How to Read a Scientific Paper

goodboy

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! m1 p" r4 F: l4 c如何阅读文献
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gact

How to Read a Scientific Paper 8 M6 }( A- e' Y
Five Helpful Questions
: y1 [( O, c" R( G4 `) r1.  WHY did they do this set of experiments? 6 |5 g7 ~, a# z2 P+ r
A.  What are the authors trying to settle, prove or demolish? 5 a5 d3 L: m1 Z3 F, f
B.  How did this issue come up?
/ v! A* M2 O% @C.  Why is it worth the effort to settle this issue?
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2.  HOW were the experiments actually done? , L2 H, B4 s7 ^" d# ?0 a2 J
A.  What number or quantity was actually measured?
9 e. h% H2 ^2 l1 _4 h6 GB.  How was the number in A obtained, i.e. what did they actually do? A flow diagram of
$ u' A3 z* c4 ftheir procedure is usually helpful. 8 l4 l' d5 b! l! D
C.  What numbers are really wanted, i.e., must be calculated? ! I9 z/ T5 u# I) U- z
D.  What information is necessary to calculate the numbers in C, and where did they get
5 w$ v7 I2 s5 E; `7 y% dthis information (from a table, experimental control, or “common knowledge?’).
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3.  WHAT are the results? * q7 T+ I% y5 \, p$ ~5 `( L
What is the translation into English of the data in their figures, tables and/or pictures? 6 k' z& Z/ a& ?1 L3 l
The additional Q “How do you actually calculate the numbers wanted in C?’ is implicit in the
. t: w7 K7 r* R. yone. You may want to make this into a separate, explicit Q (2E).
8 O! C. B+ |2 X3 M6 o(This is really a translation of the conclusions and not the results.) For now overlook the
! s* D2 W" l( N7 f& r5 Cdistinction between the results and the (obvious) conclusions in the answer to this question " e% z( }1 Y% G2 w3 f: z6 {
because we have found that it is not worthwhile to stress this issue at the beginning of the 3 Y8 a8 t- {- v, u/ g
term while the students are still struggling with Q  1 and 2. Q 4, which is specifically
& c" o9 H% e6 E; Hdesigned to emphasize this issue is introduced as soon as the students learn how to answer ( [. E1 r7 j1 Z, _0 P# [
Q 1-3. * D- n3 r6 h* Y) Q
4.  WHAT can conclude from the results? (Assume for the time being, that you can take the
0 f0 w$ ~6 [: G7 [7 \: O& ~% f. Eresults at face value – in other words, assume they did both the experiments and 0 T; G7 z) v& Z
calculations correctly. Whether or not they really “did it right” is Q5.).
' |0 M2 `- B) |A.  Do the results support the stated conclusion or interpretation of the authors?
9 s9 H" S; \! t  D8 P7 o8 yB.  Do the results prove the stated conclusion, i.e., do they rule out any of the stated or 9 |8 v: P; i* g
unstated alternatives? To check this point considers what the figures and tables would
' I+ T3 F) z' E9 Ilook like if an alternative interpretation were correct. Could you really tell the difference?
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5.  (WHETHER) Did they do everything correctly? % Z7 H' |7 d) k( e
A.  Could anything be wrong with their experimental methods?
) S+ G% Y% J4 |/ _& wB.  Could anything be wrong with their theoretical methods?
, ]( D& @6 Q- ?(Did they use the right formulas, make reasonable assumptions, etc.?) 7 M$ b, V% w1 k9 g3 R2 e: s
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goodboy

回复 gact 的帖子! ]% G1 x5 F% S' ~' Q/ w

- }' n- D) n' C& r) l我也想加别人为好友，但是权限不够啊

龟酱

回复 gact 的帖子+ D! x& Z- Y6 w8 a" D" U+ K
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你好，我是一名将上大二的学生，试着翻译了一下，
& P+ v) ]1 `' N  y0 k有些语言可能并不通顺，请大家批评指正 owo" @  J) B- \; X: `2 }! z
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如何阅读科学文献
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9 [5 D% x* A0 n( J( _% U% @6 E思考五条十分有帮助的问题7 f2 r0 R' J7 G2 r. X4 }( }9 S
1.        为什么做这个试验？
$ v- N1 @/ j9 j: G% A% A1.1作者想要建立、证明或推翻的观点是什么？/ h$ n/ I. \2 ^$ {& l
1.2 这个问题是如何提出的？. e6 U2 Z4 ^8 ]' d4 X3 Q) L' s
1.3 这个问题为什么有必要解决？# U9 }$ ?4 j" p4 b) {, z- b0 F9 {1 k
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2.        这个试验是如何实际操作的？& z1 ]' s$ D. N. d
2.1        测量的数据或数量是什么？* x: W1 w$ x3 X( E% L3 F
2.2        2.1中的数据如何获得？换句话说，他们究竟在做什么？作业框图对他们的流程是否有帮助？
# N% M* `3 g  d+ E, [! y5 F$ Y2.3        他们最终要的数据是什么？换句话说，计算的是什么？
/ G* v0 ]" ^' W7 C6 B: ]) g2.4        要得到2.3的数据，哪些信息是必要的，哪里能取得这些信息（从表格、试验得到、还是“常识”）？
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3.        试验结果是什么？! V1 m2 J  d) S, ~) Z
要翻译成英语的资料应该用什么形式表现，表格，还是图片？
0 d5 R+ j! \# X$ g2 U附加问题“现实情况中，你如何测得2.3中想要的数据？”在这里有暗示。（之后的这句没看懂，请见谅。You may want to make this into a separate, explicit Q (2E）
1 T" G1 {& w- i(这其实是对结论而不是结果的翻译)现在总结一下结果和（显著的）结论间的差异便是这个问题的答案。因为我们发现学生们在项目开始时焦头烂额想解决问题1、2、4是没有必要的，这些问题将在学生们学会如何回答问题1-3时会得到着重明确的介绍。6 w; a7 B" \( U
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4.        从试验结果中可以总结出什么？（暂且先做个假设，那样你可以得到预期结果——换句话说，假设试验和结论都正确。而是否真是这样，请参考问题5。）$ Y) D) R4 s, D0 |: }
4.1        这个结果是否支持所阐述的结论或者能否得到作者的解释？) Y& W) a) [! S2 s- ~& k
4.2        这个结果是否可以证明所阐述的的结论，换句话说，它们是否在阐明或未阐明的啊、方案之外?为了验证这点，要考虑到是否能由一个正确的解释替代现有的图表和表格。你真的能说出它们间的差异么？
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0 t. P+ k7 I1 z4 Q  _1 B, P1 h2 ^5.        (不知这里的“whether”怎么翻译)他们做的一切都是正确的吗？
- Z5 k+ a$ `, ^" n& c' r& K4 J4 G9 L) U5.1        他们的试验方法中是否有错误？* ?( R0 ^" c" e& t( V
5.2        他们的理论上的方法是否有错误？
# d( J# ?: p4 R6 T' G- Y9 P3 r1 |（他们是否选用了正确的配方，做出了合理假设，等等。）
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gact

不错的啊，，大二的。。

kosmos.y

看看，好像不错

昕昕

今天再看下  

s06806

一楼的位置好啊..  

nauticus

慢慢来，呵呵  

haha3245

好贴子好多啊