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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑
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9 l2 J( `$ e- c7 PBiotechnology% G& a {! P, L4 z4 L
Fifth edition# P- i" h- `5 |' a/ @0 d. J
Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few
. b; W& p/ @/ [% Lpeople realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.
' [1 ?' }+ [% p ~4 J2 l3 QThe defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct' B: @# F9 V3 @2 R5 L' e
understanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style
7 V$ c" I% r7 V! ^; Pthat made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith
4 M' p& L! |9 b9 |; T! _6 Oonce again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering
) [1 i# G5 Y* fand use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in
2 u' n6 M- g+ t7 [5 U; z7 L& Bbiotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment
0 O, a5 K" y8 D9 a# G, kof sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses
; l2 f* \+ L$ ~. \5 u) w+ s2 m/ dthe innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems
1 z; R3 |. D5 r) D, k& Xbiology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith: _7 O* D9 g8 U* @- x, ~+ l
also re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and
* V& h2 a0 I" N( Xputs new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
" x/ w* q' y$ U& g* z2 s( S: IRNA.! T7 W5 R& k: Y# b# _
John E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the
( F7 |! M1 r RInstitute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,
9 x" y2 ]% x7 F1 Z$ g; ~# _. L) DGlasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.
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Preface
2 X5 z" I/ k* D# p' NA defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish
! y: a% U. e7 s" Pthe correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.
1 Q( r. \, C6 z1 A) Q$ ?Biotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.% A) G! B& E# r
It is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many3 h, P' ` i/ Z$ T: w
disciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,
0 S. N4 i( P$ T" c: A9 fgenetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also0 l+ b, ^/ o- X* e4 {% u9 q
be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
5 \. L& }2 {: }/ ^/ D4 ^application of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components2 G1 ^/ I# V" i' R6 j+ P
to manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.4 }% E: G& w1 t& |6 z: {4 e1 ]
Historically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a
o& T- Y6 Y' t/ Iscience, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where8 b, \3 W8 ~+ D) B! j) q; g. M
the techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,
2 _* Z6 K/ K6 Swhile the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific
3 {1 ]% d$ O& m( `$ Q4 N& |basis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more
$ d8 d9 s; P9 q1 Cefficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the
! j# V" l5 G! |) M( _/ }0 Q# l* \major financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,
: d1 f P |0 s' tetc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new
6 A* c _; K# \+ b- ~and novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,
* L/ G0 |( y# r w7 hthe production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation
' p" M& V y8 Spractices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range
) K, A- o' D; X$ |of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular2 x. f2 O8 n" q( y/ ~: p: a
changes to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of
0 e, S0 E2 q+ M& M) E6 A# a2 ygenomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic
" H, X% ]1 E) M6 [microorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,
$ z, ]5 s$ }0 j; t! Xand major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised
4 K* b6 A/ v" X5 Q$ }" R) _activities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,
/ [$ E" G l5 C* E L4 p% Q& zbiotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water
; u" |* r- D! U( e2 Iand land management and also remediating the pollution generated by9 B# p/ x" U( q% W# }% Y
over-industrialisation.
& Z6 D: J6 `9 [5 a8 QThere have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in
' M+ Z( H, j5 a1 s. i6 Rmedicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will
5 C; a2 O5 a5 l0 F4 U$ k! b! Kthe huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?
6 {' [3 N: a8 o* o I0 @ B7 C( SUntil recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts
7 I( L$ h2 P6 e$ n0 gand bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe, \8 C) j. N n
and to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately
; T& @% R9 D# w4 K5 n+ gto develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and
: [$ X4 ?0 K7 q( _7 ccomplex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.
) B& E( F, V. K5 hSome of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,
" ^2 Z* y" Q. _! Yhave aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political; y7 Z1 k0 w3 y- x9 A
character. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining
' X! s( z% R+ u# l4 Rthe implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that9 I( [5 Z0 N3 c" i9 R3 d
common sense will prevail.
0 j' b% P: N5 N1 m$ lUndoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential
* v7 C2 Q, F: A% }9 n. hto benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,, _$ T+ \8 ]6 G( {/ N3 Y
awareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the
$ C) u/ s8 G- ^, rcomplex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater
, U \, q9 x( ilevel of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the' R* R/ Z3 |/ T) A+ ~8 a
public at large.
; n+ n# n: y$ R: j6 m' [/ JThis expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an C' ?( ?0 v- m: y
integrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned
9 O- T2 u! V" `: R' q% C0 ]subjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,
% P0 m0 V: a, w* F$ v; e }satisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the: A; r$ q; ~; s" ] U; n
major technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised
" I# w% r9 K: y4 y8 iby the lay public.
& f, r# i8 z) hI amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for
% y2 _* ^% s" }. M4 i) iher skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
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