求助翻译

lg806

somal translocation

痞子的烟头

神经元体细胞迁移，是这个意思不？发一段话上来，

grape

准确译法不详，但通过查询相关文献得知，somal translocation应该是一种“（神经元）胞体通过易位（或变形）的（迁移）移动方式”，该移动方式为：细胞胞体延伸部分支，与皮层的软膜表面相铆接，胞体被拖向延伸部，然后延伸部缩短，从而细胞进行迁移。/ Z8 k- E" D& ]2 g
( E0 |- X* w: V
以下附几段有关的somal translocation的词源出处：
0 t. [) O5 S0 f: i$ |
. |: Y2 ?4 ^1 JNeuronal migration
+ t, S+ S8 F( `! l2 @Corticogenesis: younger neurons migrate past older ones using radial glia as a scaffolding. Cajal-Retzius cells (red) release reelin (orange).Neuronal migration is the method by which neurons travel from their origin or birth place to their final position in the brain. There are several ways they can do this, e.g. by radial migration or tangential migration. (see time lapse sequences of radial migration (also known as glial guidance) and somal translocation.)[4]. r6 D- c% y1 t5 t# x

8 _$ n+ g: [! t# gTangential migration of interneurons from ganglionic eminence.Radial migration Neuronal precursor cells proliferate in the ventricular zone of the developing neocortex. The first postmitotic cells to migrate form the preplate which are destined to become Cajal-Retzius cells and subplate neurons. These cells do so by somal translocation. Neurons migrating with this mode of locomotion are bipolar and attach the leading edge of the process to the pia. The soma is then transported to the pial surface by nucleokinesis, a process by which a microtubule "cage" around the nucleus elongates and contracts in association with the centrosome to guide the nucleus to its final destination.[5] Radial glia, whose fibers serve as a scaffolding for migrating cells, can itself divide[6] or translocate to the cortical plate and differentiate either into astrocytes or neurons.[7] Somal translocation can occur at any time during development.[4]
0 t" A4 E; @8 Y& j& L5 \7 y
2 G" }* q+ `7 b& Q9 vSubsequent waves of neurons split the preplate by migrating along radial glial fibres to form the cortical plate. Each wave of migrating cells travel past their predecessors forming layers in an inside-out manner, meaning that the youngest neurons are the closest to the surface.[8][9] It is estimated that glial guided migration represents 90% of migrating neurons in human and about 75% in rodents.[10]
  M$ |& G1 d$ p4 y7 f& t9 {5 n4 U7 B1 y
Tangential migration Most interneurons migrate tangentially through multiple modes of migration to reach their appropriate location in the cortex. An example of tangential migration is the movement of interneurons from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex. One example of ongoing tangential migration in a mature organism, observed in some animals, is the rostral migratory stream connecting subventricular zone and olfactory bulb.4 K+ Z# G4 G2 x0 i2 W* X' o6 l
  U4 K, P3 G2 `4 K' z' G
Others modes of migration There is also a method of neuronal migration called multipolar migration.[11][12] This is seen in multipolar cells, which are abundantly present in the cortical intermediate zone. They do not resemble the cells migrating by locomotion or somal translocation. Instead these multipolar cells express neuronal markers and extend multiple thin processes in various directions independently of the radial glial fibers.[11]! |+ l/ T' l8 x) p4 i& ]
" M* |5 V* j! D8 d2 L

. {0 F, M$ H9 e/ p9 T1.^ Estomih Mtui; Gregory Gruener (2006). Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience. Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 1. ISBN 1-4160-3445-5. " m( `& ^) D' j3 P7 c, a# ?( t; p
2.^ Jessell, Thomas M.; Kandel, Eric R.; Schwartz, James H. (2000). "Chapter 55". Principles of neural science (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8385-7701-6. 5 ~8 J  p% C* V8 }
3.^ Duester, G (September 2008). "Retinoic acid synthesis and signaling during early organogenesis". Cell 134 (6): 921–31. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.002. PMC 2632951. PMID 18805086.
# w6 K% U' h, F, ^: f2 |4.^ a b Nadarajah B, Brunstrom J, Grutzendler J, Wong R, Pearlman A (2001). "Two modes of radial migration in early development of the cerebral cortex". Nat Neurosci 4 (2): 143–50. doi:10.1038/83967. PMID 11175874. http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v4/n2/full/nn0201_143.html. 0 W0 @9 F* S0 g; J0 @
5.^ Samuels B, Tsai L (2004). "Nucleokinesis illuminated". Nat Neurosci 7 (11): 1169–70. doi:10.1038/nn1104-1169. PMID 15508010. http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v7/n11/full/nn1104-1169.html.
$ E# m5 I! r6 W, E3 ]8 n( \1 w/ g6.^ Tamamaki N, Nakamura K, Okamoto K, Kaneko T (September 2001). "Radial glia is a progenitor of neocortical neurons in the developing cerebral cortex". Neurosci. Res. 41 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1016/S0168-0102(01)00259-0. PMID 11535293. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168010201002590.
' G& k( u( m) N) }6 K% a7.^ Miyata T, Kawaguchi A, Okano H, Ogawa M (September 2001). "Asymmetric inheritance of radial glial fibers by cortical neurons". Neuron 31 (5): 727–41. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00420-2. PMID 11567613. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0896-6273(01)00420-2. : Q/ G- T+ X3 E( c' ~
8.^ Nadarajah B, Parnavelas J (2002). "Modes of neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex". Nat Rev Neurosci 3 (6): 423–32. doi:10.1038/nrn845. PMID 12042877. ! O5 d  L4 C; \  M5 R7 r+ s4 I/ D3 T
9.^ Rakic P (1972). "Mode of cell migration to the superficial layers of fetal monkey neocortex". J Comp Neurol 145 (1): 61–83. doi:10.1002/cne.901450105. PMID 4624784.
' e  I- @* F: T0 s& C10.^ Letinic K, Zoncu R, Rakic P (June 2002). "Origin of GABAergic neurons in the human neocortex". Nature 417 (6889): 645–9. doi:10.1038/nature00779. PMID 12050665.
2 q1 c4 ]4 c9 K$ @( W$ Y  ^% p3 z11.^ a b Tabata H, Nakajima K (5 November 2003). "Multipolar migration: the third mode of radial neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex". J Neurosci 23 (31): 9996–10001. PMID 14602813. http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/23/31/9996. & |0 N! a. M7 J4 p- O  r! w  k
12.^ Nadarajah B, Alifragis P, Wong R, Parnavelas J (2003). "Neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex: observations based on real-time imaging". Cereb Cortex 13 (6): 607–11. doi:10.1093/cercor/13.6.607. PMID 12764035. http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/13/6/607.9 n6 {* f7 Z. r, }( h
& A7 C/ j" O% k/ F
3 f' R$ ~+ {* S% T( I8 v$ {" o- ?
皮层发育早期的神经元迁移模式  
& T1 e8 F2 T, D. g    哺乳动物大脑皮层的神经元形成了六层，以发育中的形成先后顺序排列。组成这些层的大部分神经元是由ventricular zone 放射性的迁移而来的。通常认为它们的迁移由一个放射性胶质纤维形成的网络来指导。然而Nadarajah et al.却发现，这种迁移，被称作locomotion，并不是皮层神经元迁移动唯一途径，他们认为一种细胞体移动而不是整个细胞移动的迁移somal translocation可能在皮层早期发育中也是很重要的。
: H! y/ c( {# _( Q9 Q" X4 f. N    研究者应用time-lapse显微技术研究了小鼠胚胎皮层的切片，区分了这两种类型的放射性迁移。在locomotion迁移中，整个细胞与胶质纤维紧密相连，延伸部(leading process)在细胞迁移时保持或多或少的不变，而在somal translocation中，延伸部经常分支，与皮层的软膜表面相铆接，胞体被拖向延伸部，然后延伸部缩短，细胞进行迁移。 8 m% [/ x. g6 d$ D
    这种细胞的迁移看来不是细胞类型特异性的，但somal translocation被发现在皮层发育的早期很频繁，在这时细胞的迁移距离还都很小。很多进行locomotion迁移动细胞应用somal translocation进行精确的定位。为什么有这两种类型的迁移存在呢?研究者认为somal translocation似乎是一种较原始的机制，常存在于细胞进行小距离迁移动时候。皮层早期的结果证明了这一点，胶质介导的locomotion可能是高度进化的脊椎动物中才具有的神经元迁移机制，用来满足长距离和复杂皮层环境发育的需要。 % O8 H# ^" y5 l9 R) j( j2 D: w: |
    最近的研究有很多时集中最皮层发育的分子基础上，对某些编码蛋白基因的突变如reelin和Cdk5已经发现能够严重点影响皮层的组织。关于somal translocation对皮层早期发育必需的发现提出了许多因子对不同神经元迁移模式是必需的可能性。" Z" P4 T6 V$ e. }% T
- a3 _; {6 f9 y: s
相关文章及链接：
4 u* H. n: a' u9 ~; S5 l! UORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER $ E) F7 T" d- r# W% ~

- I- n  ^* {( ?: h) O* _Nadarajah , B. et al. Two modes of radial migration in early development of the cerebral cortex. Nature Neurosci. 4, 143–150 (2001) [Contents page] PubMed
& W+ H7 r$ _  c3 c: }6 s7 e3 l! I$ Y3 d9 [0 W2 G6 C9 ^
FURTHER READING
0 d- q! Q# u+ g) O6 f% C' }9 APearlman, A. L. et al. New directions for neuronal migration . Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 8, 45– 54 (1998) PubMed & m+ k- ?, A9 J8 i7 x& i: ?+ A
Walsh, C. A. & Goffinet, A. M. Potential mechanisms of mutations that affect neuronal migration in man and mouse. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 10, 270–274 ( 2000) PubMed ; y* K. f1 W7 Q- T+ a) y+ v: E8 O+ u

/ d* c$ y( n1 a! t1 h5 H( g$ P0 l' kENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SCIENCES - ?' _$ X1 @& N' [
Cerebral cortex development
3 W9 {  i( ~1 V1 h5 O, m4 L+ g  q) M
8 L: _- j9 c7 s: X0 [! j　
" s2 Y& B8 L2 l8 Z# ~+ _( z7 } ( G4 h7 m3 ]( a5 h6 W; G! B