Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Bipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cel - 《stemcells》干细胞学杂志干细胞之家



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发表于 2009-3-5 00:03 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览 |打印

作者：Emmanuel N. Oliviera, Anne C. Rybickib, Eric E. Bouhassiraa作者单位：aEinstein Center for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Department of Cell Biology,bDepartment of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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      【摘要】
   Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitors that can be found in many connective tissues, including fat, bone, cartilage, and muscle. We report here a method to reproducibly differentiate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into MSCs that does not require the use of any feeder layer. The cells obtained with this procedure are morphologically similar to bone marrow MSCs, are contact-inhibited, can be grown in culture for about 20 to 25 passages, have an immunophenotype similar to bone marrow MSCs (negative for CD34 and CD45 and positive for CD13, CD44, CD71, CD73, CD105, CD166, human leukocyte antigen -4), can differentiate into osteocytes and adipocytes, and can be used as feeder cells to support the growth of undifferentiated hESCs. The ability to produce MSCs from hESCs should prove useful to produce large amounts of genetically identical and genetically modifiable MSCs that can be used to study the biology of MSCs and for therapeutic applications. ; |1 d3 G3 q; j5 O& u9 t% E* Z' O
      【关键词】 Differentiation Adipocytes Osteocytes Mesenchymal stem cells Human embryonic stem cells+ p5 g! G/ f5 P7 d
   INTRODUCTION+ C/ K9 o( ?$ X

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitors that can be found in many connective tissues including fat, bone, cartilage and muscle. Because of this differentiation potential, MSCs are generally considered to have a large therapeutic potential, particularly in the areas of cell therapy and regenerative and reconstructive medicine .

MSCs were first recognized as distinct cell populations in the 1990s and were isolated by a variety of procedures. Cell preparations with similar morphology and properties have been termed bone marrow stromal cells, mesenchymal stem cells, skeletal stem cells, or multipotent adult progenitor cells by different investigators. Although these different names may designate cells with different differentiation potential, for the sake of simplicity, we will use the term mesenchymal stem cells in a generic manner in this report.

MSCs are very rare cells that were first isolated from the bone marrow. The classic method to isolate MSCs from bone marrow relies on their capacity to adhere to plastic and their resistance to trypsinization during passage in culture in simple culture medium (i.e., Dulbecco¡¯s modified Eagle¡¯s medium  human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into MSCs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
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Culture of hESCs* \6 {1 t) z2 M$ Q/ s- v6 z
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The H1 hESCs were cultured on -irradiated (80 Gray) feeder cells (mouse embryonic fibroblasts ) plated at 75,000 cells per cm2 at 37¡ãC and 5% O2 and 7.5% CO2. hESCs medium contained DMEM/Ham¡¯s F-12, 20% Knockout Serum Replacer (KSR), 2 mM L-glutamine, minimal essential medium nonessential amino acid solution (NEAA), 0.1 mM penicillin-streptomycin 1% (all from Gibco, Grand Island, NY, http://www.invitrogen.com), 4 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor l (R&D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, http://www.rndsystems.com; or ProSpect-Tany, Technogene, Rehovot, Israel, http://www.prospec.co.il) and 0.1 mM 1-thioglycerol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, http://www.sigmaaldrich.com). The culture medium was changed daily, and the cells were passaged once a week.5 j; t& C- G9 K5 `5 e/ }. A
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Expression Profiling" D! |$ J, Y9 G3 x$ F; d& Z4 @4 k
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Microarray design, RNA extraction, probe labeling, and data processing and analysis were as described in Rybicki et al. .
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Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting Analysis" h6 d7 D7 T, x& ^7 W
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Cells were harvested using 0.05% trypsin-0.53 mM EDTA (Gibco) and after neutralization resuspended in staining buffer (Dulbecco¡¯s phosphate-buffered saline 5% KSR) at a concentration of 106 cells per ml.* e7 d' \% A$ j  J% _
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For each antibody used, 105 cells were stained. Antibodies for CD13, CD71, CD105, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-ABC, isotype control for IgG1, IgG2a, IgG3, and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) rat anti-mouse IgG(H L) were from eBioscience; CD34 FITC, CD45PE, CD73PE, isotype control IgG1K FITC, IgG1K PE, and FITC rat anti-mouse IgG1 were from BD Biosciences (San Diego, http://www.bdbiosciences.com); CD44, SSEA-4, and TRA 1-85 were from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (Iowa City, IA, http://www.uiowa.edu/dshbwww). At least 10,000 events were acquired for each sample using a FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences). Dead cells were gated out using propidium iodide staining (1 µg/ml).$ X# r# A) t: J, G% ~2 D
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Functional Differentiation of ES-MSCs) [) \6 m( j+ `0 `
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To induce osteogenic differentiation, cells were seeded at 3,000 cells per cm2 in D10 medium (DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum .

For adipogenic differentiation, cells were seeded at 104 cells per cm2, and two methods were used. In the first, at confluence, cells were put in D10 medium supplemented with 1 µM dexamethasone, 0.2 mM indomethacin, 10 µg/ml insulin, and 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (all from Sigma-Aldrich). In the second, at confluence, cells were put in hES medium in partial hypoxia (5% O2). In both cases, medium was replaced every 3¨C4 days for 21 days. Cells were washed three times with PBS, fixed in 10% formalin for 1¨C2 hours, and stained for 15 minutes with fresh oil red O solution (Sigma-Aldrich) .4 T) K" ~( n! u; \) Z; m( x& m0 f

Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis5 ]2 a3 Y  P2 N8 T; D

Total RNAs were isolated using RNeasy Lipid Tissue Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany, http://www1.qiagen.com) and treated with DNase I (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Manheim, Germany, http://www.roche-applied-science.com). Total RNA isolated from normal human adipose tissue (a gift from Dr. M. Hawkins) was used as a positive control for adipocyte-specific gene expression. Reverse transcription was performed with Superscript III first strand kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, http://www.invitrogen.com) with approximately 5 µg of RNA and random decamer primers. For each sample, 20-µl reactions were set up in duplicate, each with 10 µl of Quantitect SYBR Green PCR Kit (Qiagen), 0.5 pmol of each primer, and 2 µl of cDNA (equivalent of 50 ng of RNA). In the case of Oct-4 detection, detection was performed using the single-tube Quantitect SYBR Green reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) kit (Qiagen).$ G/ s6 T/ |, m* K
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The following primers were used (gene symbol is given in square brackets).
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ß2-Microglobulin :( i6 W1 _, v) P1 y+ e
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forward: 5'-agcaaggactggtcttt-3',

reverse: 5'-ctcgatcccacttaactatct-3'.
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ADD1/SREBP1c :

forward: 5'-aggatctggtggtggg-3',

reverse: 5'-ggttctcctgcttgagt-3'.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)- 2 :1 [: U& R- R- S. f' t$ N. b2 x
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forward: 5'-cttgcagtggggatgt-3',1 `- o: p8 W& Z6 e8 e

reverse: 5'-ctttggtcagcgggaa-3'.

Perilipin :
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forward: 5'-tccacccagttcacagc-3',1 Z0 M, G' x3 e: Z( F

reverse: 5'-agatggtgtccttcagc-3'.$ G9 ~6 [  Q1 F& J, ~
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forward: 5'-atttgacgaagtcactgc-3',

reverse: 5'-catcctctcgttttctctttat-3'.

Lipoprotein lipase :

forward: 5'-tgctcgtgctgactct-3',$ D4 b3 w% e+ V/ l( r. X1 k9 r. |1 |3 M! K

reverse: 5'-cgggaatgaggtggcaa-3'.

Adiponectin :; I  m% b/ w4 g1 ?" ?2 A
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forward: 5'-ttccgggaatccaagg-3',3 C. V1 [8 d" z: n6 i' |. [

reverse: 5'-ggtaaagcgaatgggc-3'.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor -induced angiopoietin-related gene (PGAR) :- A& O$ `  o! k) h
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forward: 5'-ctccgccatttttggt-3',6 w# `2 r6 X; p1 k
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reverse: 5'-gccttgtaggcttccc-3'.) ^9 B/ |1 R9 N: P# B% Z

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) :% i# r4 n9 I% s% S) j* b

forward: 5'-ctataaattgagcccgcag-3',
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reverse: 5'-aaatccgttgactccga-3'.
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Adipophilin :

forward: 5'-cgctgtcactggggcaaaaga-3',

reverse: 5'-atccgactccccaagactgtgtta-3'.
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leptin :! j( j7 p) H% L8 U  l

forward: 5'-ggagtgacggtcccacactg-3',% e: t0 o8 q4 ~8 y; A* m

reverse: 5'-ccatgtaataaacccagagtgtgatc-3'.1 V% B7 e0 @' S; y
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To control for the amount of cDNA in each reaction, ß2M was used as an internal standard. The amplifications were performed on a Roche LightCycler using three-temperature cycling consisting of denaturation step at 95¡ãC for 8 seconds, an annealing step at 58¡ãC for 18 seconds, and an extension step at 72¡ãC for 20 seconds. At the end of each reaction, melting curves were acquired during cooling from 95¡ãC to 65¡ãC. Levels of expression were normalized to the level of B2M expression in each cells and to the level of expression in the CD45-positive cell controls using the following formula: 2exponent (¨C(Ct), where Ct is the cycle threshold at which PCR products were first detected.8 t3 n4 ^5 x: l# N: l
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Karyotype Analysis* ?& I' o+ [0 y; n3 ^

Spectral karyotyping was performed as described before .$ z* [( @, w* I! a3 i& |/ v
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Growth Curves

Population doubling time was calculated following the formula (logN/log2)/t, where N is the number of cells at confluence divided by the initial number of cells, and t is the number of hours in culture. The growth curve was established by multiplying the initial number of cells by the amplification fold for each passage.1 u9 m* Z4 E5 `' H1 Q9 O

Immunostaining with SSEA-4 Antibody

hESC colonies were fixed in situ with formalin for 15 minutes. After three rinses with PBS, cells were incubated overnight at 4¡ãC with mouse anti-human SSEA-4 antibody (DHSB) or isotype control (eBioscience, San Diego, http://www.ebioscience.com) (approximately 2 µg per 106 cells) in PBS 5% KSR. Antibody localization was performed using rat anti-mouse IgG (H L) immunoglobulin conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (eBioscience).7 Q- k6 M2 U( F
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Differentiation of hESCs into hematopoietic cells was performed as previously described  in DMEM 20% FBS 1% penicillin/streptomycin 1% nonessential amino acids. Half of the medium was replaced every 3 days. After 2 weeks, cells were harvested and plated on methylcellulose. Colonies were counted 17 days later.- Q, |5 {9 N& ?9 z$ H
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RESULTS

The Raclure Method+ p- r& a6 n$ o
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Spontaneously differentiated cells often appear in hESC cultures in the center or at the edges of the colonies (Fig. 1A). These cells are mechanically eliminated from the culture before each passage because they tend to promote the differentiation of the undifferentiated cells remaining in the dish. We observed that these scraped cells ("raclures" in French) remain multipotent since after replating they can differentiate into multiple cell types, including neurons and cardio-myocytes, depending on the culture conditions (data not shown). We report here a procedure to differentiate these raclures into MSCs.

Figure 1. Phase-contrast microscopy. (A): Undifferentiated (left) and differentiated (right) human embryonic stem cell colonies (original magnification x10x4). The darker area in the center and the left part of the center colony contain differentiated cells that are mechanically eliminated before each passage. These scraps, or raclures, contain pluripotent cells. (B, C): Morphology of the mesenchymal cells at confluence (original magnification x10x4) (B) and 3 weeks after confluence (original magnification x40x4) (C). Both cultures exhibit typical fingerprint-like patterns. P37R forms bi- or trilayer stratified epithelium, whereas P51R generally forms monolayers. Abbreviation: HEPM, human embryonic palatal mesenchymal.. M; X6 A6 X4 b$ G/ x/ V% z' h
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To obtain MSCs, raclures are first plated in D10 medium (DMEM 10% FBS 1% penicillin/streptomycin 1% nonessential amino acids) until a thick, multilayer epithelium of cells develops. This requires at least 4 weeks, with weekly medium changes. Once the epithelium is formed, it can survive in culture for many months with minimal medium change (once every 3 weeks). The MSCs are then isolated by dissociation of this epithelium using a mixture of trypsin, collagenase type IV, and dispase for 4¨C6 hours and replating of the cells in D10 medium. Two or 3 days after the passage, the population of cells obtained is morphologically uniform, and cells exhibit a characteristic regular fingerprint-like morphology when they are observed at confluence by phase-contrast microscopy (Fig. 1B). The resulting cultures can then be passaged at least 20 times.

Since the hESCs were cultured on MEFs, it was important to determine whether MEFs constituted a significant proportion of the raclures. To assess the percentage of irradiated MEFs that were scraped with the raclures, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis was performed on the day of the scraping and 1 week later using TRA 1-85, a human-specific antibody, to differentiate the MEFs from the human cells. This analysis revealed that about 5% of the raclures consisted of cells of murine origin and that a week after plating the raclures, more than 99.5% of the cells were human (data not shown). As discussed below, in the established MSC cultures, no cells of mouse origin could be detected, suggesting that the MEFs present in the raclures were completely mitotically inactivated by the irradiation.
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The procedure to isolate MSCs is reproducible, since 15 independent experiments yielded similar populations of cells. The dissociation of the epithelium could be performed from 50 to more than 180 days after initial plating of the raclures without noticeable differences in the type of cells obtained. We report here on the detailed characterization of two of these isolates, P37R and P51R.

P37R was produced by dissociation of the epithelium 180 days after plating of raclures of H1 cells at passage 37. P51R was produced by dissociation of the epithelium 50 days after plating of raclures of H1 cells at passage 51. The P37R cells are small and spindle-shaped (Fig. 1C). The P51R cells are larger (Fig. 1C). P51R is strictly contact inhibited and forms a monolayer. P37R cells are also contact inhibited but form a bilayered or trilayered epithelium. The morphology of the other isolates varied between these two extremes.# j$ f8 s5 Q3 a) |- o

To determine the growth characteristics of the P37R and P51R isolates, cultures at passage 5 were trypsinized every 3 days, counted, and replated at 10,000 cells per ml. As shown in Figure 2A, the growth rate of the cells started to decrease at passage 17, and the cultures reached senescence between passage 25 and passage 30.

Figure 2. Growth characteristic and karyotypes of the P37R and P51R isolates. Plots illustrating the growth rate and population doubling time of the P37R and P51R isolates and the HEPM control. Abbreviation: HEPM, human embryonic palatal mesenchymal." k+ q8 W4 c! N

Spectral karyotype analysis of the P37R and P51R isolates at passage 13 revealed no abnormalities, suggesting that the karyotype of these cells is stable (data not shown).2 s- S" G4 D- l' n& C/ c
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RNA Profiling- E' K2 K( ?" c% z: {" r
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As a first step toward the characterization of the P37R cells, we performed preliminary expression analysis using a custom-made cDNA glass slide micro-array produced by the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Micro-Array Facility. These arrays contain 6,000 human cDNAs. Two comparisons were performed. The first comparison was between MSC-P37R cells and undifferentiated hESCs. The second was between the MSC-P37R cells and mesenchymal cells termed human embryonic palatal mesenchymal (HEPM) that we obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, http://www.atcc.org) . More than 40% of the spots on the array were upregulated or downregulated at least 1.5-fold when the MSC-P37R cells were compared with undifferentiated hESCs. By contrast, this number was only 12% when the MSC-P37R were compared with the HEPM cells, demonstrating that MSC-P37R resemble HEPM cells much more than undifferentiated hESCs.

We then examined the most highly expressed genes in the MSC-P37R cells as compared with the hESCs and found that out of the 25 most highly expressed genes in the MSC-P37R, 15 had been identified previously in a serial analysis of gene expression analysis  as genes that were highly expressed in bone marrow and cord blood mesenchymal cells, suggesting that the hESC-derived cells had a profile of expression similar to primary MSCs. Table 1 illustrates genes in the hESC-derived MSC-P37R cells that are the most highly induced compared with hESCs.
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Table 1. Most highly expressed genes in P37R as compared to hESCs3 M1 Z  i4 n# b! H

Flow Cytometry Analysis  g0 a; @& |& P' [, A
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MSCs isolated by different methods present a somewhat variable profile of antigen expression and share many characteristics with endothelial, epithelial, and muscle cells, complicating the task of finding a simple identifying marker. Nevertheless, there is a general consensus that MSCs are negative for CD45 and CD34 but positive for markers such as SH2, SH3, and SH4  was used to exclude the possibility that the cells were not of human origin. The immunophenotypes of P37R and P51R were therefore compatible with the hypothesis that these cells were MSCs. To determine whether there was any contamination by cells of murine origin that could originate from MEFs that would have survived the irradiation, we also tested the MSCs with TRA 1-85, a human-specific antibody. No cells of mouse origin could be detected (Fig. 3).5 [; }- t' Q) `( r

Figure 3. Surface antigen expression of the P37R and P51R isolates. Cells at or near confluences were trypsinized and stained with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies against CD13, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD71, CD73, CD105, CD166, HLA-ABC, SSEA-4, and TRA 1-85. Dead cells were gated out using propidium iodide. The table on the right summarizes the results. The white overlay represents cells stained with the isotype control antibodies. Abbreviations: FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; HEPM, human embryonic palatal mesenchymal; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; PI, propidium iodide; SSEA, stage-specific embryonic antigen.# J# j$ a- t9 O3 [4 N# S- ^( k- A
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Functional Differentiation of P37R and P51R& C) x& K& A5 j! ^

To confirm that P37R and P51R were MSCs, we performed functional differentiation assays. We focused on osteogenesis and adipogenesis since MSCs derived from multiple organs have the capacity to differentiate along these pathways,. M, ]+ k& E4 f

Osteogenic differentiation was performed using the ß-glycerophosphate method as previously described for primary adult MSCs .: I0 B$ |9 ]4 T1 _. `

Figure 4. Functional differentiation. (A): Phase-contrast micrographs of HEPM, P37R, and P51R after osteogenic differentiation and staining with Alizarin red. (B): Phase-contrast micrographs of HEPM, P37R, and P51R after adipogenic differentiation using either the IBMX or the SWH method and staining with oil red O. Original magnification x10x20 (main panel), x10x40 (inset). Abbreviations: HEPM, human embryonic palatal mesenchymal; IBMX, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine; SWH, serum withdrawal/hypoxia.

Adipogenic differentiation was performed by two different methods. At first, attempts were made by the classic 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) method . This resulted in adipocytic differentiation, but the lipid vesicles obtained were small (Fig. 4B). Much larger vesicles were obtained using an alternate method of adipogenic differentiation that we developed in the laboratory.4 e/ E0 N- T# F/ N

This new method relies on the serendipitous observation that P37R cells grown in serum-free medium (KSR DMEM/F-12 L-glutamine NEAA) accumulates small cytoplasmic vesicles that are lightly stained by oil red O, on the finding that hypoxia enhances lipid accumulation .

To characterize the adipocytes produced from hESC-derived MSCs, we performed a real-time RT-PCR analysis on RNA extracted from MSC-P37R and MSC-P51R either undifferentiated or differentiated using the IBMX and SWH methods. As controls, we also tested undifferentiated hESCs, purified adult hematopoietic cells (CD45 ), human primary breast adipocytes, and HEPM cells. Primers specific for transcription factors involved in adipogenesis (PPAR-2 and SREBf1c), for proteins involved in lipid droplets (perilipin and adipophilin) and lipid metabolism (lipoprotein lipase and GAPDH), or for cytokines produced by adipocytes (adiponectin, PGAR, and leptin) were used as described by Fink et al. .8 j: [9 y( H) e- D' t" l

This analysis revealed that both methods induce the expression of adipocytic markers but that there were differences between the two differentiation protocols (Fig. 5).
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Figure 5. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of adipocytes derived from P37R and P51R. Total RNAs were extracted from CD45-positive peripheral blood monocytes, from undifferentiated hESCs (H1 passage 35), and from HEPM, P37R, and P51R cells before or after adipocytic differentiation using either the IBMX or the SWH method. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was performed using primers specific for SREBF, PGAR, PPAR2, ADPF, GAPDH, perilipin, LPL, ACDC, LEP, and ß2-microglobulin (B2M) on a Roche LightCycler. Histograms illustrating expression of the tested genes relative to expression of B2M in each cell type normalized to the same ratio in the CD45-positive cells (Materials and Methods). The results show that both methods induce adipocyte-specific genes, but to different extents (see text). Abbreviations: ACDC, adiponectin; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HEPM, human embryonic palatal mesenchymal; IBMX, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; PGAR, proliferator-activated receptor -induced angiopoietin-related; PPR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; SWH, serum withdrawal/hypoxia.2 M) L' j" i( a! U
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In the case of MSC-P37R, PPAR-2, a highly specific adipocyte marker, was expressed at relatively high levels (5% of fully mature adipocytes) prior to differentiation. The SWH method led to further induction of PPAR-2 to approximately 15% of the level in mature adipocytes. The SWH protocol also led to a large increase in the level of perilipin, led to a moderate increase in adipophilin production, and had little or no effect on SREBf1c expression. By contrast, the IBMX method led to a small decrease in PPAR-2 expression but to dramatic increases in SREBf1c, adipophilin, and PGAR expression, three genes that are expressed at high levels in adipocytes. Neither treatment induced the production of adiponectin, leptin, or lipoprotein lipase. Results with MSC-P51R were similar except that the induction of PPAR-2, perilipin, and adipophilin were not as strong and that trace amounts of lipoprotein lipase could be detected.

We conclude from the oil red O stain and from these expression data that both the P37R and the P51R isolates have adipocytic potential, that the SWH method is more efficient than the IBMX method for the induction of adipocytic differentiation, and that the two methods lead to slightly different types of adipocytes or to adipocytes at different stage of maturation.
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hESC-Derived MSCs Support the Growth of Undifferentiated hESCs

Recent reports have shown that bone marrow-derived MSCs can support the growth of hESCs  antibodies (Fig. 6C¨C6H) and real-time RT-PCR analysis for Oct-4 (Fig. 6I) revealed that the level of expression of these markers, which are known to be expressed at high levels in H1 cells, was high regardless of the feeder used.& f: x9 ^* ~. i

Figure 6. P37R and P51R isolates can serve as feeder for hESCs. (A, B): Micrographs (original magnification x10x4) showing that hES cells grown on MEFs (A) or on P51R for 32 weeks (B) have similar morphology. (C¨CH): Micrographs (original magnification x10x10) of hESC colonies grown on P37R (C, D), P51R (E, F), or MEFs (G, H); fixed; stained with a mouse anti-human stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 antibody; and revealed by fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rat anti-mouse IgG. All colonies are strongly stained. (I): Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrating high-level expression of Oct-4 in hESCs grown on P37R or P51R feeders compared with Oct-4 expression in the feeders alone. (J): hESCs grown on P51R were cocultured with FH-B-hTERT to induce hematopoietic differentiation. The dotplots on the top (obtained after 14 days of coculture with FH-B-hTERT) demonstrate that the number of CD34-positive cells obtained is similar to that obtained using hESCs grown on MEFs. The histograms on the bottom illustrate that hESCs grown on P51R and cocultured on FH-B-hTERT for 13 or 17 days yield erythroid and myeloid colonies after plating in methylcellulose. (Each bar is the average of two separate experiments.) These results show that hESCs grown on P37R and P51R retain their capacity to differentiate into hematopoietic cells. Abbreviations: BFU-E, burst forming unit-erythroid; CFU-E, colony forming unit-erythroid; CFU-GEMM, colony-forming unit-granulocyte erythroid macrophage megakaryocyte; CFU-GM, colony forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage; CFU-M, colony forming unit-macrophage; FSC, forward scatter; hES, human embryonic stem; hESC, human embryonic stem cell; MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast.
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To functionally characterize H1 cells grown on P37R and P51R, we differentiated them into hematopoietic cells by coculture with FH-B-hTERT (a human fetal hepatocyte cell line) cells as described in Qiu et al. ). Together, these data show that H1 cells grown on P37R and P51R retained their morphology, the expression of hESC markers, and their ability to differentiate into hematopoietic cells. These data suggest that these feeders are able to support the growth of undifferentiated H1 cells that can be differentiated in hematopoietic cells. Additional studies will be required to determine whether hESCs grown on P37R and P51R retain their ability to differentiate into other cell types.1 t, E9 S5 w3 }
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DISCUSSION; u0 t, d( J* z1 x5 w& \1 v
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We describe here a simple method to derive bipotent MSCs from hESCs. The cells obtained grow very robustly, have a stable karyotype, are contact inhibited, senesce after about 20 passages, have an immunophenotype similar to that of MSCs derived from other sources, have adipocytic and osteocytic potential, and can support the growth of hESCs and hematopoietic progenitors.5 x. I1 @2 E; V+ k& y9 p" ]
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The cells that we obtained appear similar to the hESC-derived MSCs described recently by the Studer laboratory , but our method has the advantage of not requiring any feeder layer of animal origin that could complicate the use of these cells for clinical purposes. Whether the bipotency of the P37R and P51R isolates reflects a true bipotency of individual cells or the presence of two types of progenitor cells in the isolates remains unproven since we have not yet characterized clonal population of cells. However, microscopic observations showing an almost complete differentiation into adipocytes favor the hypothesis that the P37R and P51R cells are truly bipotent.

Derivation of mesenchymal cells from human ES cells should help us understand the specification events that occur during early human development and could have useful clinical applications, since these cells have a large therapeutic potential, particularly in the areas of cell therapy and regenerative and reconstructive medicine.

From an experimental point of view, derivation of MSCs from hESCs has specific advantages over derivation from other sources. In the first place, a virtually unlimited amount of genetically identical MSCs can be produced from hESCs. Second, the ability to genetically manipulate the hESCs before the production of the MSCs should provide unparalleled experimental opportunities to study the molecular basis of the totipotency of the MSCs cells, as well as pathways that lead to human osteogenic and adipocytic differentiation. Finally, the ability of the hESC-derived MSCs to support the growth of hESCs is also of practical importance  since they represent an almost unlimited source of autogenic feeder that eliminates the risks of transmission of xenogeneic pathogens and since they can be conveniently cultured for more than 20 passages, allowing the production of large amounts of cells.

DISCLOSURES

The authors indicate no potential conflicts of interest.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS' o+ w% \5 V0 f% R
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E.E.B. is supported by NIH Grants R01-DK56845, P01-HL55435, and P20-GM075037. A.C.R. is supported by NIH Grants HL-68962 and HL-38655. The monoclonal antibodies for CD44, SSEA-4, and TRA1-85 (developed by J.T. August and J.E.K. Hildreth, D. Solter, and P.W. Andrews, respectively) were obtained from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank developed under the auspices of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and maintained by the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA. We thank Dr. C. Montagna of the Albert Einstein College Of Medicine Genome Imaging Facility for the spectral karyotyping analyses, Dr. Meredith Hawkins and Dr. Wei Jie for the generous gift of RNA from human primary adipocytes, and Dr. Philip Scherer for useful discussions.
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