of blastocyst formation compared to those derived from the undifferentiated ones (Supplementary information, Table S5). Embryos at 2-, 4-, 8-cell, blastocyst and 36-day stages developed normally (Figure 1A). Expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), a transgenic marker in iPF4-2 cells, demonstrated that the blastocyst embryos were derived from piPSCs (Figure 1A). When embryos reconstructed from undifferentiated iPF4-2 by HMC were treated with 0.5 mM Scriptaid for 16 hours, the blastocyst rate was also increased significantly compared to the control group (26.0% vs 17.3%, P < 0.05) (Supplementary information, Table S3). Figure 1. Derivation and characterization of cloned piglets from piPSCs. (A) Preimplantation and post-implantation development of the cloned embryos from piPSCs. Embryos at two-cell (a), four-cell (b), eight-cell (c), blastocyst stages (d, e) and two 36 day-old cloned fetuses (f) are shown. Scale bars are 100 μm. (B) The morphology and fluorescence of the hooves (left), tails (middle) and fibroblasts (right) of the 36 day-old embryos. Scale bars are 100 μm. (C) The morphology, fluorescence and hematoxylin/eosin-stained sections of tissues from piglet 00536-3#. Scale bars are 100 μm. (D) Cloned piglets. 00507-4# from differentiated iPF4-2 cell, 4 days old; 227-1#, 2#, 3# from undifferentiated iPF4-2, 2 days old. (E) Porcine ear fibroblasts (PEFs) from 00507-4#, EGFP positive. Scale bars are 100 μm. (F) PCR demonstrating genomic integration of Oct4, Sox2, and EGFP using tissues of the cloned fetuses and piglets. PEF, the original fibroblasts used to create iPF4-2. 00518, 00536, 00507, 227, foster mothers. 00518-1#, 00518-2#, the cloned fetuses derived from differentiated iPF4-2 cells. 00536-3#, 00507-4#, the cloned piglets derived from iPF4-2-differentiated cells. 227-1#~4#, the HMC piglets derived from iPF4-2. (G) Microsatellite analysis of the donor piPSC line iPF4-2, cloned fetuses and piglets. 00518, 00536, 00507, 227, foster mothers; 00518-1# and 00518-2#, cloned fetuses; 00536-3# and 00507-4#, the cloned piglets from differentiated iPF4-2 cells; 227-1#~4#, the cloned piglets derived from the Scriptaid-treated NT embryos from iPF4-2 cells.! p5 q7 c7 ^, q3 [" R
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, C! u2 ?7 y; ?7 b0 gThe reconstructed embryos derived from differentiated iPF4-2 and KSR-4 cells and undifferentiated iPF4-2 cell-derived NT embryos treated with Scriptaid were then transferred into surrogate mothers. A total of 545 cloned embryos from KSR-4 differentiated cells were transferred into three surrogates, two of which became pregnant but lost their pregnancies between days 30 and 50. Subsequently, a total of 1135 iPF4-2-differentiated cell-NT embryos were transferred into seven surrogate mothers, three of whom became pregnant. To detect the early development of the cloned fetuses, a pregnant surrogate was euthanized after 36 days of gestation, and two fetuses were retrieved. The two cloned fetuses (00518-1# and 00518-2#) were morphologically normal and the corresponding fetal fibroblasts grew normally and were positive for EGFP (Figure 1A and 1B). After 113 days of gestation, a pregnant surrogate (00536) that had been implanted with NT embryos derived from differentiated iPF4-2 cells delivered a piglet (00536-3#) (Figure 1C) and a stillbirth naturally. The piglet (00536-3#) was dead when we found it and weighed 639 g. The organs had developed normally and the lungs were inflated, suggesting that it was live at birth and died of an unknown cause (Figure 1C). The other pregnant surrogate with NT embryos derived from differentiated iPF4-2 cells gave cesarean birth to a live and healthy cloned piglet (00507-4#) after 114 days of gestation. The piglet weighed 600 g at birth (Figure 1D). In the Scriptaid-treated group, 107 NT-blastocysts reconstructed from undifferentiated iPF4-2 cells by HMC were transferred to a surrogate. This surrogate was pregnant and gave birth to four live cloned piglets after 110 days of gestation (Figure 1D). The newborn piglets weighed 700, 900, 700 and 400 g. All of the cloned piglets had the same white coat as that of the pig (Danish Landrace) from which iPF4-2 piPSCs were derived (Figure 1C and 1D), and the fibroblasts isolated from the six piglets were positive for EGFP (Figure 1C and 1E). To further ensure that the lineages of the fetuses and piglets were derived from iPF4-2 piPSCs, we analyzed Oct4, Sox2, and EGFP transgene integration, and also microsatellite DNA. Tissues from the two fetuses and delivered piglets contained the exogenous transgenes, as demonstrated by PCR (Figure 1F). Analysis of microsatellite DNA also showed that the genomes of the fetuses and piglets were the same as those of the iPF4-2 cells, but they were different from the surrogates (Figure 1G). These findings firmly demonstrated that the fetuses and piglets were cloned from the piPSCs. The piglet 00507-4# died 32 days after birth. Myeloencephalitis was found (Supplementary information, Figure S2), which indicated the death was due to infection and likely unrelated to the NT procedure. One of the four piglets generated from NT embryos treated with Scriptaid died soon after birth. The others survived for 4, 14 and 16 days. It is well known that a high incidence with unknown cause of death occurs among cloned pigs made by NT10. Therefore, it is likely that the death of at least some piPSC-derived piglets was caused by the NT itself. Therefore, we expect that healthy pigs can be produced from piPSCs through NT if the procedure is optimized and/or more embryos are transferred to surrogate mothers. In conclusion, our study shows that piPSCs can be used as donors for NT if the exogenous transcription factors are silenced through differentiation or by adding a histone deacetylase inhibitor to the embryos. According to our knowledge, this is the first report about a live mammal other than the mouse derived from iPSCs with nuclear transfer. In the future, this discovery may allow the generation of genetically modified pigs after gene targeting of the piPSCs. The latter could represent an efficient way to produce genetically engineered pigs.
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Top of pageAcknowledgementsThis work is supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology National Basic Research Program of China (973 program) (2009CB941001, 2011CBA01000, 2011CB944203, 2011CB965101), the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (31025016), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31071293), Major Program of Knowledge Innovation Plan, CAS (KSCX2-YW-R-227) and Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China (2011A060901019).
, R {8 P9 _) j(Supplementary information is linked to the online version of the paper on the Cell Research website.) $ B' F2 u J7 P* B6 _
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发表于 2013-1-11 18:58
发表于 2013-1-11 20:26
