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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑 5 ~3 X6 e; u" F4 v/ k
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Biotechnology9 _# j C& g1 v
Fifth edition
: I* |- |) k$ f6 X) T, [Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few
$ o' i% k1 m- S* Ipeople realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.
6 v* a! N6 B5 N* y- T; q( |0 t" n) ^The defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct+ t# D3 ? `( |; x
understanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style7 _4 {9 S9 F3 G( Q5 f$ j/ E0 f& N
that made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith: U: N5 W3 t% b2 j4 C$ `! H
once again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering
2 F( [! e) v- j6 ^. nand use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in4 W" k' V5 Q! `+ m
biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment; g' C. L9 i; R1 o0 X
of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses
: f$ _& k" W4 o( W: a+ Zthe innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems2 K" R5 j0 _/ {9 l9 ?
biology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith
- y, N0 a) x$ L: P: yalso re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and; N' {* n: @+ E3 N# R; b6 K9 F
puts new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
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John E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the
4 T- a3 j% C: i! cInstitute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde," D: q5 t3 ?" Y* t8 x% S" A
Glasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway./ u, ?. K6 [% J4 J1 _ Y
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Preface2 p% v2 M/ L+ C+ ~% @; C' i
A defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish
, \; X6 P Q2 Z; _6 B! r' ]$ d3 uthe correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.
! r2 }& { H+ b* I6 z. ^Biotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.( B" E. Q# m. p1 [6 L8 d
It is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many
m9 U [4 \1 v. c& S; Kdisciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,
. R. U2 ]; Q% L) xgenetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also2 }3 r/ V, q* k2 I1 V
be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical Y7 }- m# b. F0 M9 ]: ?. k$ F# U
application of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components/ }6 k9 x0 T, W2 k+ _6 K
to manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.
3 C& p0 }/ f( M, n ]9 lHistorically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a
0 A4 p6 v- E# K! M! P9 wscience, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where
A$ r7 E9 p3 D8 vthe techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,
$ x2 y. W5 z! z' ?while the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific
" R$ V8 s$ h; b9 h( K+ @' c t. pbasis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more9 V9 i& p7 E/ U( G& E
efficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the+ F; f8 J8 m+ O4 A2 V( ?% L
major financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,. I, f ~2 i- P; q
etc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new
# c9 F, c( T; u( x% Vand novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,
& b- }6 \4 N* G- r0 \: M2 j9 athe production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation
# H: W: [% [2 y. t* W, P) Wpractices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range9 n, f9 q- N y8 j# {* H5 R( H, ~
of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular
7 N S$ N4 e3 z7 J- Tchanges to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of/ C2 B& J9 l; ?8 h% }, `
genomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic o* T0 C! r' Y
microorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,% F. `9 n: f R: z. r3 U- _
and major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised! B' d- I+ H! i( T2 a z, m9 R9 D0 x
activities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,
5 }1 ]' D* F* F, g6 u+ S& `5 {biotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water
- f: m6 V. B. T( G! u/ D. Land land management and also remediating the pollution generated by
; J. A- }" T9 ]# G2 Dover-industrialisation. U7 G& F7 b; ]! i4 ?0 M
There have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in
: j# A! }% u4 @8 L0 U. Cmedicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will
- H" y7 k0 H4 g/ Rthe huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?
( m: ^/ Y! |' w" uUntil recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts
9 w6 }9 L8 B7 Fand bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe4 h8 W8 r j1 k9 j+ u
and to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately, ~% V- G' I$ @7 a& I
to develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and
; J- f/ b @- w9 Ccomplex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.
: ]& y# I3 w8 qSome of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,
: g8 T* g) b7 h" a9 ~have aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political; e) M0 A. J; M& D9 }
character. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining- k! w( _+ c" ?! [( t7 h
the implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that
/ N2 M0 q$ ]4 d4 hcommon sense will prevail.
, O! ?4 x' A5 aUndoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential- p3 a: Y- m% d |3 a- n( _& R
to benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,
1 a' ?" a( \6 t4 q! h! x8 b, y+ c2 `awareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the s" X( W4 g: t$ i
complex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater
! f% Q" [! _* V8 Q( ^8 v3 N5 \2 ]level of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the$ F. h( z, }" p5 P T5 F& d* ~" ~
public at large.4 y& Z# u; p9 |: c
This expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an7 W9 v D4 P2 G
integrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned) Q+ r( F ~( X4 F+ T0 y
subjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,5 z; M; K9 R v
satisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the
! y- P7 F, V* O% l1 J l' h+ Zmajor technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised9 e8 D/ Q4 J& s# O+ V1 u4 W$ W
by the lay public.
2 D5 [# O# p& `9 Z/ w' dI amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for
0 }& s H7 D6 U; A* C9 R# ~" bher skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
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