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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑 3 G! Q; U3 F5 X
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Biotechnology# X& ~$ q3 T& T5 N6 i
Fifth edition
6 [* P6 t5 n% o/ N& z0 s& mBiotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few
9 c4 e G/ {) H' o6 X/ Wpeople realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.
$ T% i9 ?' c/ sThe defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct- t* }& I( c8 ^. b' ~$ a8 F j
understanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style3 P+ [$ U" M" }0 @7 q
that made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith4 ]* ^; {. d4 U
once again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering
* C* {1 {% X6 n* G. U; |and use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in5 t' z1 T+ N& s4 d
biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment
* _# N+ w3 s1 o Oof sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses
# Z% m x5 y$ w0 I2 Zthe innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems
% _9 f- @/ ?1 I+ x$ Z* Bbiology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith
* H; q, q" a' N5 A, N# Malso re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and+ {& H* I; S* I3 ^/ t) z
puts new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
( u( l' I# Q9 O# C; }RNA.
7 h. D" |) K8 N t) XJohn E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the/ V, n- r6 ]4 V' B
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,9 R {. _- S4 p# @$ C B3 G
Glasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.3 b* q" o+ S1 n6 X; n: w6 x
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Preface
# Y9 l9 [) V( }* I2 j% i& e0 kA defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish# m8 ^8 V% E( K" K$ N" T9 i5 Y5 J
the correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology. l8 a1 e% ]" E. @3 }# j5 U( Z: x
Biotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.
+ f. @- |$ o0 M' A1 X! OIt is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many
/ G* [2 ^% h7 i; C/ F. Idisciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,
4 `& M! B7 [9 g' tgenetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also0 ?. b" B" h. h8 @
be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical; r+ E1 u- u! [- R
application of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components
9 L/ i( U. g0 R/ U: s( r7 }# @1 Zto manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.
! d z5 @, ?3 ] c a. v, fHistorically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a' }/ u+ G/ v# r% o6 Z, o4 l) Q2 d
science, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where9 Q! [- B& v0 w$ K/ y
the techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,
4 m7 r) Q" O. b$ C" ~while the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific% ^/ m) z. I' i! m. q
basis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more
1 c/ @! S3 Z+ i1 gefficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the" ~- V/ ^/ D9 Z
major financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,# @+ X, T8 a4 @/ z' o5 o( v b
etc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new8 R. B( i! r8 Z$ H% q7 p" E
and novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,/ t/ Y( N( h- k& _5 e2 S* u
the production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation
; I3 ?- u0 x, H9 O( ^' apractices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range* z5 L! ]7 B5 N' I4 E! J3 z
of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular
5 j+ C0 W9 k+ zchanges to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of
0 W' S- a/ G( M+ P: @genomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic
- e' W- c y8 N5 R3 d4 D8 G1 jmicroorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,
7 @' u( C( C2 Q8 vand major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised
$ a+ ~ U: s, M$ w* H5 iactivities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,7 S- l3 S/ H6 W4 G, e( W
biotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water/ H3 H# X( z& w
and land management and also remediating the pollution generated by
) n# [5 z3 _" Dover-industrialisation.
' |+ x1 U, w, N& t. R/ [; ?# {+ sThere have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in
3 o- f& J$ k, H/ rmedicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will
8 u! h% D2 I0 a2 v7 w s4 W1 cthe huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?: o( K, n: T1 R8 i
Until recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts( {1 S5 n' A; j/ y
and bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe% G: [) ^% j& ?$ e# x* A
and to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately
' s& n* M& @: m+ V3 `6 H& B3 p& s8 vto develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and* b2 K& g6 N3 F$ w0 c
complex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.
8 F% N! I3 k: ^! X5 M; _+ z+ K, ESome of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,
4 \- \" {7 o0 a9 B# @have aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political6 A f+ K. c) ^! A" i/ S% P
character. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining
1 S3 B4 [/ e, g" a$ z1 Bthe implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that: w5 K0 J- M" o: o+ Y
common sense will prevail.
" o9 k' U. S( ^2 Q1 V3 |Undoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential% g5 K2 n. ?/ p) T
to benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,8 n3 |2 j8 Q3 P8 |$ Y c/ g$ B
awareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the5 a4 s9 J/ y: O- N
complex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater5 v" m3 H; g& ~2 O
level of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the3 M; M+ | m; c+ Z; m7 ?+ A. P& k* c, s
public at large.% {1 X) p+ U0 a/ Z- R: T
This expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an
4 C* g% @' K. D; U( a/ aintegrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned. I7 I( f/ P, x
subjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,
9 ^) b" a/ e( c) m$ ^satisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the
% p: `1 p/ G4 O7 }) T% B7 amajor technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised
. \. R! p" j8 f( f; ^, dby the lay public.
5 N- p) S$ \4 ?# X7 p" SI amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for
" y/ ]( ^4 {8 J8 zher skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
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