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[自然要览]
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（选自英国Nature杂志，2011年1月20日出版）; j2 W+ w! n* T/ w5 L( J, V% A1 @
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' u) d* K6 r$ c1 l4 Y封面故事：用流行病学研究工具分析金融危机, S2 s; \3 n5 I# `! ]" E. N' I* i
Systemic risk in banking ecosystems3 Z1 _ {' C* y
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1556&issue=73307 i) t5 k L; v8 V3 f# i) P
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白血病细胞中的基因变异（Genetic variation in leukaemia cells）
# i( _, P0 ~2 O; DGenetic variegation of clonal architecture and propagating cells in leukaemia / Evolution of human BCR–ABL1 lymphoblastic leukaemia-initiating cells9 m8 W6 u( Y0 N* F( V' g, }
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1558&issue=7330
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研究转录过程的一个新方法（A closer look at transcription）! L0 E9 S2 x$ O& s0 ]) @
Nascent transcript sequencing visualizes transcription at nucleotide resolution
' q( F3 m' L/ zhttp://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1562&issue=7330
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黑洞怎样消耗其寄主星系（How black holes consume their host galaxies）
) | g, K8 T' @. J- J6 USupermassive black holes do not correlate with galaxy disks or pseudobulges / Supermassive black holes do not correlate with dark matter haloes of galaxies
% m6 V2 ~ w# o c4 Q$ R3 fhttp://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1564&issue=7330
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石墨烯层状结构的透射电子显微镜分析（Graphene patchwork analysed）
' H) f5 U- s8 g, c2 G9 BGrains and grain boundaries in single-layer graphene atomic patchwork quilts1 M! {3 ~) Z2 F# `/ O% q- i
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1525&issue=7330
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昆虫和微生物也懂“农业生产”（First steps in farming）5 X# L) Z/ \& z6 c- T# z
Primitive agriculture in a social amoeba
! M& D! r+ n, Z8 @; R7 ]6 xhttp://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1528&issue=7330, C* g2 V- m( c. O
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地点细胞的“先知先觉”（A sense of the next place）
: }( q* h" |# z8 p" |8 T, WPreplay of future place cell sequences by hippocampal cellular assemblies% S/ k# J0 q! v) W2 D$ j
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1531&issue=73308 O. N$ Q1 ?1 c7 _4 }: [4 u% R
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视网膜怎样产生方向感（How the retina gains a sense of direction）
6 s: T$ A# y% ? ?* j$ eDevelopment of asymmetric inhibition underlying direction selectivity in the retina / Spatially asymmetric reorganization of inhibition establishes a motion-sensitive circuit& t# Z6 N4 m! E J% z& n- g! }. h
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1534&issue=73309 v' W0 H% Y- {9 ?
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“增强”特征演化中所涉及基因被识别出来（The blooming of a species）6 V, v2 W5 Q4 @- [6 g% C/ a( N
Identification of two genes causing reinforcement in the Texas wildflower Phlox drummondii3 s3 }/ r& C3 C" M5 V$ R
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1540&issue=7330
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) T, I7 i* z7 d: E d! I4 a8 w7 @“潘氏细胞”的另一关键功能（Paneth cells carve out a niche）' q3 ]8 X1 u* Y9 j! @2 A
Paneth cells constitute the niche for Lgr5 stem cells in intestinal crypts
4 s9 u4 Y0 u6 }9 dhttp://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1540&issue=7330
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hBD-1具有强力抗菌性（Human β-defensin 1 shows its true colours）) E7 W( k( |9 O+ {
Reduction of disulphide bonds unmasks potent antimicrobial activity of human β-defensin 13 g# s% v" T* P
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1546&issue=7330
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7 Z4 H8 X0 l: {HIV-1衣壳的原子模型（The HIV-1 capsid modelled at the atomic level）* M; a6 d1 d! ~# ?" I
Atomic-level modelling of the HIV capsid- v2 a1 O0 u* l* r1 M7 A7 M
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1549&issue=73307 @& t3 R9 P. Z: |
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两种全麻药物的结构被确定（Structure of the general anaesthetic site）
# k- Z2 T% H2 P7 J( s7 G! I+ [X-ray structures of general anaesthetics bound to a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel1 a u8 I; U: l t5 y
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nat ... 1552&issue=7330) B8 }( o7 X6 \ z* h0 x
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NEWS & VIEWS: W& n' G+ ~- @* }* ~
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0 G: E9 m& _' m+ l8 I% b& @FORUM" @- _5 j2 h# D9 k
Financial systems: Ecology and economics pp302 - 3035 _ p1 x& a" F! @; D% w+ S
A growing body of literature deals with the application of theories developed in other disciplines to financial institutions, to which a paper in this issue now adds. As outlined here, however, views differ as to its relevance. See Perspectivep.351 @: i$ K' c; \! x. P1 r& @: Z
Neil Johnson and Thomas Lux4 y2 d$ ]9 k0 p; ]' u0 M6 z/ @% L
doi:10.1038/469302a
% T0 w- H% Z+ B$ e! s. ghttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7330/full/469302a.html
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Neuroscience: Seeing into the future pp303 - 304
' d# b2 P6 J5 k+ ~) D+ iThe resting brain recapitulates activity patterns that occurred during a recent experience, possibly to aid long-term memory formation. Surprisingly, corresponding brain activity also occurs before an event happens. See Letterp.397. \, I; Z/ S- A! u1 S$ _2 r
Edvard I. Moser and May-Britt Moser/ q I! b! z) h' o0 [( B G0 S# F( \: S
doi:10.1038/469303a. a8 f& ]) e3 u3 H0 a: X# G0 j
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7330/full/469303a.html9 X4 y# A9 _9 \) i( X
/ L7 E9 g( d! \0 fAstrophysics: How galaxies got their black holes pp305 - 306
5 B, W; S4 [8 t, @8 CThe massive compact objects in the centres of galaxies developed in at least two ways. One seems to be a natural result of galaxy formation in the Big Bang theory of the expanding Universe — the other is enigmatic. See Lettersp.374 & p.3770 [$ H) G0 I5 U/ j- K5 ~
P. James E. Peebles
# @3 K. D6 a* j0 r2 s- }doi:10.1038/469305a
" Q2 O2 q- Y8 E8 _http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7330/full/469305a.html! A) ?* U, }- C
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AIDS: Drugs that prevent HIV infection pp306 - 307/ {6 w1 J# ?5 c7 D1 o' ?$ W
Two human trials investigate the efficacy of a type of antiretroviral drug — usually used to treat HIV-infected individuals — in preventing HIV infection. The results are heartening.9 s+ z1 \: p4 l* Q# e
Mark A. Wainberg
* Z C. E: J `" R0 v& ~doi:10.1038/469306a% g9 i8 i- L' R% z1 d) X4 r
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7330/full/469306a.html+ s# m( m. C6 G7 q2 W& p
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Imaging: Spot the hotspot pp307 - 308* ?8 G% Q! M9 u1 t! G
Plasmonic hotspots — nanometre-sized crevices that permit the detection of single molecules — are too small to be imaged with conventional microscopes. They can now be probed using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. See Letterp.385: M5 ~- d5 ~6 E* {! o2 @; Y5 T. P
Martin Moskovits3 R6 ?5 _1 n- }: R0 p" i0 H
doi:10.1038/469307a# M/ [8 Q% P3 H. X" B* u
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7330/full/469307a.html
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Evolutionary biology: Farming writ small pp308 - 309- q5 w* S* k7 P b2 O
Social slime moulds graze on bacteria, but save some for transmission in their spores. Strains practising this primitive form of farming coexist with non-farmer strains in an intriguing cost–benefit equilibrium. See Letterp.393& o* z4 ?& u, l2 ~" U' K
Jacobus J. Boomsma4 }% F3 d. E9 L4 [! {7 `
doi:10.1038/469308a3 b* E. V7 i$ R5 T' [6 O; h$ {
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7330/full/469308a.html
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Immunology: Peptide gets in shape for self-defence pp309 - 3103 \% x# L5 O' Y2 m# u& a
The transformation of tadpole to frog and of caterpillar to butterfly are two of the more obvious examples of metamorphosis. But molecular shape-shifting may occur in each of us as part of our innate antibacterial defence system. See Letterp.419
& F* X1 X$ n+ a0 N+ CRobert I. Lehrer7 O# ^7 v: d) j
doi:10.1038/469309a
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Chemical biology: Catalytic detoxification pp310 - 311* @) P9 l J/ M4 P
Protein engineering of an enzyme that catalytically detoxifies organophosphate compounds in the body opens up fresh opportunities in the search for therapeutic protection against nerve agents used in chemical warfare.
! r0 p7 h4 z0 U3 i; w F' PFrank M. Raushel& o, ]# {7 X% Z
doi:10.1038/469310a' w0 A' w5 v3 o' _1 M9 o
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7330/full/469310a.html
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) v, a2 o+ c, A3 V7 d5 }INSIGHTS: K3 u5 V6 y: P3 T
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EDITORIAL4 W( s8 Z# f, e4 v& ~! H
Frontiers in biology p313- u. U+ I7 B" g& X! {3 N- U
Alex Eccleston, Barbara Marte, Deepa Nath and Clare Thomas
* z, ]7 a v7 Bdoi:10.1038/469313a
3 g! e( {) n0 b0 t& _/ ?http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7330/full/469313a.html# t" N1 b7 L, ^( N: Q; i+ l1 A) R9 o2 ~
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REVIEW
: E3 W3 c& i0 M: _. K- {* a4 ]Cells of origin in cancer pp314 - 322& l! x4 _9 l' U4 T
Jane E. Visvader
9 H% ~' |3 a5 h% s8 hdoi:10.1038/nature097812 O* C0 Z) Y5 [
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09781.html
. V) ~! q* s7 ]+ E/ N$ X4 R' ZArticle: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09781.html
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Autophagy in immunity and inflammation pp323 - 335
9 O" Z# }; ^/ \) v) m4 Z5 CBeth Levine, Noboru Mizushima and Herbert W. Virgin
. v! \; U5 g7 J1 Hdoi:10.1038/nature09782
; O [: @/ U/ i6 q+ K; H% ?Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09782.html
8 g* }8 m1 Z$ [- FArticle: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09782.html
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4 o% T, `, ^; M' c3 j @/ GPervasive roles of microRNAs in cardiovascular biology pp336 - 342
8 C% Q- T) S9 A* CEric M. Small and Eric N. Olson
# |3 [" i/ J/ I [2 e! p8 Ydoi:10.1038/nature09783
. \4 m M+ R3 {4 S( Z8 D& y' g; N" @Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09783.html" u6 t/ t. a3 W; K. V0 k
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09783.html
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The Polycomb complex PRC2 and its mark in life pp343 - 349
# M* V* U) k7 G+ K1 W! p* B+ S, \7 FRaphaël Margueron and Danny Reinberg# O, {% z, J- y% |% B' J5 Y
doi:10.1038/nature097848 t6 V" M* o% j6 D
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09784.html1 k+ K2 |. H# s0 y
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09784.html
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PERSPECTIVES
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Systemic risk in banking ecosystems pp351 - 355
; g5 z0 W( v. i: i- }) Z7 q! TAndrew G. Haldane and Robert M. May: L |/ b3 J; w; D5 H5 P
doi:10.1038/nature09659
2 C6 t n" O, X+ |1 c# e0 nAbstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09659.html
; d: K, h( y5 X3 I- @Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09659.html; u. n5 J* a2 I0 c% U' N
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ARTICLES
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0 ]+ C5 ]+ @3 R$ l1 wGenetic variegation of clonal architecture and propagating cells in leukaemia pp356 - 361# A: y0 H3 ^! \
Analysing single cells from human B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemias, this study maps the genetic heterogeneity of cells within a given tumour sample, the evolutionary path by which different subclones have emerged, and ongoing dynamic changes associated with relapse. Leukaemia-propagating cells that transplant the disease mirror the genetic variegation of the bulk tumours, providing insights into the heterogeneity of these functional subpopulations at the genetic level. This has implications for therapeutic approaches targeting the tumours and specifically leukaemia-propagating cells.
1 y: b1 E$ Q0 L& {Kristina Anderson et al.- r5 r: [; l% T: N$ K
doi:10.1038/nature096509 S! E4 X0 u. e9 Z r
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09650.html2 ~4 v, c# |4 L# E" _* k: E
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09650.html
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6 {% @5 N5 w3 _) \0 u- V0 oEvolution of human BCR–ABL1 lymphoblastic leukaemia-initiating cells pp362 - 367( r: e3 ^& [1 t$ P% T( \
Analysing human B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemias, this study maps the genetic heterogeneity of cells within a given tumour sample and the evolutionary path by which different subclones have emerged. Leukaemia-initiating cells that transplant the disease mirror the genetic variegation of the bulk tumours, providing insights into the heterogeneity of these functional subpopulations at the genetic level. This has implications for therapeutic approaches targeting the tumours and specifically leukaemia-initiating cells.
$ e: h0 p0 C3 }, r$ x; _- fFaiyaz Notta et al.7 R& g; g9 U' W( |! M: {
doi:10.1038/nature09733
9 z' f5 `: y( k$ ]. d6 A( BAbstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09733.html
& z4 T5 M. u) B/ JArticle: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09733.html0 ]( ]* P. G# h& \
: [, l8 P, b8 Z: DNascent transcript sequencing visualizes transcription at nucleotide resolution pp368 - 373
' H- G$ K& W4 [) WA novel technique called native elongating transcript sequencing (NET-seq) is described, which can quantify transcription with single nucleotide resolution. It is based on sequencing nascent transcripts associated with RNA polymerase II that are captured directly from live cells, and is used to gain insights into polymerase pausing and backtracking and the directionality of transcription.
3 y; ?8 _5 @6 e2 P2 }L. Stirling Churchman and Jonathan S. Weissman
' Y8 ~3 ]- V, P( L( _doi:10.1038/nature09652+ K' W' I( _) T+ C9 u$ @
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09652.html
1 {4 a0 H2 f! i% ~ h( UArticle: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09652.html
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2 U6 n/ R% F" r' f$ W# b4 n- d' CLETTERS; k3 n# [4 n( @+ N* u
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3 N% T0 [% ~. M* L6 _5 N+ P+ @' o SSupermassive black holes do not correlate with galaxy disks or pseudobulges pp374 - 3761 W3 T3 }* u2 @- s" @
The masses of supermassive black holes are known to correlate with the properties of the bulge components of their host galaxies. In contrast, they appear not to correlate with galaxy disks. Disk-grown pseudobulges are intermediate in properties between bulges and disks. This paper reports pseudobulge classifications for a sample of nearby galaxies, and combines them with recent measurements of velocity dispersions in the biggest bulgeless galaxies to confirm that black holes do not correlate with disks, and that they correlate little or not at all with pseudobulges.
{. M- d$ X" _/ Z/ a/ HJohn Kormendy, R. Bender and M. E. Cornell& ^- t; I8 O- p
doi:10.1038/nature09694
! u* |( i, M( z$ T; ^$ zAbstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09694.html; {, W1 f0 {" Q Y- A9 M) G/ I
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09694.html# [0 V+ w& P$ i! z/ w, Y2 I1 ^
0 ^1 Y% w, ~7 i7 n$ LSupermassive black holes do not correlate with dark matter haloes of galaxies pp377 - 380
0 N. y0 h- Q h5 E- U% a8 FSupermassive black holes have been detected in all galaxies that contain bulge components. Bigger black holes are found in bigger bulges, implying that black-hole growth and bulge formation regulate each other. Reports of a similar correlation between black holes and the dark matter haloes suggest that unknown, exotic physics controls black-hole growth. Here it is shown that there is almost no correlation between dark matter and parameters that measure black holes unless the galaxy also contains a bulge. It is concluded that black holes do not correlate directly with dark matter, and that black holes coevolve only with bulges.4 b/ Z0 b4 {+ l# ~+ c+ `; T/ g2 |
John Kormendy and Ralf Bender& w- h0 r! I3 v1 U. D( ~0 K
doi:10.1038/nature09695
4 p/ M9 V, q# x+ }1 D% Z1 u" TAbstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09695.html
' ?0 _' S8 p; f. lArticle: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09695.html
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t% L2 N4 q4 [. {% [+ wDirected self-assembly of a colloidal kagome lattice pp381 - 384$ ]' Y) Q0 h9 N: I u
This paper demonstrates a simple route for encoding a predetermined superstructure into the surface properties of colloidal spheres, enabling them to self-assemble into an intricate open crystalline lattice that is quite distinct from the close-packed periodic arrangements commonly encountered in colloidal crystals.1 b% X0 l8 ^/ g8 N% N0 @/ j$ |4 h
This paper demonstrates a simple route for encoding a predetermined superstructure into the surface properties of colloidal spheres, enabling them to self-assemble into an intricate open crystalline lattice that is quite distinct from the close-packed periodic arrangements commonly encountered in colloidal crystals.5 c; o6 \+ T8 }( P; Y$ `0 a
Qian Chen, Sung Chul Bae and Steve Granick
# G: b" [5 T' w; J i3 P( |doi:10.1038/nature09713$ I; ]( m% {6 s" L
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09713.html
6 O R4 a! A$ GArticle: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09713.html7 D! b/ L+ j; ]6 w5 |0 {" B
/ E( |( W. v5 n5 n* jProbing the electromagnetic field of a 15-nanometre hotspot by single molecule imaging pp385 - 388
" [9 [$ W7 i7 GOn rough metallic surfaces hotspots appear under optical illumination that concentrate light to tens of nanometres. This effect can be used to detect molecules, as weak fluorescence signals are strongly enhanced by the hotspots. Such hotspots are associated with localized electromagnetic modes, caused by the randomness of the surface texture, but the detailed profile of the local electromagnetic field is unknown. Here, an ingenious approach is described, making use of the Brownian motion of single molecules to probe the local field. The study succeeds in imaging the fluorescence enhancement profile of single hotspots on the surface of aluminium thin-film and silver nanoparticle clusters with accuracy down to one nanometre, and finds that the field distribution in a hotspot follows an exponential decay.
' n' Q9 I; _3 D$ z/ \: _1 ]Hu Cang et al.( f n9 N7 e/ \: l+ j
doi:10.1038/nature09698
6 H+ i9 h3 t# q; [Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09698.html+ C f) u2 {% q
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09698.html
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Grains and grain boundaries in single-layer graphene atomic patchwork quilts pp389 - 392% q- H2 g ]% v+ K
Single-atom-thick graphene sheets can be produced at metre scales, bringing large-area applications in electronics and photovoltaics closer. However, such large pieces can be expected to be polycrystalline, so that it is important to determine the nature and size of grains in large-area graphene. This paper uses a combination of old and new transmission electron microscope techniques to carry out atomic-resolution imaging at grain boundaries as well as mapping of the location, orientation and shape of several hundred grains and boundaries with diffraction-filtered imaging. By correlating grain imaging with scanned probe and transport measurements, it is shown that the grain boundaries dramatically weaken the mechanical strength of graphene membranes, but do not as dramatically alter their electrical properties.
, `& q2 W3 l; x* \Pinshane Y. Huang et al.
1 I% Y y5 o5 ~1 d3 L2 Odoi:10.1038/nature09718
8 Y0 F p: F6 `! b+ J5 _! ~Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09718.html( P4 V# J. [* w
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09718.html
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Primitive agriculture in a social amoeba pp393 - 396. Y" B* q' F8 W6 M+ A; w
Agriculture has been central to the success of humans and some social insects. This paper shows that social amoebae can do it too. Some isolates of Dictyostelium discoideum refrain from consuming all the available bacteria at a site and instead they incorporate them into their reproductive assemblages to seed a new bacterial crop at another location.5 n0 e- {- [- E$ Q$ h/ n
Debra A. Brock, Tracy E. Douglas, David C. Queller and Joan E. Strassmann. T, S X9 H9 ^ Z1 `; c. M2 p
doi:10.1038/nature09668. d3 ~. z& p0 b; z I) g1 i
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09668.html
; J- m- y+ X0 H8 c& @; o6 R4 EArticle: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09668.html& J( \7 ^. K5 r1 t; T) H/ g
( i/ c0 c$ t' [: A6 x- APreplay of future place cell sequences by hippocampal cellular assemblies pp397 - 401
8 ^0 o' J9 q% n5 \* R8 SPlace cells in the hippocampus track an animal's position as it travels through space. Previous work contends that sequential place cell maps are produced upon the initial navigation of a new area and subsequently consolidated at rest or during sleep. Here, place-cell firing patterns during rest or sleep are observed before a novel spatial experience, a phenomenon termed 'preplay'. These sequences were separate from the replay of pervious experience and suggest that internal dynamics during rest may organize cell assemblies to be ready for any novel encoding that may occur in the immediate future.& ~; V0 o" F9 ~- M
George Dragoi and Susumu Tonegawa
: F3 o3 D4 {) Jdoi:10.1038/nature096333 Q$ A# A0 u" L$ }$ Y1 w2 j, C- t& B j
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09633.html% ^* T7 @8 W/ u+ g& D y
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09633.html& r# K4 { | p! r
- U* ~4 r) [6 n- t5 N( m/ f& ZDevelopment of asymmetric inhibition underlying direction selectivity in the retina pp402 - 406
@8 F1 q: `3 B& d0 v) m+ eIn the retina, highly selective wiring from inhibitory cells contributes to determine the direction-selection characteristics of an individual ganglion cell, yet how the asymmetric wiring inherent to these connections is established was unknown. Here, two independent studies using complementary techniques, including pharmacology, electrophysiology and optogenetics, find that although inhibitory inputs to both sides of the direction-selective cell are uniform early in development, by the second postnatal week, inhibitory synapses on the null side strengthen whereas those on the preferred side remain constant. These plasticity changes occur independent of neural activity, indicating that a specific developmental program is executed to produce the direction-selective circuitry in the retina.
6 M1 l$ |# F# A1 ^Wei Wei, Aaron M. Hamby, Kaili Zhou and Marla B. Feller2 ~" ]+ t: n% W4 w* ?3 l
doi:10.1038/nature09600
3 b$ ]' r$ ^. @% Q& L. NAbstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09600.html$ f8 B5 G* w: I3 \
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09600.html
4 C3 C# L. Y/ S3 e
( U+ A- O: R' v' R Y5 f. lSpatially asymmetric reorganization of inhibition establishes a motion-sensitive circuit pp407 - 410* f5 Y" K/ D2 i& m- w5 B7 p
In the retina, highly selective wiring from inhibitory cells contributes to determine the direction-selection characteristics of an individual ganglion cell, yet how the asymmetric wiring inherent to these connections is established was unknown. Here, two independent studies using complementary techniques, including pharmacology, electrophysiology and optogenetics, find that although inhibitory inputs to both sides of the direction-selective cell are uniform early in development, by the second postnatal week, inhibitory synapses on the null side strengthen whereas those on the preferred side remain constant. These plasticity changes occur independent of neural activity, indicating that a specific developmental program is executed to produce the direction-selective circuitry in the retina.
' l) V8 w' F5 G; Y* \Keisuke Yonehara et al.% E8 g, C; p" q: l; }; C) k& t1 {
doi:10.1038/nature09711; R$ d- H, Y$ T }
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09711.html. m1 J. U3 a( \. N& B( G- \
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09711.html
5 y! y% l$ ~2 U8 _
) S, c9 |( [% y' tIdentification of two genes causing reinforcement in the Texas wildflower Phlox drummondii pp411 - 414. y# ^0 M" S5 n# Q% C, s
This study provides molecular insights into barriers to gene flow during the formation of species. The study identifies cis-regulatory mutations in two genes that cause a flower-colour change in the Texas wildflower Phlox drummondii and are part of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Flowers of plants that carry one of each mutation are of intermediate colour and therefore less frequently pollinated by insects, contributing to prezygotic as well as postzygotic isolation.
# o3 C" C' B: JRobin Hopkins and Mark D. Rausher
/ u. Y, O$ X* t; i' J: [+ Gdoi:10.1038/nature09641) V/ _& \7 N! B9 h: w
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09641.html6 @: ?( ^: ]+ q: N- V. |. ?; i" m
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09641.html: a3 |7 X) J5 _0 S3 _& L
2 u1 b" P- }5 P$ SPaneth cells constitute the niche for Lgr5 stem cells in intestinal crypts pp415 - 418
# f) C, ?- U2 j, a- m" K# sMultipotent stem cells expressing Lgr5 are known to generate all cell types of the intestinal epithelium (enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells and enteroendocrine cells). A new study shows that Paneth cells have an essential role for intestinal crypt and stem cell maintenance by supplying essential niche signals to the Lgr5-expressing cells.$ ^9 G# D" D1 [5 x
Toshiro Sato et al.
" h: n( o9 Q% ?# \* vdoi:10.1038/nature09637& |( v6 H" G' z1 z* N! f; ^7 X9 Z3 ~
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09637.html# Z# R' F- T6 W+ ^3 O) @) E
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09637.html
6 O9 |7 ~2 {% {, V, }+ u3 Q* }
/ S1 y1 j& a/ E9 D, A eReduction of disulphide bonds unmasks potent antimicrobial activity of human β-defensin 1 pp419 - 423; V; l1 [1 m$ s3 G) i
This paper shows that the activity of human beta-defensin 1 is regulated by its redox status, with enhanced antibiotic killing activity under reducing conditions as they are found in the distal colon. This is believed to serve to protect the healthy intestinal epithelium against potentially harmful colonization by commensal bacteria and opportunistic fungi. In vitro evidence implicates thioredoxin as the likely reducing agent.6 O( _+ W) J9 r I
Bjoern O. Schroeder et al.
2 {9 O+ N; U/ Hdoi:10.1038/nature09674. S/ T( {6 B; k7 p5 l$ N8 Q( N
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09674.html8 Z) w7 C& w) g- l) T' H
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09674.html% f! t7 N, g( L, k
$ ^$ M# ^* S# H/ e* L& I' n1 iAtomic-level modelling of the HIV capsid pp424 - 427
1 e6 N' a; I" I. X9 J- d+ p; [The HIV virion has a cone-shaped core composed of capsid proteins, which take either pentameric or hexameric form. The crystal structure of the capsid hexamer had been solved previously. Now the structure of the pentamer is provided, which allows the proposal of the first atomic-level model of the mature HIV capsid.
+ L( L; P8 r7 d/ T* |- vOwen Pornillos, Barbie K. Ganser-Pornillos and Mark Yeager
3 f) j- \& M7 B1 pdoi:10.1038/nature09640. j7 h; i" t, H+ S7 k+ W \
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09640.html
3 r d% a( t, B# Q$ tArticle: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09640.html0 r. j+ Y( Y" c8 i- A
3 z& l7 G# h4 Q; \8 p
X-ray structures of general anaesthetics bound to a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel pp428 - 4311 }. l! o" h2 Z' m9 Q
The mechanism of action of general anaesthetics is poorly understood, although there is some evidence that their principal protein targets are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs). Here, the X-ray crystal structures of propofol and desflurane bound to a bacterial homologue of the pLGIC family are solved. The structures reveal a common binding site for these two anaesthetics in the upper part of the transmembrane domain of each protomer.
4 l5 l0 W. H4 m- @1 e# t9 tHugues Nury et al.! t/ H( `# s6 X6 ]0 U" g
doi:10.1038/nature09647
% u0 v, B) D) OAbstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature09647.html
$ V! p0 m' a7 }' ]( h' Q7 N( \6 GArticle: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature09647.html |
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发表于 2011-1-20 17:51
发表于 2011-1-20 22:09
