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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑
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Biotechnology
! R G1 O7 t* {1 d/ Y3 ]- H7 nFifth edition. L; ]1 P1 o* w f, `6 c# S9 i
Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few; Q; k* s; C8 w" W2 ~; n
people realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.$ y' f5 z K D/ D( R, z5 m
The defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct2 {7 D' e! S" _6 v2 w: q
understanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style
) Q; s9 s4 k4 ^2 C) gthat made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith' ~8 |+ `) c. b6 T n3 `, b
once again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering
; ]7 s3 K( h# L$ Y% s4 l h9 land use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in
5 o$ o) y+ u( h6 {) u# K/ hbiotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment
T- b- W7 M! F' f6 |* m7 m5 Bof sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses
9 a, I, O( }5 }/ l# r u+ @) |+ rthe innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems
4 k5 m6 ?/ j0 |/ z& B: T# gbiology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith; _0 U2 ?8 r5 p, ?
also re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and: E$ E& j! R; r' o. V' v) }
puts new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
: {7 X) Z& y: ~" m# K: z! p# fRNA.
) k) y' X% d) v& n; RJohn E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the( D+ N' D4 L0 p" F% C1 w
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,
: @ }: ^! @8 z3 U. l( r& N# WGlasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.# U9 ?1 T' e' h' H
6 O! @# E! X+ s$ J
Preface
5 T- m( J- p+ G' t* k: M, MA defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish
3 A+ \& y# _6 J( B) [, ythe correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.# g; H2 Q* l, y2 q* k
Biotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.
3 E' Q0 y; g1 m/ W$ W# tIt is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many9 [# q! J i; M$ t- a5 n
disciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,7 `" [* x2 p% ]& T) t1 `8 H7 M
genetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also
* o a7 b& U& Y; z9 hbe viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
+ b$ w* b: L$ g S( mapplication of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components: ]5 C' q1 k' K' ?8 }
to manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.
& Z, f6 ~3 P$ ]" a$ C% D5 m% rHistorically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a
2 w3 C% a4 n% q$ F3 Dscience, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where
0 n, u5 Z2 p b/ ]" Uthe techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,
0 Y$ ?* S, O# @7 ~- p0 Zwhile the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific
6 S( ?/ V0 i* O+ u6 |* Z) ebasis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more E, ~1 ~. S' j: d+ l x+ c. s
efficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the
* S# P. W7 ?) F) ~) pmajor financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,
- l; [& ^" O+ e0 |: A! Q8 }etc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new) T& J% O, m3 e1 S6 q3 [
and novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,# x+ }$ ]7 A) p1 l+ {& @- M
the production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation# h4 ^7 t! |8 W1 P, @2 w
practices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range
; m, C6 x* f4 \( b$ P; C9 T" Sof new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular
) ~" m2 o5 |/ r* D3 ?changes to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of
8 j: C0 }8 r, R: W# y( F4 M/ Pgenomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic
' I1 V$ h* @4 w9 hmicroorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,
) i6 C4 D- s' x" T9 ^0 y8 D# i( Gand major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised: O3 D3 ?5 [% b7 [" _
activities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,) N( D" |# i/ N) t
biotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water* G5 A; K @/ L" M% W
and land management and also remediating the pollution generated by
; Q: N. V- }. D, rover-industrialisation.
/ i. N# I7 r, }3 jThere have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in
, N, W! g8 p1 B8 E0 Y9 imedicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will% B; i* d) y7 m# R
the huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?
* X8 N9 B. y3 O3 ~# R$ eUntil recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts4 z- b" V" G5 h2 V/ p0 u
and bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe
# T# d' w7 W- q8 fand to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately
! _5 D! {5 L* F0 Pto develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and+ u7 I% K( B! g4 |
complex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.5 _! O/ z3 \1 ?) B
Some of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,
7 Q) x! M8 C( D0 b+ M6 chave aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political
2 Z3 l! P7 f. ]7 u. P! zcharacter. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining
* p/ _8 ]: G+ p) x# lthe implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that
. C9 d- d6 w" n- B" n' |: }$ Bcommon sense will prevail.
2 ~7 `' { m, X6 O' lUndoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential
: F. y+ w6 C; t- o3 ^8 gto benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,
& [2 ~1 @. P( fawareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the% p2 J+ v: Y, q& y
complex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater
. ~* w$ g: I9 O; n3 C3 }level of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the
1 p+ @ m0 l" f! C vpublic at large.
& f+ O# y) ]8 e8 ^This expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an7 W8 L1 s/ q0 X) N
integrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned
3 T( M2 ~' }9 b, \subjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,6 ?6 Q! e! T- t+ C* f$ s
satisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the* N1 j8 R, a+ J, j
major technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised! V8 m8 y+ o0 ^# N: A7 t" ~& L {
by the lay public.4 e7 U3 z6 H2 H4 k; S' e
I amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for
4 ]2 t3 l8 T; u4 k* jher skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
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