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作者：W. Mark Browna, Perry Maxwella,b, Alastair N.J. Grahamc, Anita Yakkundia, Elaine A. Dunlopa, Zhanzhong Shia, Patrick G. Johnstona, Terence R.J. Lappina作者单位：aCentre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen
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【摘要】; E) i0 v d& i) j6 q0 x3 L. \
Immunohistochemical studies on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue utilizing polyclonal antibodies form the cornerstone of many reports claiming to demonstrate erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) expression in malignant tissue. Recently, Elliott et al. (Blood 2006;107:1892¨C1895) reported that the antibodies commonly used to detect EPOR expression also detect non-EPOR proteins, and that their binding to EPOR was severely abrogated by two synthetic peptides based on the sequence of heat shock protein (HSP) 70, HSP70-2, and HSP70-5. We have investigated the specificity of the C20 antibody for detecting EPOR expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) utilizing tissue microarrays. A total of 34 cases were available for study. Antibody absorbed with peptide resulted in marked suppression of cytoplasmic staining compared with nonabsorbed antibody. Four tumors that initially showed a membranous pattern of staining retained this pattern with absorbed antibody. Positive membranous immunoreactivity was also observed in 6 of 30 tumors that originally showed a predominantly cytoplasmic pattern of staining. Using the C20 antibody for Western blots, we detected three main bands, at 100, 66, and 59 kDa. Preincubation with either peptide caused abolition of the 66-kDa band, which contains non-EPOR sequences including heat shock peptides. These results call into question the significance of previous immunohistochemical studies of EPOR expression in malignancy and emphasize the need for more specific anti-EPOR antibodies to define the true extent of EPOR expression in neoplastic tissue.
0 y5 F; L8 @( S) A. E: y7 d: e 【关键词】 Erythropoietin receptor Non-small cell lung carcinoma C Antibody Heat shock proteins* F( r) K5 x+ ?' c
INTRODUCTION
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Erythropoietin (EPO), a 30.4-kDa glycoprotein, induces erythropoiesis and is produced mainly by the kidney and the liver in response to hypoxia. EPO binds to the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), a type 1 transmembrane protein belonging to the cytokine receptor superfamily, thereby promoting the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of the erythroid cells. Subsequent downregulation of the signal is effected by internalization and degradation of the receptor-ligand complex via both lysosomal and proteasomal pathways . The EPOR gene is localized to chromosome 19p13.2¨Cp13.3 and encodes a protein of 508 amino acid residues." w$ @% g g9 c5 c" n
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The first report of EPO and EPOR expression in neoplasia was in clear and chromophilic cell renal carcinoma .
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- G' E6 I+ d: l! P% m- X( ?" R) ^Many cancer patients suffer from anemia, and recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) is now widely used therapeutically, as it improves hematocrit, lowers transfusion requirements, and improves quality of life. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ameliorate chemotherapy-associated anemia and are recommended in guidelines issued by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network as treatment options for patients with cancer, cited in LaMontagne et al. .
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Normal erythropoiesis is dependent on basal levels of secreted EPO, which are equivalent to 0.8¨C4.0 pmoles/l of EPO (5¨C25 U/l) in plasma. The widespread practice of treating cancer patients with rHuEPO has raised concerns about the possible modulation of tumor growth from pharmacological doses of EPO that result in plasma concentrations several logs higher than the normal physiological level. Indeed, a study of the effects of EPO in anemic head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy indicated poorer locoregional progression-free survival in those treated with EPO . This sets in context the need for specific tools for the detection of EPOR in malignancy.
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Reports of EPOR expression in cancer rely heavily on the use of anti-EPOR antibodies in immunostaining and immunoblotting. In particular, anti-EPOR antibodies from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (C20; catalog number SC-695; Santa Cruz, CA, http://www.scbt.com/) that recognize the last 20 amino acids of the receptor have been used in most of the reported studies (Table 1). Recently, Elliott et al. , Western blotting analysis of protein lysates from three different cell lines using C20 as primary antibody was performed.
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Table 1. Reported immunohistochemical studies in malignancy using the C20 anti-erythropoietin receptor antibody8 u& s2 v o" ^' N+ U8 _7 R9 ~
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MATERIALS AND METHODS8 | t) ^2 i, I2 B$ [) V$ B
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Tissue Microarrays
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Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded TMAs were obtained from the National Cancer Institute Tissue Microarray Research Program (TARP). Arrays were fifth-generation (TARP5), T-CL-1-containing cores from NSCLC, complete with associated clinicopathological data.4 N$ W. }1 D* v; [# Y. Q+ K
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Heat Shock Peptides
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% ~! l8 `& H+ X1 OBoth heat shock peptide sequences identified by Elliott et al. were synthesized in the Protein and Peptide Chemistry Laboratory at Cancer Research U.K. (London, United Kingdom). They were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and supplied as lyophilized powder, which was dissolved in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.2) and 150 mM NaCl (TBS) to a final concentration of 5 mg/ml. The sequence of HSP70-2 was QQGRVEILANDQGNRTTPSYVAFTDTER and of HSP70-5 was EIIANDQGNRITPSYVAFTPEGERLIGDAA.; v# t# `3 P7 N: t6 ^5 ^3 \
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Immunohistochemistry% k0 ~" q% c- U9 X; c1 x6 V
/ ]4 m% k' @0 h Q2 |6 a/ ^C20 antibody was used for immunohistochemistry. C20 (2 µg/ml) was incubated at 4¡ãC overnight with peptide 1 or 2 (5 mg/ml), a mix of both peptides (5 mg/ml), or TBS as control. Eight T-CL-1 slides were divided into two groups of four. One group was subjected to HMAR, whereas the other was not. All other details of the protocol were identical. Slides were deparaffinized using xylene and, depending on group, were microwaved for 22 minutes in 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for antigen retrieval. The slides were overlaid with the antibody/peptide mix and localized using an Envision peroxidase system (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark, http://www.dako.com). All sections were counterstained in hematoxylin.
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Cell Culture; @9 g- {4 A$ E9 I( C+ [3 K6 t( e
+ S5 L5 W3 |. n/ {The OCIM-1 cell line was grown in Iscove's Dulbecco's minimal essential medium (MEM). The UT-7 cells were cultivated in the alpha modification of MEM supplemented with 2 ng/ml granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The MCF-7 cell line was grown in Dulbecco's MEM containing 4.5 g/l glucose. All media contained 10% fetal calf serum and penicillin/streptomycin (100 µg/ml).3 p& @2 m4 x. t( O& |& J, K+ C
1 }, F4 V) ?; n# e5 B& dWestern Blots! g% z& T- [: n6 d8 B0 ]! r
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Cells (2 x 106) from each line were lysed using radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer with protease inhibitors (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany, http://www.roche-diagnostics.com/) followed by sonication and centrifugation. Total protein was estimated using the Pierce BCA Protein assay kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL, http://www.piercenet.com/). Protein (25 µg) from each line was added to 3x Laemmli buffer, boiled before loading onto three individual Bis-Tris gels (4%¨C12%; Invitrogen, Paisley, United Kingdom, http://www.invitrogen.com), and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by blotting onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Invitrogen). C20 antibody (1:1,000, 5 µl) was preincubated overnight at 4¡ãC with either HSP70-2, HSP70-5 (5 mg/ml, 5 ml), or TBS (5 ml) as control. The blots were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour with one of the three mixes, washed with TBS/Tween, and detected using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody at 1:2,000 (Dakocytomation, Glostrup, Denmark, http://www.dako.com/) for 1 hour at room temperature. The membranes were washed, and proteins were visualized using the ECL plus Western Blotting Detection System (Amersham, Little Chalfont, United Kingdom, http://www.amersham.com/). To assess uniform protein loading, the membranes were stripped using methanol and washed and probed for pan-actin expression (Cell Signaling Technology. Inc., Danvers, MA, http://www.cellsignal.com/). The membranes were then washed and proteins visualized using SuperSignal West Dura (Pierce).
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RESULTS
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The cornerstone of immunohistochemical evidence for EPOR in tumors is the C20 antibody, the use of which on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded NSCLC tissue produces a typical, variably granular, positive cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. However, the observation by Elliott et al. that such staining could be related to HSP challenges the interpretation that this positivity represents EPOR. To investigate the impact of preabsorbing C20 with HSP on immunohistochemical staining patterns in NSCLC, we examined 34 cases.
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1 X6 d- `3 l' Y# mPositive cytoplasmic and membranous immunoreactivity by the unabsorbed C20 polyclonal antibody was seen in FFPE tissue only when pretreated by HMAR (Fig. 1A). Nontumor components also showed staining. Positive immunoreactivity within plasma cell cytoplasm, sparing the perinuclear hof region, was observed, whereas bronchial respiratory epithelium showed cilial staining, in stark contrast to the lack of staining in adjacent areas of immature squamous metaplasia.
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Figure 1. A squamous carcinoma showing cytoplasmic staining with C20 (A) which is abolished after preabsorption with HSP70-5 (B). Abbreviation: HSP, heat shock protein.
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" e3 I; _$ f4 z3 MAfter preincubation of C20 with HSP70-2, essentially all tumor cell cytoplasm was rendered negative with diminution of cilial staining. In 21 of the 34 cases examined, HSP70-5 abolished all staining, including cilial positivity (Fig. 1B). In four carcinomas, positive membranous immunoreactivity was retained after preincubation with HSP70-5 (Fig. 2). Positive cytoplasmic immunoreactivity seen in 30 cases (Fig. 3A) converted to a membranous pattern in 6 (Fig. 3B), whereas 3 cases initially showing cytoplasmic positivity preserved this pattern. These data are summarized in Table 2. Therefore, after preabsorption with heat shock peptides, positive cytoplasmic immunoreactivity disappears in the majority of tumors. However, a small number retain staining at the membrane or reveal such staining due to diminution of cytoplasmic positivity, creating a dichotomy of tumor type. Such staining is unlikely to be HSP, given the membranous location, but, on the basis of this work, cannot be assigned to genuine EPOR expression. In addition to sequences at 59 and 66 kDa, C20 also detects a higher molecular weight product that could not be distinguished from EPOR using immunohistochemistry alone., U( N( @. _( z- b8 o
" z# s5 ]0 {. }6 V$ KFigure 2. A bronchioloalveolar carcinoma showing membranous staining with C20 (A), which is maintained after preabsorption with HSP70-5 (B). Abbreviation: HSP, heat shock protein.
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Figure 3. A squamous carcinoma showing cytoplasmic staining with C20 (A), which undergoes relative clearing with release of membranous staining after preabsorption with HSP70-5 (B). Abbreviation: HSP, heat shock protein.1 [3 u, b' s6 Y& r0 R/ K
6 e2 x7 r2 F* r1 ~" _# lTable 2. Summary of the immunohistochemical staining patterns seen in 34 cases of non-small cell lung carcinoma stained with C20 preabsorbed with heat shock protein 70-5
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' `* s0 J( ]- g& LGiven the differential staining pattern between native and absorbed C20 in immunohistochemistry, it was considered important to further validate the C20 antibody by Western blotting. All three cell lines (OCIM-1, UT-7, and MCF-7) produced bands at 59, 66, and 100 kDa. Whereas the 66- and 100-kDa bands showed similar intensity in all three of the cell lines, the band at 59 kDa was much stronger in OCIM-1 than in either UT-7 or MCF-7 cells. Preincubation with either peptide caused abolition of the 66-kDa band, but C20 still detected proteins at 59 and 100 kDa, albeit with a slight reduction in intensity in the case of HSP70-2 and a more obvious reduction with HSP70-5 (Fig. 4A, 4B).
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Figure 4. Western blot showing presence of three bands at 59, 66 and 100 kDa (A) with abolition of the 66 kDa band on preabsorption with HSP70¨C2 (B). Blot was exposed at 18 hours. Loading control is pan-actin. Abbreviations: HSP, heat shock protein; M, MCF-7; O, OCIM-1; U, UT-7.
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Utilizing the FLAG-EPOR vector, Elliott et al. detected a single strong EPOR band at 59 kDa. In 769-P, MCF-7, and UT-7 cells, which are recognized to express low, medium, and high levels of EPOR, respectively, they noted bands of similar intensity at 59 kDa.
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. \" ?# u9 Z; T A; |( h0 ]Using MCF-7, UT-7, and OCIM-1 (which shows high expression of EPOR), we found a clear gradation of intensity, suggesting that C20 does indeed detect EPOR with the ability to discriminate between medium and high levels of expression. This conclusion is also in agreement with sequencing data presented by Elliott et al. .) Y$ {; `6 ]( s3 W5 r7 ?
' A6 }5 C4 f' l% e: dCONCLUSION
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7 } T, n) P* p, k; a. o; VPreabsorption of C20 with synthetic HSP sequences causes a marked change in immunohistochemical staining pattern in formalin-fixed NSCLC tissue. The majority of tumors lose all staining, but a small number reveal membranous positivity, and this is mirrored in those tumors initially showing this pattern, retaining it. Western blots show three major components, of which the 66-kDa HSP fraction is lost after preabsorption. Crucially, a 59-kDa component is retained, together with a higher molecular weight fraction.- j, A2 E% D+ e- q; i
- @7 f! o; ~. }* s* C* k6 _* e9 d% dMany questions remain regarding the significance of the EPOR in the context of in vivo tumors of different types and their response to rHuEPO. The use of rHuEPO to treat anemia in cancer patients is now common practice, and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer has recently issued guidelines for the use of erythropoietic proteins in such patients . Given the potential implications for this therapeutic approach, more specific tools for detection of EPOR in FFPE tissue are urgently required.
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}1 E- m( w/ UDISCLOSURES
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The authors indicate no potential conflicts of interest.
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! t2 x$ O7 H2 H) XACKNOWLEDGMENTS7 k, s9 x" s& U0 h+ i8 @
% W- p$ r( \( y4 P6 R: T, C- ^This work was funded by the Research and Development Office of the Health and Personal Social Services in Northern Ireland, the Northern Ireland Leukemia Research Fund, and the Elimination of Leukemia Fund. W.M.B. was supported by Cancer Research U.K., E.A.D. by the European Social Fund, and A.Y. by Johnson and Johnson, Raritan, NJ. We thank the staff at the Protein and Peptide Research Laboratory at Cancer Research U.K. for synthesis of HSP70-2 and HSP70-5; the U.S. National Cancer Institute Tissue Array Research Program (TARP) for supplying the TMAs; and Dr. Lynn McCallum for useful advice on Western blotting protocols.3 Y9 y8 v1 y$ {4 j( C$ I0 E
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