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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑 ) D) b) t% [ T. ^4 }
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Biotechnology* k$ t5 y7 ]4 x8 g8 t w
Fifth edition S6 I% C/ p, g( g* J/ d% }, x- Q: h
Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few$ O Y9 _: _, R
people realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.8 F& k; {0 G2 b8 B8 n7 r0 m/ a8 ~
The defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct
# }# {+ ^- V* qunderstanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style1 l7 [" h2 Q( o \
that made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith/ H* Z2 Q9 ^$ i0 \9 i7 |
once again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering7 f. _' q9 I. x$ G- l( _
and use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in
3 m6 s! j. @4 z, U x# o3 N6 j, _biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment
2 c: m% s Q) ~* sof sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses
4 E' Q2 r! v' E8 r: e+ Bthe innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems
' G9 O) p1 R$ z2 C9 J9 ^/ Abiology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith
) w! D3 w) r# m6 _/ K }also re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and) _2 Q4 S) s' `" H, f
puts new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
3 y$ \, g3 \# h6 l( c3 oRNA.4 ` S4 ?" @" z; P( L6 B( | D
John E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the$ c3 s3 y1 k0 b6 b) ^7 o
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,( a: Y& H) K! C8 a4 k% o
Glasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.
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Preface. Q: Y1 V2 N) @2 x
A defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish: w3 {- E( {, N7 ]' ]; ]0 P
the correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.
: q- b- g/ ~& M- [( |Biotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.
6 u( Y" } I' ^1 a* XIt is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many8 l# F) w0 m) q
disciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,. _6 s' e! A% W
genetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also
/ A& m+ z* V6 _3 L+ kbe viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
- `; ]0 m9 a3 }9 Eapplication of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components) P; D H9 |- @6 |# G5 I( t& Q
to manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.
7 ^1 Y6 R0 ]5 y1 ]% J. RHistorically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a
1 X$ I4 @$ Y, `! C) uscience, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where
& D" |8 o9 }8 q7 G' \* {; `/ [/ Dthe techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,/ ]% w" P6 j4 |. I3 v
while the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific# _1 N0 T; X9 k5 J$ S! p
basis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more
5 @; u2 v8 ^* S+ eefficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the
# H# R* M$ x4 b4 v; Q* Pmajor financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,) b/ Q1 {2 G: e$ \* M; U7 C
etc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new3 x( ]. H! L& O L
and novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,. z/ X+ S2 s R4 o9 Y) U
the production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation# ?) e5 q( ~- `
practices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range3 }( e; Y0 Q ~/ t& \
of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular' p( Q' z, a: _3 r
changes to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of
7 [# B1 H0 K) ygenomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic
9 u: W- ^$ f8 vmicroorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,' x/ ?) e( E' D) K8 j
and major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised
( T: s! |& N6 v; S- J: b+ i2 jactivities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,
: q5 O1 q! }1 F: N2 Gbiotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water* Z) o" @9 U: I2 s
and land management and also remediating the pollution generated by y7 S! H; c& ?. X6 T$ X5 |
over-industrialisation.
8 n$ O. v* o: a% v0 `: uThere have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in) G: e! ^1 ]4 F1 H
medicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will
* K+ I; b. _3 a* N1 _the huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?
/ o& O! X6 P/ H6 VUntil recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts9 {* U( k" l- l. s3 U8 t$ i
and bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe( Z. q2 d! {& T/ i6 o. D2 v
and to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately% Z) U7 s8 m- X& q8 K5 h1 @$ I
to develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and- X# A) M& V2 [, ^' Z
complex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.2 |( U5 f( A" x; |# @+ Y
Some of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,
+ Q: [" K. d: A& z1 i6 ohave aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political
6 ]8 P5 }: u! K7 r2 b* ]character. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining7 a& V% _6 u; F- ~; J' v/ h
the implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that+ Q; b- {6 [7 ^4 S
common sense will prevail.: ]& v6 I( t4 t- Q3 V c
Undoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential
9 r: I% S$ h' l" H6 k, z g0 c$ Yto benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,: V1 }" E- a/ H+ |; U2 P( U* T. J
awareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the
+ S! |7 t' Q7 `. F) qcomplex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater
b8 [9 j5 n6 h& F: elevel of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the7 q: U$ V4 T8 l9 {# m
public at large.
8 @7 }$ ~# i' M/ R& U8 l5 J$ a( R, B7 HThis expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an
' @; s0 n8 C+ J* Z0 q; vintegrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned
+ p6 H# N) G1 K# g/ Ssubjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,
" A$ h7 D' r4 Isatisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the
" g4 u- ?& \5 k" C5 r5 ]% Qmajor technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised, R% T, @' b. n M2 [3 o2 T& f
by the lay public.
) S! a2 p/ H0 `6 p: p6 ~$ z+ G KI amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for
. v& r( | ?+ w& X" F9 }+ I3 iher skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
发表于 2010-1-14 17:50
发表于 2010-1-18 03:47
