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' O* ]3 P( K4 k! S) D+ rVolume 153, Issue 7! M q$ j* x. h! z* K0 h
On the cover: The mealybug Planococcus citri is host to two bacterial ' V2 g! u4 P5 Q1 x6 S0 ]
endosymbionts with extremely tiny genomes. These symbionts, Tremblaya and
/ m3 p; z: e. p2 _/ L( w2 ~3 ~Moranella, live exclusively in specialized insect cells. Remarkably, 0 Q7 P+ J G2 Z1 ?- P
Moranella lives inside of Tremblaya; their relationship is the @$ M/ ~% ~3 p) H" B2 V
only known bacteria-within-a-bacterium symbiosis. In this issue, Husnik et al. 5 s& {" B$ }% k
(pp. 1567–1578) show that this layered symbiosis is enabled by genes that have
4 _" L j" P0 z1 bbeen horizontally transferred to the insect genome from diverse, historical
; I8 S" j1 _- G8 I* [) ybacterial infections. These transferred genes are overexpressed in the insect
b- J- t4 Y7 ^$ `# \tissue housing Tremblaya and Moranella and seem to complement ' j9 ~; _3 h, i5 c7 L5 C
several symbiont activities. Importantly, these results show that, although the
, L( V# x, D+ g) X7 {$ _7 PTremblaya genome rivals some organelles in terms of size and coding * k% M0 `" D0 o' m4 l! x) U; D) ^3 x
capacity, it has not arrived at this state by transferring its own genes to the
* @' J; k0 k2 [# g. Dhost genome. Photograph by Alex Wild, University of Illinois.
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