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作者：疑夕
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On December 15, 2014, Patrick Soon Shiong, the richest physician in the world, acquired 19.9% of Sorrento Therapeutics (NASDAQ: SRNE)’s equity at $5.80 per share (about 41.7 million). Four days later, Sorrento and Conkwest announced an agreement to co-develop CAR-NK immunotherapy. Sorrento’s stock price reached a high of $11.38 on January 15, 2015.' T" ]8 A L0 y. ~/ g6 |! H
, n0 c D$ m5 p3 f& ~CAR-T cell immunotherapy has been regarded as one of the most compelling breakthroughs in cancer treatment in recent years. Companies working on CAR-T (e.g., JUNO, KITE, BLCM, BLUE, ZIOP) are red hot at present. Sorrento/Conkwest is developing CAR-expressing NK cells rather than T cells to kill cancer cells. How about CAR-TNK compares to CAR-T?
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4 w( _2 _8 ~* I, b9 v4 V! W" Q Q6 UHere is a comparison published in OncoImmunology[1]. The author, Hans Klingemann, is the inventor of the NK-92 cell line and co-founded ZelleRx in 2002, which was renamed Conkwest in 2010. CAR-NK has many several advantages over CAR-T:# C8 s& a# t2 T% p4 M" Y
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(1) CAR-NK cells don’t produce IL-6 which is associated with the cytokine release syndrome. A series of patient deaths in the trials of CAR-T were linked to unusually high levels of IL-6.# n! i- [: l+ a! B. b6 @
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(2) CAR-NK cells disappear relatively rapidly from the circulation owing to their limited lifespan. There is no concern about persisting CAR-associated side effects. Whereas Juno Therapeutics has to insert EGFRt gene into the CAR-T cells to control them.
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(3) NK cells are known as serial killers which diligently moves from one target to the next one, killing on as many as 7-10 cells.3 T: n* T( P; A& y; M& o
- F* N' g9 }6 x# @$ [& b- P(4) The transfection efficiency of NK-92 cells is about 50%, even with non-viral methods. Avoiding viral vectors eliminates the risks of oncogene activation and insertional mutagenesis.* ]6 x8 O. J% h
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(5) CAR-NK cells can also be produced in large scaleunder GMP conditions. Moerover, it may be used in the setting of allogeneic transplantation.2 z6 s/ q5 v0 k/ x
5 ~* s6 F/ ?- p! S6 h8 ~Naturally, only about 10% of circulating lymphocytes are NK cells. The activation of NK cells is determined by the balance of inhibitory and activating receptor stimulation. MHC class I molecules in normal cells inhibit the activation of NK cells.
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/ L2 r+ g- ?: ~ B3 sNatural NK cells do not express antigen specific receptors. Can CAR-NK cells equipped with an antigen specific receptor kill cancer cells as effectively as CAR-T cells? Hard to say.
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Preclinical studies in leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma have been reported. For instance, treatment with anti-CS1 CAR-NK cells prolonged the survival of multiple myeloma mice from 40 days to 50 days[2].
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3 X4 q2 Q; Q8 \$ rSorrento intends to develop anti-CD19, anti-PDL1, anti-PSMA, and anti-CD123 CAR-NK cells. It is expected to initiate Phase I trials in 2016.9 I% v7 s$ ]. ]4 N: v3 y
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[1] Oncoimmunology. 2014, 3, e28147. doi: 10.4161/onci.28147.5 h3 o% {6 f2 F( i2 V2 J
[2] Leukemia. 2014, 28(4), 917-927.
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发表于 2015-11-11 10:59
