一篇讨论干细胞与肝脏再生、肝纤维化及肝脏肿瘤的文献

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一篇讨论干细胞与肝脏再生、肝纤维化及肝脏肿瘤的文献，其中不少东东值得我们学习。
+ y9 M9 B: Q8 y3 qThe worldwide shortage of donor livers to transplant end stage liver disease patients has
5 c/ t4 I7 f! m% R2 h) mprompted the search for alternative cell therapies for intractable liver diseases, such as acute# Q$ V- c8 {) T! N
liver failure, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Under normal circumstances$ W6 h; m% K4 L! _5 g/ Z- }$ g
the liver undergoes a low rate of hepatocyte ‘wear and tear’ renewal, but can mount a
% r6 _3 T- U' d) `/ w) wbrisk regenerative response to the acute loss of two-thirds or more of the parenchymal
! u; q8 H9 A  a7 J7 X' |mass. A body of evidence favours placement of a stem cell niche in the periportal regions,
, H# \4 t; G8 ~+ Calthough the identity of such stem cells in rodents and man is far from clear. In animal
0 I2 K, l5 H. V4 D8 i. y" G: kmodels of liver disease, adopting strategies to provide a selective advantage for transplanted
% T* ]- u% a& }! {  T- ehepatocytes has proved highly effective in repopulating recipient livers, but the poor success3 ^$ F- L# d/ p8 t
of today’s hepatocyte transplants can be attributed to the lack of a clinically applicable
8 o0 E. \% z$ K* g" A+ b7 Z$ gprocedure to force a similar repopulation of the human liver. The activation of bipotential
5 I! t4 i4 Z7 M8 }5 U6 X$ nhepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) is clearly vital for survival in many cases of acute liver
2 @: ^4 A" X7 O2 A1 O. {- u: ofailure, and the signals that promote such reactions are being elucidated. Bone marrow
9 F' y6 f& ~. v: a$ `2 J9 @( Scells (BMCs) make, at best, a trivial contribution to hepatocyte replacement after damage,; l! c2 ]# K* `3 I
but other BMCs contribute to the hepatic collagen-producing cell population, resulting in( Q* [3 m# S* l( ^9 E% A
fibrotic disease; paradoxically, BMC transplantation may help alleviate established fibrotic6 w& @* h& y) ]9 P, L. ^* ]' X
disease. HCC may have its origins in either hepatocytes or HPCs, and HCCs, like other
& [! p) {$ w% W4 W: H; Isolid tumours appear to be sustained by a minority population of cancer stem cells.
  y) H& \- U: d) j! k! [+ {2 I( Y" V2 }! m7 Z

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