Distinct Population of Hair Cell Progenitors Can Be Isolated from the Postnatal - 《stemcells》干细胞学杂志干细胞之家



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发表于 2009-3-5 00:59 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览 |打印

作者：Etienne Savarya, Jean Philippe Hugnota, Yolaine Chassigneuxa, Cecile Travoa, Christophe Duperrayb, Thomas Van De Waterc, Azel Zinea作者单位：aInstitute of Neuroscience, INSERM U., Montpellier, France;bInstitut de Recherche en Biotherapie, Hopital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France;cUniversity of Miami Ear Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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      【摘要】
   In mammals, the permanence of hearing loss is due mostly to the incapacity of the cochlea to replace lost mechano-receptor cells (i.e., hair cells ). The generation of new HCs from a renewable source of progenitors is a principal requirement for developing a cell therapy within this sensory organ. A subset of stem cells, termed side population (SP), has been identified in several tissues of mammals. The ATP-binding cassette transporter Abcg2/Bcrp1 contributes to the specification of the SP phenotype and is proposed as a universal marker for stem/progenitor cells. A defining character of these SP cells is a high efflux capacity for Hoechst dye. Here, we demonstrate that Abcg2 transporter is expressed with two other stem/progenitor cell markers (i.e., Nestin and Musashi1) in distinct and overlapping domains of the supporting cells within the postnatal cochlea. We have developed and describe a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) technique that enables the purification of a discrete subpopulation of SP-supporting cells from the early postnatal mouse cochlea based on their ability to exclude Hoechst dye. These FACS-isolated cells can divide and express markers of stem/progenitor cells such as Abcg2, a determinant of the SP phenotype, and Musashi1, a neural stem/progenitor cell marker. These markers can differentiate cells expressing markers of HCs and supporting cells in vitro. Our observation that these SP cells are capable of differentiating into HC-like cells implies a possible use for such cells (i.e., the replacement of lost auditory HCs within damaged cochlea).
      【关键词】 Hearing loss Hair cells Abcg transporter Stem/progenitor cells Side population Side population-supporting cells
   INTRODUCTION
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Stem/progenitor cells are capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation  reported the purification of HC progenitors from the postnatal mouse cochlea using p27kip1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). However, the purification of progenitor cells from the postnatal mouse cochlea through the application of universal epithelial stem/progenitor cells markers such as Abcg2 has not as yet been reported.5 v2 ?+ N9 W% G4 y

Abcg2, a half-transporter also called Bcrp1, is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of cell-surface transporter proteins. Unlike other ABC half-transporters, localized to intracellular membranes, Abcg2 is expressed exclusively in the plasma membrane . Therefore, in addition to its important use as a determinant of the SP phenotype, the Abcg2 gene is an attractive candidate marker for use in isolating stem/progenitor cells, including neural and otic progenitor cells. In this study, we localize, purify, and culture Abcg2-dependent SP cells from the postnatal mouse cochlea. This SP population includes many supporting cells that also express Musashi1 (a putative marker of stem/progenitor cells) and display features that are consistent with the SP progenitor cell phenotype.

MATERIALS AND METHODS& z, w' g; r) ?" M% x  w: Z. H  ~

Mouse Strains and Immunohistochemistry
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Postnatal day-3 (P3) Swiss mice (Janvier, Le Genest Saint Isle, France) were used for this study in accordance with the INSERM guidelines. The Nestin-enhanced GFP (EGFP) transgenic mice described previously , monoclonal anti-calbindin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, http://www.sigmaaldrich.com), monoclonal anti-p27Kip1 (Neomarkers Labvision Corporation, Freemont, CA, http://www.labvision.com), polyclonal anti-Myosin VIIA (ABR-Affinity BioReagents, Golden, CO, http://www.bioreagents.com), and polyclonal anti-Fimbrin (P. Matsudaira, Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA, http://www.wi.mit.edu). Nestin was directly detected in transgenic mice expressing GFP under the control of Nestin promoter. For some specimens, counterstaining was performed with tetramethyl rhodamin isothiocyanate-conjugated phalloidin (Sigma-Aldrich) to visualize filamentous actin. Control sections were incubated without primary antibody. No specific immunofluorescence labeling was detected in any of these controls./ e0 M( v0 K: s% [) }! ]/ g+ s* \
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Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis
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We extracted RNA from both cochlea of P3 and adult mice by using RNeasy kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA, http://www1.qiagen.com). For reverse transcription (RT) with MMLV (Moloney murine leukemia virus) reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, CA, http://www.invitrogen.com), we used 1 µg of total RNA treated with RNase-free DNase (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland, http://www.roche-applied-science.com). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer pairs were selected to discriminate between cDNA and genomic DNA by using individual primers specific for different exons, when possible. We used the following primer pairs (forward, reverse, cDNA product length in base pairs ): Abcg2, (5'-GCTGTGGAGCTGTTCGTAGTGG3-', 5'-GCTAAAGTACTGAAGCCAGGAC-3', 387 bp), Myosin VIIa (5'-CTCCCTCTACATCGCTCTGTTCG-3', 5'-AAGCACCTGCTCCTGCTCGTCCACG-3', 628 bp), Musashi1 (5'-TACGCCAGCCGGAGTTACA-3', 5'-AAGCCGTGAGAGGGATAGCT-3', 119 bp), p27Kip1 (5'-CTGGAGCGGATGGACGCCAGAC-3', 5'-CGTCTGCTCCACAGTGCCAGC-3', 525 bp), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (5'-AACGGGAAGCCCATCACC-3', 5'-CAGCCTTGGCAGCACCAG-3', 442 bp). The data presented are representative of at least three independent experiments. The identities of the PCR products were confirmed by sequencing. Control PCR reaction lacking primers or cDNA did not produce product. FACS-sorted SP and non-SP (NSP) cell dissociates were also subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis for the presence of Abcg2 and Musashi1 mRNAs.

Flow Cytometry0 z) M3 I4 N0 w+ V" J8 t

Twenty P3 mice were killed for the isolation of cochlear tissue. Stria vascularis and the spiral ganglia were both removed in PBS (Ca2 , Mg2  free). Cochlear epithelia isolates were obtained by incubating the dissected cochleae with 0.5 mg/ml thermolysin (Sigma-Aldrich) at 37¡ãC for 20 minutes. After stopping the reaction at 4¡ãC, cochlear epithelia were subsequently digested with a mixture containing 1,500 units per milliliter collagenase and 10 units per milliliter dispase for 30 minutes at 37¡ãC, followed by several minutes of trituration. Tissue dissociates were filtered through 40-µm filter to remove cell debris. The yield was approximately 3¨C4 x 105 viable cells from 40 dissected cochleae. These cochlear dissociates were resuspended in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)/F-12 and incubated with 5 µg/ml Hoechst 33342 (Sigma-Aldrich) for 90 minutes at 37¡ãC under a slow swirling motion. In experiments to inhibit Abcg2 transporter, 50 µM verapamil (Sigma-Aldrich) was added 5 minutes before the addition of the Hoechst dye. Cells were spun down, resuspended in DMEM/F-12 and 2 µg/ml propidium iodide (Roche Diagnostics). Cell sorting was performed using a FACSVantage (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, http://www.bdbiosciences.com) equipped with a 350 nm UV laser. A live gate was defined on the FACS using Hoechst red and blue axes to exclude dead cells and debris. After 105 events were collected within the live gates, the SP and NSP cells were defined as Hoechst-low and -bright cells, respectively. SP and NSP cell fractions were sorted, centrifuged, and used for RT-PCR analysis or immunolabeling or were cultured.
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Cell Culture0 d' Z" w: v( L6 A+ p+ C

FACS-sorted cells were plated in 5 ml of medium onto poly(HEME) (Sigma-Aldrich)-coated T25 culture flasks to prevent cell attachment. The culture medium of this "suspension" culture consisted of DMEM/F-12 supplemented with N2 (Invitrogen Corporation), 20 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF), and 10 ng/ml fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) (PeproTech EC Ltd., London, http://www.peprotechec.com). Five days in suspension culture conditions generated aggregates/spheres that were then transferred in 24-well plates coated with poly(D-lysine) (i.e., "adherent" condition). The medium for culture in the adherent condition remained the same except that the growth factors (i.e., EGF and FGF2) were omitted. The p27Kip1 and Myosin VIIA immunopositive cells were blind-counted in each sphere, and 20 spheres were counted from each experimental condition (i.e., SP and NSP cultures). The results were expressed as the mean number of labeled cells per sphere ¡À SD (n = 4). Statistical significance was determined using a Student's t test.
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In three culture experiments, free-floating SP and NSP primary spheres were dissociated to single cells by digestion with 0.25% trypsin/0.53 mM EDTA (Invitrogen Corporation) at 37¡ãC for 15 minutes and resuspended in a 50:50 mixture of fresh and conditioned culture media that consisted of DMEM/F-12 supplemented with N2, EGF, and FGF2.; L' @8 l! A. a0 L7 Z

5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine Pulse" l3 N, z8 X/ r. \" \5 E5 [* \  ]
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To label cells in S-phase, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) (10 µM) was added to the culture medium 3 days after the initiation of plating in suspension. After 4 days (i.e., 3 days in the presence of BrdU), plates containing BrdU-labeled cultures were examined for fluorescence.
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RESULTS

Expression and Tissue Distribution of Abcg2, an SP Phenotype Marker6 v- `. i( Y$ K

The expression of Abcg2 mRNA was investigated by RT-PCR in isolated cochlear epithelia from P3 (Fig. 1) and adult mice. These reactions generated a single amplified product of the expected size (387 bp). RT-PCR analysis was also used to determine the presence of other inner ear cell type markers within the P3 and adult cochleae. We determined the expression of mRNA of Myosin VIIA, an HC marker; p27Kip1, a marker expressed in the supporting cells; and Musashi1, a marker for stem/progenitor cells (Fig. 2). Validity of all RT-PCR products was confirmed by sequence analysis (not shown).2 w, @/ [+ E1 W8 A, D6 ^1 c3 b" T

Figure 1. Schematic diagram depicting a section through the organ of Corti of postnatal day-3 (P3) mouse. Sensory hair cells as well as the nonsensory supporting cell types are indicated. Deiters cells surround each OHC separating them from each other, and the nuclei of these supporting cells are located in a layer underneath the nuclei of the OHC. Inner phalangeal cells and border cells surround each IHC. The inner and outer pillar cells separate the IHCs from the OHCs. Hensen's cells are external and distal to the OHC area. Abbreviations: bc, border cells; d, Deiters cells; h, Hensen's cells; IHC, inner hair cell; ip, inner pillar; OHC, outer hair cell; op, outer pillar.0 K8 r/ U% g! G
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Figure 2. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of the expression of Abcg2, hair cell (myosin VIIA), supporting cell (p27Kip1), and stem/progenitor (Musashi1) markers in the sensory epithelia dissected from postnatal day-3 (P3) neonate and adult cochleae. Ubiquitously expressed Gapdh (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is a reference gene.
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We then carried out immunohistochemistry studies to determine the spatial expression of Abcg2 in the P3 cochlea by using rabbit polyclonal-Abcg2 antibody 405. This antiserum was raised against an 18-mer peptide of the ATP binding region of Abcg2. This sequence is located just proximal to the N-terminal and has 100% identity only with Abcg2 .2 Q& k# F0 G8 N: p( ^
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Abcg2 immunoreactivity was observed in many supporting cells (Figs. 3, 4). All of the HCs were devoid of immunoreaction product, but Abcg2 immunolabel was significant in the three rows of Deiters cells below the outer HCs (OHCs) and in Hensen's cells located laterally to the OHC area as well as in border and inner phalengeal cells that surround the inner HCs (IHC) (Figs. 3B, 3E, 3A). The IHC is flask-shaped and is surrounded by supporting cells such as inner border cells, inner phalangeal cells, and pillar cells (Fig. 1). A dense immunolabel for Abcg2 was present over the fibers of the spiral ganglion within the osseous spiral lamina projecting toward the area of the IHCs (Figs. 3B, 4A, 4D).9 p- `; {' a/ ]$ @! d
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Figure 3. Abcg2 is expressed in the supporting cells of the organ of Corti. Phalloidin staining (A) was used to identify the circumferences of hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells, including Deiters cells (D) and Hensen's cells (H). HCs are specifically labeled for calbindin (D) but lack Abcg2 immunoreactivity. A strong p27Kip1 label is restricted to the supporting cell types within the organ of Corti (G). Abcg2 immunoreactivity (B, E, H) localizes to the supporting cells in both outer HC (OHC) and inner HC (IHC) areas. The reaction product is distinctively visible in the three rows of Deiters cells (arrows) (B, E, H) below the OHCs and in the border and inner phalengeal cells surrounding the IHCs (large arrows) (B, E, H). Abcg2 is also detected in Hensen's cells (filled arrowhead) (B) located laterally to the organ of Corti and at the level of the fibers within the spiral lamina (open arrowheads) (B). The pattern of p27Kip1 expression is nuclear, allowing the distinction of the spatial location of the Abcg2 to the plasma membrane. Scale bars = 20 µm (A¨CC), 30 µm (D¨CI).- k6 c$ y5 R# c% f; Y

Figure 4. Abcg2, Nestin, and Musashi1 are detectable in the supporting cells within the organ of Corti. (A¨CC): Abcg2 (A) and Nestin (B) immunostaining and merge (C). (D¨CF): Abcg2 (D) and Musashi1 (E) immunostaining and merge (F). (A): Abcg2 immunoreaction is predominantly visible in the three rows of Deiters cells (arrows) and border cells surrounding the inner hair cell (IHC) (large arrow). Abcg2 is also detected in Hensen's cells (filled arrowhead) and at the level of the fibers within the spiral lamina (open arrowheads). (B): Analysis of promoter activity showed nestin expression in the border cells (large arrow), inner phalengeal cells (arrow), and fibers projecting toward the organ of Corti (arrowheads). (C): Nestin colocalizes with Abcg2 at the level of border cells below the IHCs and the spiral fibers. Both Abcg2 and nestin are absent from the hair cells. (E): Musashi1 is localized in both the nuclei of Deiters cells (arrows) as well as their phalengeal processes projecting toward the reticular lamina (arrowheads) and pillar cells (filled arrowhead). Kolliker's organ (OK) located at the medial aspect of the organ of Corti showed a diffuse pattern of immunoreactivity for Musashi1. Scale bars = 50 µm (A¨CC), 30 µm (D¨CF).

The lack of Abcg2 labeling from the HCs was confirmed by double-immunostaining the cochlea for the presence of calbindin protein, an HC marker. Double-labeling with Abcg2 and calbindin indicated that calbindin immunoreactivity is confined to the upper layer of cells of the organ of Corti which contains the HCs, whereas the Abcg2 expression was restricted to the basal layer located below the HCs which contains the supporting cells (i.e., Deiters, inner phalengeal, and border cells) (Fig. 3D, 3F). The pattern of expression of p27Kip1, the nuclear marker of supporting cells (Fig. 3G), allowed for recognition of the spatial location of the Abcg2 transporter to the plasma membrane of the supporting cells (i.e., Deiters cells) (Fig. 3I).0 G7 Y( C# P0 s- p, p$ e; J

To gain insight into the spatial distribution of stem/progenitor markers within the postnatal mammalian cochlea, we determined the expression of Abcg2 in combination with that of Nestin and Musashi1. Our results indicate that the Abcg2 is expressed in domains overlapping with those of Nestin and Musashi1. The pattern of expression of Abcg2 and Nestin was studied in the P3 cochlea from transgenic mice expressing GFP under the control of the Nestin promoter.5 F+ |4 u' n5 y0 ?7 m* Q

Analysis of promoter activity showed Nestin expression in the border cells, inner phalengeal cells that surround the IHCs, and the nerve fibers projecting toward the organ of Corti (Fig. 4B). Nestin expression colocalizes with Abcg2 at the level of border cells below the IHCs and the spiral ganglion fibers (Fig. 4C) and was not present in the HCs. Musashi1 was found in many supporting cells (e.g., pillar and Deiters cells) (Fig. 4E), and Kolliker's organ cells located medial to the organ of Corti were also immunopositive for the presence of Musashi1 that colocalizes with Abcg2 in the Deiters cells (Fig. 4F)., O8 N6 a3 h5 e( J/ l

Isolation and Culture of Cochlear SP Population+ m7 l! o6 ]; ^; o5 y% [0 V& {) V4 x
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Cell dissociates from P3 mouse cochlear sensory epithelia were resuspended in 5 µg/ml Hoechst 33342 dye followed by FACS analysis using the dual Hoechst dye emission profile. FACS analysis revealed a large cell population with high Hoechst fluorescence (NSP) and a minor cell population with relatively lower Hoechst fluorescence (SP) (Fig. 5A). The emergence of the cochlear SP fraction was extremely sensitive to both dye concentration and the length of incubation in the dye. The proportion of the cochlear SP cells was approximately 0.53% of the total cells in the suspension dissociated from P3 cochlear epithelia.

Figure 5. Direct identification and characterization of cochlear SP cells. (A): Isolation of a SP cell population from postnatal day-3 (P3) cochlea using flow cytometry. SP cells were isolated from P3 cochlear epithelium dissociates using dual-wavelength fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and Hoechst 33342 dye. Note that the SP cells are located within the gated regions. An SP cell profile is present in P3 cochlear tissue dissociates and accounts for approximately 0.53% of the total cells analyzed. Hoechst dye exclusion from SP fraction cells is verapamil-sensitive (inset). (B): RT-PCR on SP and NSP cell fractions conducted on RNA from these FACS-sorted cells. SP fraction revealed Abcg2 expression that was not present in the NSP fraction, whereas Musashi1 was weakly detected in both SP and NSP cell fractions. (C): The restricted expression of Abcg2 to cochlear SP cells was confirmed when the FACS-sorted SP cells were immunolabeled with an Abcg2 antibody. Note that Abcg2 (red) membrane labeling is apparent in all DAPI (blue)-stained nuclei, supporting the role of Abcg2 as the SP cell transporter responsible for Hoechst dye exclusion. The NSP fraction did not immunolabel for the presence of Abcg2 (not shown). (D, F): Abcg2 FACS-sorted cochlear cells proliferate in response to epidermal growth factor/fibroblast growth factor 2 (EGF/FGF2). (D): An example of spheres that formed from cochlear FACS-SP collected cells cultured for 7 days in "suspension" condition. (E, F): Another SP sphere formed after 7 days in suspension culture showing BrdU-positive cells (red). (G): Quantification of spheres derived from SP and NSP cell fractions in culture supplemented with EGF/FGF2 after 7 days (mean ¡À SD; n = 3). (H): Percentage of BrdU-positive cells in the SP and NSP spheres cultured 3 days in the presence of BrdU in suspension with EGF/FGF2-containing medium. Abbreviations: BrdU, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine; DAPI, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; NSP, non-side population; SP, side population.

To test the specificity of the SP subpopulation of cochlear cells that selectively eliminate the Hoechst dye, staining was performed in the presence of verapamil on an aliquot of dissociated cochlear cells. The efflux of Hoechst dye from stem cells has been shown to be verapamil-sensitive and involves the Abcg2 transporter . Hoechst dye staining of cochlear cell dissociates in the presence of verapamil eliminated the fraction of SP cells within the cell suspension (Fig. 5A, insert).+ [0 T: S( E( y
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RT-PCR analysis showed a strong correlation between the presence of Abcg2 transcripts and the SP phenotype when the expression of Abcg2 was compared between SP and NSP sorted fractions. The expression of Abcg2 mRNA was evident in the SP fraction of cells, whereas no signal was observed in the RT-PCR products from the NSP fraction (Fig. 5B).
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Moreover, immunostaining confirmed the expression of Abcg2 protein in the SP cell population. The Abcg2 is distributed in punctuate clusters localized around the plasma membrane of the sorted SP cells (Fig. 5C). The NSP cells did not immunostain for the presence of Abcg2 (not shown)." {" u% x6 E: g& q7 ~
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Cochlear SP Cells Are Capable of Proliferation and Differentiation. C" k% y5 c8 \+ D. G4 F1 E' X

The FACS-sorted SP cells were examined for aggregate/sphere formation by employing the in vitro procedure previously adapted for the inner ear tissue . After 7 days in suspension culture condition, SP cells seeded at low density in the presence of EGF/FGF2 proliferated and formed substantial spherical-shaped floating colonies (i.e., SP spheres) (Fig. 5D). To determine whether the SP sphere was generated by mitosis, we used BrdU labeling. Representative BrdU-labeled SP spheres originating from cochlear SP cells are presented in Figure 5E, 5F. In a typical cochlear dissociate composed of approximately 2,500 plated cells, SP fraction cells generated 20.25 ¡À 3.30 spheres as compared with the NSP cells, which generated only 4 ¡À 2.16 spheres (p - O9 P, I( l2 I8 {8 y

To check whether SP-sphere-forming cells are capable of self-renewal, a requisite characteristic of stem cells, we dissociated SP spheres and cultured the resulting individual cells at low density. We generated 2 ¡À 0.5 SP secondary spheres (n = 3) that were not expandable through additional passages, probably due to their limited capability of self-renewal. Conversely, cells dissociated from NSP spheres and maintained in the same in vitro conditions as the SP dissociated cells were not able to generate any secondary spheres after 10¨C15 days in culture (not shown).6 P7 f' |0 |7 |- v
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We next examined whether cells included in expanded SP spheres have the ability to develop antigenic properties of organ of Corti cells (i.e., express HC and SC epitopes). Spheres grown for 7 days in suspension condition were plated on a poly(L-lysine) substratum in serum-free medium in the absence of growth factors for 5 days (Fig. 6). Under these adherent differentiating conditions, several SP cells within the sphere cell colony expressed the HC markers myosin VIIA and fimbrin (Fig. 6B, 6F). The SP cells with the strongest immunoreactivity for myosin VIIA expressed a more differentiated morphology (i.e., polarized nuclei and elongated cells bodies) (Fig. 6F).

Figure 6. Differentiation of cochlear SP cells in culture. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting-derived SP spheres generate cells that express HC and supporting cell markers under differentiation conditions (A¨CH). SP spheres in "suspension" culture give rise to cells that immunolabel for the presence of HC (myosin VIIA and fimbrin) and supporting cell (p27Kip1) markers after 4 days (A¨CD) and 6 days (E¨CH) in vitro. Merge images (D, H) with fluorescence microscopy show nonoverlapping expression of HC markers (myosin VIIA and fimbrin) and the supporting cell marker (p27Kip1) within differentiated SP-sphere-derived cells. (I): Quantification of the number of cells expressing HC (myosin VIIA) and supporting cell (p27Kip1) markers in SP- and NSP-derived spheres after 6 days in vitro. The individual bars visualize the fraction of immunopositive cells counted from 20 spheres. Shown are mean values ¡À SD determined from three independent culture experiments for each dataset. ** indicates significant difference from NSP. Scale bars = 25 µm (A¨CD), 10 µm (E¨CH). Abbreviations: HC, hair cell; NSP, non-side population; SP, side population.
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Other SP cells within the sphere expressed a supporting cell marker p27Kip1 (Fig. 6C, 6G), a protein that is initially expressed in hair and supporting cell progenitors and then downregulated in HCs but persists in mature supporting cells . In this culture paradigm, the amount of HCs and supporting cells generated was higher after 5 days of differentiation in the SP cell fraction as compared with the NSP fraction (p $ Z% ~& N- }7 u) x( F

Figure 7. Purified side population (SP)-supporting cell progenitors divide and transdifferentiate into BrdU-positive hair cells (HCs) after 5 days in "suspension" culture condition in the presence of epidermal growth factor/fibroblast growth factor 2 followed by 4 days under "adherent" differentiation condition in the presence of BrdU. Nuclear immunoreactivity for the early HC marker Math1 (C) (green) was detected in a subset of the cells immunostained with BrdU (B) (red). Arrows indicate double-labeled differentiating HCs. (A): DAPI. (B): Anti-BrdU. (C): Anti-Math1. (D): Merge. Scale bar = 25 µm. Abbreviations: BrdU, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine; DAPI, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.
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DISCUSSION0 X# T6 L4 |4 \) G- `3 j1 p

The high incidence of hearing loss in humans , stem/progenitor cells have not been isolated from the postnatal cochlea.- K8 Z) H# m4 n- r4 O8 G

SP cells were initially identified as a Hoechst dye low-retention subpopulation isolated from bone marrow using flow cytometry .
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Here, we provide evidence that a subpopulation of supporting cells within the P3 mouse cochlea represents SP progenitor cells that can be purified by FACS based on their ability to eliminate Hoechst 33342 dye. This cochlear SP cell population retains the ability to divide and progress in differentiation toward generating HC and supporting-like cells in vitro.

The Abcg2 expression is observed in many supporting cell types, including Deiters cells, inner phalengeal cells, borders cells, and Hensen's cells. Musashi1, another stem cell marker, colocalized with Abcg2 at the level of Deiters cells. The expression of a combination of these universal stem cell markers, along with p27Kip1, an inhibitor of cell cycle progression, may help in specifying a subpopulation of the supporting cells as potential progenitor cells in the early postnatal cochlea.

Importantly, HCs do not express Abcg2, making their elimination possible by FACS purification. To test whether Abcg2 expression identifies a subpopulation of supporting cells with SP progenitor features, we used FACS to separate them based on their ability to exclude Hoechst dye. A small but distinct fraction of SP cells obtained from four experiments was calculated to be 0.53% of the total dissociated cells. This is a reasonably abundant value compared with that previously reported for other organs . This could be explained in part by the widespread expression of p27Kip1 protein in all supporting cell types within the cochlear epithelium as compared with the Abcg2, which is not expressed in the pillar cells.% j5 V5 B: E% m. o
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That supporting cells with an SP phenotype represent progenitor cells is supported by the fact that these cells can re-enter cell cycle and express Abcg2 and Musashi1, two conserved markers of stem/progenitor cells .
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A subset of purified supporting cells with an SP phenotype are able to proliferate and to form free-floating spheres in vitro when maintained in a nonadhesive environment with EGF/FGF2. This combination of growth factors promotes proliferation in our culture conditions, in accord with previous observations that implicated these factors in increasing the number of spheres derived from utricular epithelium .
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We tested whether SP spheres grown in suspension culture could differentiate under adherent culture conditions. Four days after plating, a subset of SP-supporting cells were observed to transdifferentiate into cells that express epitope markers for HCs (Myosin VIIA, Fimbrin, and Math1). Cells that expressed high levels of Myosin VIIA (a marker for HC maturation) were more elongated with an eccentric located nucleus suggestive of a more mature cell morphology. HC-like cells generated in our cultures are derived from FACS SP-supporting cells after the incorporation of mature pre-existing HCs in the SP spheres is ruled out because HCs do not express the Abcg2 transporter, which is responsible for the efflux of Hoechst dye.! Z5 w/ |7 X5 x" X
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In addition, a subset of new transdifferentiating HCs in the SP spheres that expressed early marker for HC differentiation such as Math1 also incorporated BrdU. The presence of BrdU  and BrdU¨C cells within the same SP sphere indicated that isolated SP-supporting cells can transdifferentiate into HCs through a combination of mitotic and nonmitotic mechanisms. Consistent with this notion are the results of White at al.  showing that purified neonatal cochlear supporting cells from p27Kip1-GFP transgenic mice can also divide and transdifferentiate into HCs by both mitotic and nonmitotic mechanisms.. b- l/ i* A7 K  [# u* U  Q3 \
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Our findings suggest that Abcg2-positive SP-supporting cells have the potential to become HCs after injury in vivo but that inhibitory signals or physical barriers inhibit cell proliferation, and that the dissociation of the cochlear tissue may act to release such inhibitory processes, presumably due to the destruction of cell-cell interaction and/or stimulation by the presence of exogenous EGF/FGF2 in the culture medium. Chen and Segil . These data suggest that, during HC development, Musashi1 may act as an activator of Notch signaling through translational repression of Numb and may contribute with Abcg2 to SP phenotype of the supporting cells.

Recent studies on HC development have introduced new paths of potential regeneration of new mammalian HCs. Several genes are shown to be critical during HC differentiation . This transdifferentiation of existing supporting cells to new HCs after Atoh1 transduction also supports the hypothesis that Abcg2  supporting cells in the P3 cochlea are putative HC progenitors. Our report provides a method for the purification of a population of SP-supporting cells from the early postnatal mammalian cochlea through their expression of Abcg2 that can differentiate in vitro into HCs.1 d2 O0 u- B7 v4 I: d2 R  A6 N
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This protocol of isolating and culturing a subpopulation of supporting cells complements the recent study of purification of supporting cells using p27/GFP transgenic mouse line and flow cytometry  and could be the foundation for further studies to address fundamental questions relating to the molecular and cellular biology of this stem/progenitor cell population in the postnatal mammalian cochlea. Advances in the understanding of the signals that regulate this cell population may stimulate novel biotechnology strategies to promote cochlear regeneration in patients with sensorineural deafness.' P) I) i, V) S, v! m* y
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DISCLOSURES

The authors indicate no potential conflicts of interest.4 G( ~, f- Q7 L  Y( C# R3 d3 Y

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS1 d9 a/ S- M: f

We thank Dr. T. Litman (University of Copenhagen) for the Abcg2 antiserum, Dr. H. Okano (Keio University) for reagents, Dr. M. Lenoir for valuable discussions, and J.L. Pasquier, P. Alzieu, and M. Callego for their technical assistance. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their critical reading and helpful comments on the first version of the manuscript. This research was supported by the AFM (Grant 11395).# U# w) _2 b- S4 L
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