肿瘤研究中的里程碑

jiays

肿瘤研究中的里程碑，nature cancer review总结如下
9 ^8 a3 T* R; OMilestones timeline : Nature Milestones in Cancer
( ~; ~: \% a7 F& T& l1889-1. Seed and soil hypothesis
9 o) L+ q, a, Q1890-2. Cancer as a genetic disease
  a  O. D, y! U1 W+ F1909-3. Immune surveillance2 t: c/ ]4 @! ?) D5 L5 P4 o* Q2 n
1910-4. Viruses and cancer# b- K  ]4 I: S1 j. F  R
1915-5. Hormones and cancer
% g2 n& p" Y1 n+ O4 B2 T, a% w1937-6. Cancer stem cells * |5 U. W+ {6 M5 X0 s/ @2 ]' Q  E
1939-7. Angiogenesis( g! q# U( D/ [  r
1950-8. Smoking and cancer
! e1 f& C- K3 I1953-9. Two-hit hypothesis 6 W1 V/ Q" u% @3 Y" ~- Q' L  a
1960-10. Chromosome translocations
0 W5 d# K( ]6 @; ?% h7 o1971-11. Tumour suppressor genes. t) d: g+ X% ^  l- {" c
1972-12. Apoptosis and cancer
5 H% I4 J, q) O) p: a; a1975-13. Tumour microenvironment+ N) S' |% a* ]& B
1976-14. Clonal evolution & multistep tumourigenesis ' W* e% l8 V2 @( ~  q: \
1976-15. Cellular homologues of viral oncogenes$ x0 X5 I3 \& F8 D; ~& w
1978-16. Oncogenes encode proteins that regulate cell growth / c# o, k/ v; J# ?; l0 Q
1979-17. First human oncogene
! N; V% L) n7 g; f8 B1983-18. Oncogene co-operation & e" R) d% t3 N" P# v/ I
1983-19. Cancer epigenetics( x) A- _; c  [. z" ]0 V$ L+ P! s
1989-20. Cell cycle and DNA damage checkpoints
0 T, w& r/ {$ }" m1990-21. Genetic basis for cancer predisposition 7 F& I2 X- b: k4 G# w8 L2 C( P/ W$ C
1990-22. Mechanisms of genetic instability in cancer
7 F2 x6 B4 c& M3 u1999-23. Cancer profiling
2 l- k& o/ v9 D+ I3 {2001-24. Targeted cancer therapy& w7 [' P+ ~2 P" \

chenlin

一篇不错的科普文

wzx6660

谢谢分享

xtxxtx1984531

xiexie fengxiang

lovelysun

谢谢！这样对肿瘤发展史也有个简单的profile了~

sunsong7

50 Years of Milestones in the Fight Against Cancer
& ^/ a' c3 i. o& J" y1 Ihttp://www.webmd.com/prostate-ca ... -in-cancer-research7 T4 Y( [: p: d
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Today people can live for years with some forms of cancer; other forms of cancer can be cured.0 M; ^2 F- I0 f% [
By Daniel J. DeNoon
. M- Y9 b& I5 S: a# y" m1 KWebMD FeatureReviewed by Louise Chang, MDFor every milestone in cancer research, there are countless men and women to thank. Through their creativity and dogged determination, people have hope in preventing, living with, even curing some forms of cancer.
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: p  S) e3 j) b0 _: u' Z% t  v% PHere are just a few of the milestones in the war on cancer, and some of the researchers who made them: : y8 n4 f, F4 F$ n' Y" q

! C# c! t2 E8 s* A8 u4 z: YRecommended Related to Prostate CancerYour Prostate Cancer Treatment Options 1 U/ g$ T- {6 S; i3 r0 h, e" d
2 J* ~# X2 n$ U6 I6 ?7 H# {2 ]
The outlook for men diagnosed with prostate cancer has never been brighter. Doctors now have a variety of ways to treat prostate cancer, including surgery, radiation, and drugs that slow the growth of cancer cells. Both the safety and effectiveness of prostate cancer treatments has been steadily improving. That’s good news, of course. But with so many different approaches to prostate cancer treatment, each with its own benefits and risks, weighing your options and choosing the most appropriate...9 _& Q1 @; v9 f- ^, P

" y1 |! L' f2 x% g5 ?9 TRead the Your Prostate Cancer Treatment Options article > >
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) x9 {: k+ w" ?0 C, S1954/ {' b6 R8 p/ U* V
Study shows first link between smoking and lung cancer. ) H, n! s" A/ j$ a5 i

& |  P2 ]+ b) I; e- z9 \- c1955
$ y" B& X" |3 k% {Researcher finds that the male hormone testosterone and the female hormone estrogen drive the growth of prostate and breast cancers, respectively. Research receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1966. Learn more about the causes of prostate and breast cancer.
! P4 m, Y  }" A1 c; Y/ I# x" [8 Z$ a4 F. r
1958
; e5 R& E% Q# }- B8 CScientist develops 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapy drug used to treat many cancers. It is a first-line treatment for colon cancer.
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8 [. Z5 \) F6 w5 ~1959
  T& N. F' a& l; TScientist discovers growth factors; substances that can help tumors grow. Research wins Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986. 6 ~8 \1 J9 G. X6 \( i2 C# X7 O

# Y6 L9 l6 `! g9 [( yCancer Prevention Study I begins. Study will eventually be the first to link cigarette smoking to early death from lung cancer. % P! k" b- I( ~4 U* ~: b

- c! j& ]: S9 Y7 D* m6 N1960& Z$ U. d% t) q3 `. x7 A# w+ e
American Cancer Society advocates widespread use of the Pap smear . This simple test results in more than a 70% decrease in deaths from cervical and uterine cancers. . l% ]* X2 d! e5 T

* e+ c! Z8 r' x7 }; ]- O1961
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/ ~) x: I. u! e* g" W0 [( x& P& aJudah Folkman, MD, of Harvard University discovers that tumors create a network of blood vessels to bring them oxygen so they can grow. He calls this process angiogenesis.& O: D5 m; y$ i: W9 W1 P4 e3 [& i8 _
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19668 n' H; E) J2 h- o& H
Henry Lynch, MD, describes the first hereditary cancer family syndrome . 8 `. A3 x/ w; M! c, o
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19709 N  Q  o$ ]* L) k
Surgeon General announces that cigarette smoking is definitely linked to cancer.
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The first cancer-causing gene, or oncogene, is discovered.
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Also during the '70s:
% U" \# B/ X7 ^9 qA handful of forward-thinking surgeons say that simple mastectomy -- removal of only the breast itself -- is just as effective as a radical mastectomy. ( n+ [. p; D: ^1 y+ y# y

: c0 s9 ]8 g5 i1 |3 |Surgeons begin studying lumpectomy followed by radiation therapy as an alternative to radical mastectomy.
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Among those visionary breast cancer researchers: Bernard Fisher, MD, director of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, and Umberto Veronesi, MD, researcher with the European Institute of Oncology in Milan, Italy. Both launched long-term studies of these techniques. 0 r* U2 |6 D/ l4 A8 A; K

( f% t) x5 e% E7 u/ L8 H1971
6 W3 R0 ^5 O* _6 _4 C& ?President Richard Nixon declares a national war on cancer. The National Cancer Act is signed by President Nixon, establishing a national program to search for a cancer cure.
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) K' ], [5 o8 w7 M1 z* E1972
2 _; O0 O- r; E5 s: a3 T8 ~Scientist pioneers the technique of bone marrow transplantation to treat cancer. Researchers receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990. 2 D- h# _. g3 _5 u
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1973: f; p2 Q/ _* n! ^' R4 o! K
Paul Berg, PhD, clones the first gene. He receives Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980. . t- S% }( P- {. ^% M% H$ |

' H, `9 O" |- Y: L/ f1974
3 M, \0 C: O& Q% u. |! q% O; ZScientist V. Craig Jordan, PhD, shows that the drug tamoxifen prevents breast cancer in rats by binding to the estrogen receptor. Learn more about tamoxifen.7 b9 B: Z+ Q+ M. l. \- {
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1975$ c6 w5 F  R# `
Researchers develop technology that leads to the development of a monoclonal antibody that can enhance the immune system. This research leads to the development of several promising cancer drugs in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The researchers receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984.
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1978
4 L4 v) E- b& c& Y- q. uResearchers develop procedures to sequence DNA, which allows scientists to study the actions of specific genes. This research receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980. $ V% S5 A' ?8 ]: t3 Z' d: w- A, b

3 k8 B+ }, B' w( k4 f) ITamoxifen is approved by the FDA for treating estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. 3 u! w$ K9 V, q; }
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Researchers develop and carry out the first trial of tamoxifen to prevent recurrence in breast cancer survivors.
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1979
5 o1 f, d$ h8 J- |  U( |Researcher finds the first cancer-causing gene - an oncogene -- in human bladder cancer. More than 50 oncogenes are known today.
, A+ ^# ?% E- p; ~6 n4 T5 Y$ N5 K& s) F$ J  H  z! i. R
Scientist discovers the p53 protein, later found to be the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer. / l: N' j8 c8 n+ o1 Z
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1980, `9 a0 B: ^! `: ~0 }
Researchers discover the first virus that causes cancer, HTLV-1, which causes T-cell leukemia in humans.
9 ~; \- J' Z% M# S2 L$ F8 V( t  P2 {8 W  Q0 f* ~3 W
Early detection guidelines are set for breast cancer. 4 w, c# a& X' _; F) T( Y% B8 j$ @
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1981- `  [& r) Q' [: c
Scientists develop the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test for screening and early detection of prostate cancer.
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8 I; B4 m. f7 ~* z1982
# w; Y0 M* A* Q* ]" T+ Y9 c9 y" \Researcher develops the first "transgenic mouse," a mouse with a gene for rat growth hormone, opening up new ways to research how cancers are caused and treated.
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# y3 W; m6 E0 e1983( r6 [& i+ D1 d4 J8 Z! f% T$ g9 o0 n( W
Scientist discovers the role of dendritic cells, which later become the basis for vaccines to treat cancer.
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, P, L0 K) j) M! ]1984
, J% e' W& h$ E) [7 h: h9 F. _4 O% Q& s6 I& R# S: B! j6 N2 R/ T
Judah Folkman's team finds the first angiogenic factor, paving the way for new drug development.) X* f6 l6 }0 n/ e7 \0 @
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1985
: b0 i$ Z0 l9 S4 G$ z$ j1 aResearcher demonstrates that lumpectomy plus radiation is equivalent to mastectomy for breast cancer survival.
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, ~2 ]1 r2 B( m0 k" C6 q2 @( s1986
6 z, H4 J- L! x9 `2 ?8 lResearcher clones the first of some 20 now-known genes that can suppress tumors, the retinoblastoma gene of a childhood eye cancer. * f5 q  O0 a, Y$ G
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1988' h) S; [: e$ h( n! N2 e6 Q0 Q) {
A compound called taxol, derived from the bark of the pacific yew tree, is hailed as the most promising new cancer drug in decades. It quickly becomes the standard therapy for ovarian cancer and is also used in treating lung and breast cancers. ) D0 V% F1 R' ]& w

$ H7 T  i0 a2 ODennis Slamon, MD, discovers that the HER2/neu receptor is overexpressed in 15% to 30% of breast cancers and is an unfavorable prognostic feature.
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& z% U3 e7 Y/ I- m1989-1991 ' i1 n  Z9 z6 O
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The race is on to discover more angiogenic factors to suppress the growth of tumors. A team of scientists discover VEGF in 1989. Folkman discovers angiostatin and endostatin in 1991.
8 e4 _! B  Z2 i# I* d" C2 u) e  Q7 E' R! P( s' \# H- c4 d' [; V, o6 e7 q
1990-1992  x" M# P+ Y$ z: u( U
The Cancer Prevention Trial II shows a lower risk of colon cancer among people who eat diets rich in fruits and vegetables. Data from the Cancer Prevention Trial II also show a lower risk in people who take aspirin regularly.8 |$ U6 d2 W; c

4 v! Y' j' s6 y+ |% [  C4 V* `Cancer-causing agents in the environment -- such as radiation from the sun and chemicals from cigarette smoke -- became more closely linked to specific gene damage that can cause cancers.  # s! j) i8 D3 [; k( ~
& W5 n7 C# U. m$ r
1993
! R, B2 {3 i" I& j* W  b2 o  h. a  cFirst use of stem cell transplantation to treat leukemia and lymphoma.
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$ t) t5 S$ e( DThe rate of smoking drops from 45% of the population in 1946 to 25% of people.
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1994 $ `* |( u% w% d' |! K5 z! \$ M
The first breast cancer gene (BRCA1) is discovered. BRCA1 is a tumor-suppressor gene linked to breast and ovarian cancer. Learn more about the genetics of breast cancer.) m  S% Y2 W  q
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Exercise found to reduce risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women.
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1995
) O) h3 n* _; p. T4 @. C. U; n8 OThe second breast cancer gene (BRCA2) is discovered.+ E5 E7 A# u  {' l/ C4 F) G
7 V2 y* c# t+ q7 s8 C
Walter Willett, MD, DrPH, shows that a Mediterranean diet rich in tomato sauce and olive oil may help prevent prostate cancer.
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: B3 d- j, P& e# T$ m; U1 _19969 F4 o( O& p3 X, [) s* ~. K  S% q5 D8 H
American Cancer Society Guidelines on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer affirm that one-third of all cancer deaths can be prevented through healthy eating and physical activity .
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Cancer Prevention Study II shows increase in lung cancer deaths among nonsmoking spouses of smokers. It also shows that secondhand smoke causes increased death from heart disease. 4 ^! P4 ?% J) r, _  v/ e5 H* Y

# z2 a7 p/ N; PIrinotecan is approved for treating advanced colon cancer. 0 e; A( {4 F4 `0 B% W
& G& T' n( h8 L1 G
Scientist reports that selenium reduces the risk of lung, colon, and prostate cancer. 8 K% l  H. z3 f5 c+ c* V8 M6 o
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1997
) n* |9 z2 P) T! NFirst overall decrease in cancer deaths is documented. Cancer deaths fell 0.5% per year between 1990 and 1995.
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1 ?4 @: j/ C6 q" R3 IResearchers clone the gene for telomerase, an enzyme believed to be specific for cancer cells. 3 x2 o+ G9 W, a+ q* `" f
$ I+ W; N! P! c$ G5 ?5 [
Judah Folkman, MD, and Timothy Browder, MD, cure cancer in mice by blocking the blood supply of tumors with angiostatin and endostatin (anti-angiogenesis). Testing of the anti-angiogenesis drug Avastin begins in people.
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FDA approves monoclonal antibody therapy (Rituxan) for B-cell lymphoma. By 1998, the overall five-year survival rates for the disease are improved to 58%.
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" h  y2 R# m8 E- Q% W+ o19981 y* p( i2 W1 C" G
New cases of cancer decline. Overall cancer incidence rates fell 0.7% per year between 1990 and 1995.
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Scientist reports that tamoxifen reduces the incidence of breast cancer by 45% in high-risk women, the first successful study of treatments to prevent breast cancer. ; L, o* r: }4 F8 `" X0 K

" M- T# q% r8 f/ N: U' |, FDennis Slamon, MD, PhD, shows that a genetically engineered monoclonal antibody called Herceptin improves survival of women with advanced breast cancer. FDA grants approval of the novel drug to treat advanced breast cancer. . f: |+ x( n6 Z: f3 x

' C% F/ V- i- [) N5 {. {  g5 J8 U3 Y1999, d8 ?$ M$ q/ B3 A- u
V. Craig Jordan, PhD, reports that Evista reduces the risk of breast cancer by 76% in postmenopausal women with bone-thinning osteoporosis.
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' [5 y+ c0 Q) [, x7 W0 KScientists turn a normal human cell into a cancer cell with three defined elements: an oncogene, inactivation of two suppressor genes, and the gene for telomerase.
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Cancer incidence and mortality rates continue to decline. $ m5 l1 B, n2 d4 M1 _9 K: \
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2000* G+ |# [6 @1 x7 b* R6 M4 V
Brian Druker, MD, begins phase II trial of STI-571 (Gleevec), a drug that inhibits an enzyme present only in chronic myelogenous leukemia (9CML) cells, after it caused remission in all 31 CML patients of his phase I study.
; o1 J5 p1 {7 D. J, }2 v' r' ^. R* F, m7 s6 L) }$ U$ V1 N
The draft sequence of the human genome is announced.
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A team of scientists announce that the combination of chemotherapy with p53 gene therapy caused tumors to shrink in 25% to 30% of head and neck cancer patients. 9 {2 r  G  h9 o7 z

2 l: c* C+ Z+ n& bResearchers report that an experimental monoclonal antibody, IMC-C225 (will become Erbitux), is effective in the treatment of refractory colon and head and neck cancers. : h, f( u+ e1 v

6 S( y& y+ ^2 ^3 F" C* XAfter three years of study, arsenic (Trisenox) is approved as an orphan drug for treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Orphan drugs treat rare medical conditions; manufacturers receive financial incentives to develop such drugs.
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The Cox-2 inhibitor Celebrex is approved by the FDA for the prevention of colon cancer polyps in individuals carrying a specific gene that causes familial adenomatous polyposis, a form of colon cancer. In April 2005, the FDA asked that Celebrex carry new warnings about the potential risk of heart attacks and strokes as well as potential stomach ulcer bleeding risks. Clinical trials for prevention of sporadic colon cancer and other cancers are ongoing. 8 a, ?1 W" ^7 m2 m
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Researchers report that the first human clinical trials of endostatin (an anti-angiogenesis drug) show that it is safe and may have anticancer potential.
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2001+ J% K+ ]9 v' v3 J; Z% v% e3 l/ F
FDA approves Gleevec (formerly STI 571) for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. 3 @* ^( A, Z: P* r  e1 V

  @4 }$ e3 Q( F- N. I$ V& x- fResearchers report that IMC-C225 plus the drug Camptosar produced a response in colorectal cancers resistant to standard treatment in phase II trials. IMC-C225, later renamed Erbitux, is a monoclonal antibody that slows cancer growth by targeting a protein found on the surface of some cells called the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR plays a role in regulating cell growth.
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+ I6 c! n% ?3 q, `; x) jFDA approves a new hormone therapy drug, Femara, to treat advanced breast cancer.
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7 v3 W1 Z: P) \( [Judah Folkman, MD, predicts cancer will be "treatable" within the next decade. ' x+ B# H  I0 i4 p5 H( U
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2002
7 z5 O. r4 g. V/ D/ b% qResearchers announce some success with a vaccine to prevent cervical cancer .
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/ y( y* l: O" w2 q$ g4 lDNA microarray technology (gene chip) is successful in predicting which node-negative breast cancer patients will go on to develop metastasis and thus benefit from aggressive adjuvant therapy.
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; |. [* s1 @, I1 MResearchers announce a new screening test for colon cancer that detects specific genetic abnormalities in stool samples of up to 70% of patients with colon cancer.
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20030 H3 J, k; U# G$ S4 c5 g& n
Studies show the potential superiority of two new hormone therapies for breast cancer, Arimidex and Femara. " q+ L+ y  G% b: ^" Y9 E( p+ d, S

3 O/ S& I2 S1 N5 n) {; V( D, DStudy shows that Avastin improves survival for people with advanced colon cancer.
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Learn about these two major cancer advancements., I3 l* w- j7 E5 M* w/ {! r2 t5 o
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2004; l9 ?# O3 Z& ^8 a- g. R+ t
Researchers find that a simple blood test helps predict colon cancer.$ S: i1 C8 n2 t! w. S) G
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, b  a  K) l: e- M, M6 M+ U* X1 q
3 B# u' X/ J4 R- A" C- N" `$ hFDA approves Erbitux to treat colon cancer.
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0 I0 a1 D) E- p* i# R2 `' AAvastin becomes the first anti-angiogenesis drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Other anti-angiogenesis drugs are in the pipeline for approval.
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! i3 N$ Z8 L! P1 S* Z2006+ M3 A4 L5 A9 L% j1 o
FDA approves Gardasil, a vaccine that protects against the virus that causes most cervical cancers.
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sunsong7

4 l& P- ^. A' l: c; e  Y- r) p) ]5 x. W, q' Z& J

Milestones in the Fight Against Cancer  2003200420052006200720082009 2009

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http://cancer.iaea.org/milestone.asp
! v9 v9 r; K9 g2009
! K! q( w. Y% t5 k/ s        A Joint Programme on Cancer Control is formally signed between WHO headquarters and IAEA. The Joint Programme dovetails WHO's leadership on global health with the IAEA's expertise in radiation medicine. The first WHO-IAEA Steering Committee Meeting was held in Vienna in July.
/ x1 m/ g' H3 ]        PACT formalizes its partnership with the Lance Armstrong Foundation (LAF). The IAEA joins LAF and other key international health organizations for the first LIVESTRONG Global Cancer Summit, held in Dublin, Ireland, in August. The Summit brought together some 500 participants from 65 countries to mobilize support to fight the growing global cancer crisis.
# _& i( V. k6 w( v* Q' t7 i        PACT and its international partners including WHO complete preliminary imPACT missions to Mongolia in July and to Uganda in August. The missions are the first step in assisting the countries to develop and implement National Cancer Control Programmes.
$ y& ?' Z- R3 b. }        In June and July, two Regional Coordination and Planning meetings on Cancer Control brought together policy makers from 36 Member States in the Africa and Asia and Pacific regions. The meetings, supported by WHO and 20 international experts, were convened by PACT and the IAEA Technical Cooperation Programme. , B- s) a# _! Z6 O- T4 x. ^
        On the sidelines of the first International Conference on Advances in Radiation Oncology, held in Vienna in April, PACT organized a meeting with manufacturers of radiation based cancer therapy equipment to encourage them to make their technologies more portable and affordable for developing countries.
6 f  |) }" ~) h8 B! S6 f4 u$ \7 D        Nicaragua, a PACT Model Demonstration site, bolsters its fight against cancer with the launch in March of a US $750 000 Equinox radiotherapy machine. The machine, donated by MDS Nordion/Best Medical International through the PACT programme, will treat thousands of cancer patients every year. 0 ~) a  H4 z9 r  a$ R
        In February, PACT funded three cancer experts on a mission to the Tanzania PMDS to assess the capacity of existing infrastructure and determine training requirements for faculty in radiation oncology and nuclear medicine at the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS). 2 p, O/ e9 E1 {4 l
        Two United Nations-related organizations join PACT's fight against cancer. The United Nations Women's Guild of Vienna donates

sunsong7

2008- Q0 [5 r; [0 c  }* C0 E; D0 }
        WHO releases a report showing that cancer will surpass heart disease as the world's number one killer. Developing countries will be hardest hit, with cancer incidence growing by as much as 38% by 2030.
* h& C+ b7 V5 A  z& S+ L        PACT mobilizes $13.5 million in long term development loans for cancer control in Ghana, funded by the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) and the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA). 6 [# X: x2 [4 a7 I; x& {
        All PACT countries complete National Cancer Control Plans. Shared and immediate cancer priorities include palliative care to help the vast majority of patients arriving with late stages of the disease, and screening programmes for cervical cancer, one of the deadliest forms of cancer for women in developing countries.
# d! ]9 h) m  y* T1 [        Monaco hosts Mohamed El Baradei, IAEA Director General, at a special gala dinner to build awareness for PACT. 9 T0 G: V: f7 N0 R
        Member States and PACT partners contribute a total of $1.5 million in cost free short-term experts between 2004 and 2008 to PACT projects, adding to an additional $1.5 million in 2008 donations from Member States, organizations and individuals.
+ C; o& n+ ]0 y# z1 T  `. D4 Q        Member States continue to see the value and necessity of PACT's work. To date, over 50 low and middle income Member States have formally requested assistance from PACT to assess the cancer burden in their countries, design strategies to address it, and mobilize resources.   s; f' i/ j! K
2007
1 n) M' f3 V6 H0 T6 K3 p/ }        Over 70 health professionals from developing countries are supported by PACT to attend international training courses on cancer control.
; ]. x$ P& V$ B, D        Albania, Nicaragua, Sri Lanka and Yemen hold their first national meetings on cancer control. Tanzania and Vietnam establish national Steering Committees and working groups begin to plan cancer control implementation priorities.
. K2 z3 f# s) T        OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) contributes $500,000 as seed funding for PMDS projects in Albania, Nicaragua and Tanzania brining total donations, pledges and in-kind contributions to over $2.4 million for the year.
; `6 u" e9 N# j% E        High level meetings in London under the auspices of PACT and the University of Oxford bring together top policy-makers, cancer professionals and donors from around the world. Health Ministers from more than 10 African countries attend to plan for cancer control programmes across the region.
, y# ^4 M9 K! a2 D9 K9 M- o/ D        More than 60 of the world's leading cancer experts are brought together by the IAEA and PACT to assess Latin America's growing cancer burden.
5 k3 r6 A( Q: m% M        The Republic of Korea establishes a unique fund to support PACT. It is the first time that individuals, rather than governments or large organisations, have been moved to voluntarily contribute towards PACT's activities, setting the stage for continued innovative fundraising efforts.
( i& }) T% _$ D- Q0 Q7 ?# f3 L. e2 D2006
! c* l; Q& u2 R5 Q! n% l, e        African Nobel Laureates Nelson Mandela and Archbishop Desmond Tutu, who is also a cancer survivor, voice support for PACT and its efforts to bring available technology and skills to fight cancer in Africa and other developing areas of the world. 9 a5 j! j6 q8 `, ~2 ~( A  M9 y
        First meeting of PACT partners is held, including International Union Against Cancer (UICC), American Cancer Society (ACS), US National Cancer Institute (NCI), International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research (INCTR), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), University of Oxford, WHO, and WHO regional offices. 9 h1 G  I3 C4 {$ b# C& u; x2 m' W9 o
        PACT Model Demonstration Sites (PMDS) for cancer control are established in collaboration with PACT partners and national governments in Albania, Nicaragua, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Vietnam and Yemen. The PMDS model bases PACT's work in one country for each WHO global region in order to focus efforts and help demonstrate the impact of global partners working together to fight cancer.
. j  V  }7 q7 a# k- I8 D2 q7 g( b        Norway contributes $653,000 and the U.S. Department of State announces additional contribution of $500,000 adding to donations from Croatia, Spain, Switzerland, New Zealand, Poland and the Czech Republic to raise over $2.8 million for PACT. . k/ `/ Y: H$ ?5 |( m* s6 U9 a
2005+ V, D9 b8 m, C, s) g; L, A  D. T
        World Health Assembly adopts resolution 58.22, on Cancer Prevention and Control, which recognizes that all countries should urgently take stock of their health service priorities and make cancer of prime importance at the national level. It welcomes the IAEA's PACT initiative and asks the Director General of WHO to explore the development of a joint program with IAEA on cancer prevention, control, treatment, and research.
. l+ v# I$ u% U& W( {0 s        IAEA Member States adopt a resolution at the IAEA General Conference to request continued support for PACT and its mandate of forging links between the private and public sectors to fight cancer.
' W, ]! D" @  q4 c        Nobel Peace Prize Awarded to IAEA. Board of Governors uses award money (

sunsong7

2004  B3 |# N# R: G$ d% ]  _
        WHO Executive Board recommends a first-of-a-kind Resolution in Cancer Prevention and Control to bring the world's attention to the cancer crisis in developing countries and its devastating social and economic consequences. 2 h; v+ e: P5 z
        IAEA Board of Governors endorses the creation of the Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT), building upon the IAEA's radiotherapy and nuclear imaging services to include the entire spectrum of cancer prevention and control. 5 T  ]9 d$ `; O! F  f6 \
        IAEA Member States endorse PACT in a General Conference Resolution.
' H- A( R3 w8 I4 w        US Department of State donates $300,000 to help support the conceptual and operational development of PACT. 2 Q! c2 |0 w/ O! g" ^8 N2 l6 ?
2003* s  f% O) b# E6 }* V
        New data on the shocking rise of cancer in developing countries leads the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) to issue a global call for action. WHO warns of a doubling of cancer cases in the developing world over the next 10 years. 84 million people, most of them in poor countries, will die by 2015 if action is not taken.
) p% Q9 t' e; J, I0 m/ x3 E        IAEA publishes the brochure Silent Crisis to highlight the IAEA's experiences and achievements in radiotherapy and nuclear imaging in developing countries — critical tools in the fight against cancer — and the growing need for these services. / ]. S! G# P. X" V$ o/ v" z& F! \

redmaple

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