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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑 6 Q; {; `0 v1 ^9 U8 w% L
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Biotechnology$ m$ S' p/ F9 U _) j1 T; w
Fifth edition* }, q; V; C; }
Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few
8 K- {+ M6 M3 u3 j( S: Speople realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.
! l% n6 h+ r7 P: WThe defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct
2 x6 [8 l, d5 ?( D+ O; \; aunderstanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style9 v& _: q b1 G
that made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith- N: S2 D* l o8 l: `1 E& c+ |
once again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering9 W% P' F2 Y3 {
and use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in
5 h$ |( x i( |biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment" S$ h4 q# d1 [( O
of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses
" j0 N3 ] m0 ~, M4 K: ^! lthe innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems
; Q3 ]9 e; M& obiology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith
0 Y) ^' P# L Z% Talso re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and3 y2 F& Y, M' W0 y5 z3 a
puts new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
5 f3 e% {5 Q$ V! M* n' q$ X* ^RNA.
7 m/ U/ s4 r- `# @9 o4 L+ sJohn E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the
: `! X+ S+ T, @. r5 ]. GInstitute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,& g7 o+ B( i0 z. `8 C! o% r+ Q
Glasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.$ p2 q5 {: ?" O- t$ r/ _6 L6 b4 _$ D' M
4 \9 ^- K! }3 W, l5 f8 ePreface
% d5 q* D, L+ N! h1 {A defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish9 `# D3 v& C- i8 N$ M* C8 W3 N
the correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.
& v' W6 z; m# t9 K7 JBiotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.' X4 q" _0 |$ p( J
It is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many
3 @" G8 k# ^8 H* x$ }disciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,# }3 F8 m) a, _% P& Y* k
genetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also
+ \# v+ q! Z/ O& [$ m, I# D5 r& }be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
/ [* O) r' S/ D6 ~7 gapplication of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components
" [! ^$ U( X. y' F/ L8 j# oto manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.
6 b! w; a, n3 Z- hHistorically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a9 y- b5 I) c! A& b
science, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where
/ L- X, W7 O5 n9 s; Ythe techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,
( J v. z+ J! w v, w, Y4 B1 a) E+ fwhile the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific
" G% E$ `/ F# }/ g+ Z! i: g2 Zbasis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more
- O# e, i% C* |, F& R5 wefficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the' t% R# I, o* r9 v k! Q0 s+ e
major financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,
( R1 ~) x6 I l# T0 y1 T4 Tetc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new" `" W: G' v4 o' x# i- E. ^. p, @
and novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,; m% v. p5 b8 r1 r% {3 M* g0 z7 }9 E
the production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation
! m; X) h- }0 ]" ]: Ipractices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range" S5 [' w& h- a$ i2 E1 h/ e1 M
of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular; \! P+ C: E0 Q' j. n& h* g
changes to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of/ o2 O5 |9 Y w# i4 L
genomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic
3 J$ |2 P- ]# W- |7 hmicroorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,
R j! o, }# r5 m/ Kand major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised, X" ^/ L" P- R ^$ n
activities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,
. m+ S; T! O+ R3 t4 B1 tbiotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water' b1 T; a& F2 ^+ s% X
and land management and also remediating the pollution generated by
4 H* \, u! V( ~5 Y4 ^& eover-industrialisation.6 r2 X4 z/ L3 x6 S( @
There have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in
' m {3 m4 b8 p$ X, _/ omedicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will
- c) {( n: p; @. m) }the huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?; l# W, _) r6 C
Until recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts" |$ J3 z7 B" Q( H
and bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe8 c( o& H6 B& |5 X
and to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately: E3 m) ?1 R2 z5 W& f
to develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and- \$ C; G+ M& }/ H- {
complex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.& G0 h8 M5 A6 L3 k' w6 z# l
Some of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,2 W1 w/ X& ?% H& N4 }' v
have aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political
' O$ C; v9 n1 K$ p7 [% Wcharacter. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining$ X/ h- F, h1 ?; [; o) o/ j
the implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that, X( n5 v5 n- e
common sense will prevail.
0 s8 V8 Q7 n# G3 hUndoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential% @* U+ ?5 O$ t6 x9 e; f
to benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,
' I2 H) L6 Q M6 Jawareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the& G+ U0 h! b& W' C) H
complex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater" X/ R' N7 A( f) d% ^
level of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the1 F$ u7 |5 `3 G: s1 h* F. y
public at large.; X4 d6 R" d* o& Y( I
This expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an
) X4 m; z- w8 p! s( P9 v' m( Uintegrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned
0 Y4 F2 |2 _ O5 `6 c* {: Zsubjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,
- _! f5 J. f! f+ N0 E1 Bsatisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the
& o1 I( ?, {5 H! u* [ tmajor technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised& ~- U: P+ N- a; M Z& U
by the lay public.3 v4 {- Q$ i& P
I amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for/ e' J, l+ L$ w; A( q# O/ B* o F
her skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
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