How to Read a Scientific Paper

goodboy

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6 @& ]- a! c" _! N- I' n如何阅读文献( y! D% `. O  E6 L
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gact

How to Read a Scientific Paper / s7 w( u! _8 M
Five Helpful Questions
- Z7 T7 F: r5 D3 ~! i$ \1.  WHY did they do this set of experiments? + g* V  [+ D* t$ y) @% r/ L
A.  What are the authors trying to settle, prove or demolish? 8 G* T3 Z. U. T: C3 B( I. R0 j
B.  How did this issue come up?
5 V4 w1 I1 e; S( ZC.  Why is it worth the effort to settle this issue? , _9 Z9 h) X8 ]0 [+ q2 q

& F9 M+ s5 ~0 G2.  HOW were the experiments actually done?
1 v5 e3 S3 q& E/ A% h7 F2 ]. @% ^A.  What number or quantity was actually measured? . X# u2 \+ l) `. ]/ ^5 Y
B.  How was the number in A obtained, i.e. what did they actually do? A flow diagram of
- `$ F+ w# O, |7 P; `their procedure is usually helpful. - e% ^: f( D- k* G# T
C.  What numbers are really wanted, i.e., must be calculated?
- b  j) v6 C  }* ?, ?0 \. c- Q# B" J+ vD.  What information is necessary to calculate the numbers in C, and where did they get 0 @' l8 X- W$ U" g" e
this information (from a table, experimental control, or “common knowledge?’).   t, P# B3 b! ?3 B

% R& Q/ p2 [( |' b2 @3.  WHAT are the results? $ K- o1 \" e: B$ D5 i4 \
What is the translation into English of the data in their figures, tables and/or pictures?
: C  A  `9 {2 Z, N1 I  yThe additional Q “How do you actually calculate the numbers wanted in C?’ is implicit in the
8 q! C0 |1 e* H4 X+ y  l$ Kone. You may want to make this into a separate, explicit Q (2E).
" E& _& ?2 _' T  C  v(This is really a translation of the conclusions and not the results.) For now overlook the
% w5 e) F% c; H! ^' w$ Udistinction between the results and the (obvious) conclusions in the answer to this question 6 Z) ~4 K! A$ @$ U: Y5 [
because we have found that it is not worthwhile to stress this issue at the beginning of the
. u$ ?8 j* {1 Wterm while the students are still struggling with Q  1 and 2. Q 4, which is specifically # d1 u1 U% }6 N3 W3 Q( ?! l
designed to emphasize this issue is introduced as soon as the students learn how to answer : w6 N9 U* C8 O+ o+ o; B
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4.  WHAT can conclude from the results? (Assume for the time being, that you can take the
- O) h) a7 c; I7 |- o# Nresults at face value – in other words, assume they did both the experiments and 0 k! m5 e! s9 \+ `+ H3 g
calculations correctly. Whether or not they really “did it right” is Q5.).
! [; G! e% ?6 V4 t3 Y7 p0 Q5 cA.  Do the results support the stated conclusion or interpretation of the authors?
5 ]  `2 P0 H! d0 \9 yB.  Do the results prove the stated conclusion, i.e., do they rule out any of the stated or
, Y1 |' L2 s' t0 V6 m7 o! Hunstated alternatives? To check this point considers what the figures and tables would
$ f/ i" u4 s; Y( `8 z% {1 nlook like if an alternative interpretation were correct. Could you really tell the difference? $ e" G& z3 e7 H8 k5 k

/ K+ x' V0 _6 V5.  (WHETHER) Did they do everything correctly? # O" t, ]( S7 E9 C9 g) R3 c. j! F4 N% e
A.  Could anything be wrong with their experimental methods? 2 s# x/ x' V6 n  e/ R
B.  Could anything be wrong with their theoretical methods?
  {7 W7 K( _. j! x5 A(Did they use the right formulas, make reasonable assumptions, etc.?)
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goodboy

回复 gact 的帖子
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我也想加别人为好友，但是权限不够啊

龟酱

回复 gact 的帖子  \7 r3 F+ m" h( F" X/ X6 o

# R" j2 g  }0 l# W5 S1 C' R你好，我是一名将上大二的学生，试着翻译了一下，
% A9 ?8 a( d/ p1 L有些语言可能并不通顺，请大家批评指正 owo
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如何阅读科学文献6 p# A6 T6 e- g
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思考五条十分有帮助的问题* Z5 D9 l- M( A3 L7 R
1.        为什么做这个试验？, I; m$ h  [, K+ ?
1.1作者想要建立、证明或推翻的观点是什么？
3 e" q; b+ r7 P1 y1 J% E1.2 这个问题是如何提出的？
# F* ^5 q1 u$ y; X  {9 c1.3 这个问题为什么有必要解决？# _8 P8 z. _' t% O) {3 q3 [

* l/ U/ G0 k- b1 O, x* r2.        这个试验是如何实际操作的？# g* I5 |* `) k9 h+ v* p
2.1        测量的数据或数量是什么？7 _9 m9 H  v2 @, t( k
2.2        2.1中的数据如何获得？换句话说，他们究竟在做什么？作业框图对他们的流程是否有帮助？
+ B4 f+ ~  p1 a" p5 g2 y! D2.3        他们最终要的数据是什么？换句话说，计算的是什么？& n3 ?! a9 o5 M. B6 j- N( n
2.4        要得到2.3的数据，哪些信息是必要的，哪里能取得这些信息（从表格、试验得到、还是“常识”）？* l+ J6 q! u; N- b2 O. g
2.5       
: O) Z, Z& B$ P& ]3 V- U6 k3.        试验结果是什么？2 Q) ^& _4 O- J% y" J. y/ y! i% f
要翻译成英语的资料应该用什么形式表现，表格，还是图片？5 v/ |' u! ~7 M0 b/ y
附加问题“现实情况中，你如何测得2.3中想要的数据？”在这里有暗示。（之后的这句没看懂，请见谅。You may want to make this into a separate, explicit Q (2E）9 O) ?! W7 Y: q3 X& Q3 s8 M
(这其实是对结论而不是结果的翻译)现在总结一下结果和（显著的）结论间的差异便是这个问题的答案。因为我们发现学生们在项目开始时焦头烂额想解决问题1、2、4是没有必要的，这些问题将在学生们学会如何回答问题1-3时会得到着重明确的介绍。  N) M9 y4 F! d5 p+ z, }5 ~' |' Z6 T

1 q& H% G( q( ?! E4.        从试验结果中可以总结出什么？（暂且先做个假设，那样你可以得到预期结果——换句话说，假设试验和结论都正确。而是否真是这样，请参考问题5。）; [! R) J5 ?( e; N
4.1        这个结果是否支持所阐述的结论或者能否得到作者的解释？0 y; ~5 z$ p8 E/ @. ?
4.2        这个结果是否可以证明所阐述的的结论，换句话说，它们是否在阐明或未阐明的啊、方案之外?为了验证这点，要考虑到是否能由一个正确的解释替代现有的图表和表格。你真的能说出它们间的差异么？! z( \% u5 D: d* }0 ~% z
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5.        (不知这里的“whether”怎么翻译)他们做的一切都是正确的吗？) n" `& }5 R/ j9 r
5.1        他们的试验方法中是否有错误？& G) k' t, d  D
5.2        他们的理论上的方法是否有错误？/ w7 X: M6 I& r) Q. L6 N% {
（他们是否选用了正确的配方，做出了合理假设，等等。）
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gact

不错的啊，，大二的。。

kosmos.y

看看，好像不错

昕昕

今天再看下  

s06806

一楼的位置好啊..  

nauticus

慢慢来，呵呵  

haha3245

好贴子好多啊