美首次获得濒危物种的干细胞

细胞海洋

2011-9-6 2:30  来源： 科技日报    【字号：大 中 小】
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2 x7 ^% t  x) v　　本报讯据美国物理学家组织网9月4日报道，美国科学家使用动物的皮肤细胞，通过诱导多能性技术，首次获得了濒危物种的干细胞。他们表示，最新研究有望让物种免于灭绝；也可用于人类的疾病治疗。相关研究发表在9月4日出版的《自然 方法学》杂志上。
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　　5年前，圣地亚哥动物园保护研究所的奥利弗 瑞德和斯克利普斯研究所的发育神经生物学教授詹尼 洛宁就已在讨论收集濒危物种干细胞的可能性。洛宁和瑞德认为，新技术能被用于濒危物种。
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# e& |4 [) n1 y  u' Z# h7 m; A" v6 z　　科学家们选择了两种物种开始研究。其一是高度濒危的灵长类动物鬼狒，因为其被圈养时常罹患糖尿病，科学家希望借此研究糖尿病干细胞疗法。其二是遗传特性与灵长类动物迥然不同的北部白犀牛，目前仅存7头，科学家们希望借此研究如何保护濒危物种。  X/ ]* `4 q0 S0 O$ M
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　　起初他们认为，必须从与濒危物种有密切联系的动物中隔离出基因并使用基因来成功地诱导出多能性，但实验表明并非如此。相反，科学家们发现，在人身上诱导多能性的基因对白犀牛和鬼狒同样有用。
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　　尽管一次只制造出了几个干细胞，但这已足够。现在，他们正试图诱导干细胞分化成卵子或精子细胞。一旦成功，就能从死亡很长时间的动物的皮肤细胞诱导出多能干细胞，促使其分化成精子细胞，随后让其和活体动物的卵子细胞结合，在试管中受精。这样，这种动物不仅会重获已失去的遗传多样性，而且会变得更健康、更强壮、体形更大。这一过程或许比现在的克隆技术更可靠。
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　　另外，最新研究也有助于保护濒危物种。瑞德表示：“保护濒危物种的最佳方式是保存物种和其栖息地，但这也并非永远有效。干细胞技术为我们提供了新办法。”科学家们希望继续从其他物种获取干细胞来扩展其研究。
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/ c, p' d8 V3 x" F% y! ?2 }　　（刘霞）
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6 H- A- G1 |1 v" {　　(科技日报)
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zhangxf0928

更健康、更强壮、体形更大.......
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naturalkillerce

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* D) z8 {& r4 \# O/ {回复 细胞海洋 的帖子0 L5 b" U$ ]5 M' a
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Stem Cells Induced for Conservation
$ e1 [0 Q- t- B/ \: B' }Researchers generate pluripotent stem cells from two endangered species in hopes of learning more about the near-extinct animals.6 h5 u! C$ K. Y, w$ Q
By Kerry Grens | September 4, 2011! B& k8 M3 m& b( [% W, J& c$ f  ?  n

/ a: l) a) }% i9 O/ vUsing frozen cells stored at the San Diego Zoo, researchers have made induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from two species teetering on the brink of extinction: an African primate called a drill and the northern white rhinoceros. The study, published today (September 4) in Nature Methods, is the first to tap into the potential of iPSCs for the conservation of endangered species.5 ^. I: F! g5 h$ u6 v+ o
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“It is one means of capturing a genome in a way that is reproducible and will allow you to study tissue development maybe long after the animal is gone,” said George Daley, a professor at Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, who was not part of this study. “Whether or not this can assist in reproduction is somewhat more speculative, and that may or may not ever pan out.”, `# G1 y+ I! O
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Induced pluripotent stem cells are created by reprogramming somatic cells. In this case, researchers started with frozen fibroblasts, in storage at the San Diego Zoo’s Frozen Zoo, from a now-deceased drill named Loon and a white rhino named Fatu. Though iPSCs have been successfully generated from humans, mice and other animals, working with endangered species, about which little genetic information has been gathered, created a challenge for the scientists.
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“Ideally, I would have cloned out the appropriate reprogramming genes from that organism and made vectors using those sequences,” said senior author Jeanne Loring, the director of the Center for Regenerative Medicine at Scripps Research Institute. But such reprogramming genes aren’t known for these species. Instead, the researchers used reprogramming genes from humans, and they worked.' L, X# F8 O. ]7 P  s( e
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Identifying pluripotency-associated gene expression and pluripotency markers that would work for these species was not as straightforward, requiring extensive scanning through PCR primers and antibodies Loring said, but in the end, they found success: the chromosomal characteristics of the stem cells, their expression of pluripotency markers, and the ability to differentiate into different cell types all heralded success in generating iPSCs from both the drill and the rhino.6 y( A6 U1 @; @6 u/ S+ i8 W

- ~1 d  z/ W. K5 `' V3 vIt’s not clear yet how the cells might be used in conservation efforts. Pierre Comizzoli, a reproductive physiologist with the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute who did not participate in this research, told The Scientist that their application is likely a long way off, but stem cells might become useful in the future. “First of all, they could be used for regenerative medicines to maybe help some animals recover functions that are lost because of genetic diseases or metabolic disorders,” he said. “Then later on, there is maybe the possibility of shaping those stem cells into sperm or eggs and having the possibility of recreating embryos from there.”
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/ f1 S1 A6 U( \+ \* OSuch long term ambitions should not distract the public from the immediate needs of these animals, Comizzoli added. Habitat conservation, for instance, is an immediately available method for protecting endangered species.
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* o4 S8 w8 e& X9 n% J  R6 x, ^Loring agreed, saying she hopes that the paper will remind people of the desperate situation for these animals. There are several thousand drills, but just seven northern white rhinos alive. There had been eight rhinos when Loring started the project. “One of them died between the time we submitted and the time we were accepted,” she told The Scientist.9 f) J% t) @$ o) |$ t

# u8 R& j% n' ^; [发表在Nature Methods上原文信息：
9 H3 ]7 f% b( T6 O“Induced pluripotent stem cells from highly endangered species,” I. F. B.-N., et al., Nature Methods,  DOI:10.1038/NMETH.1706, 2011；http://www.nature.com/nmeth/jour ... ull/nmeth.1706.html

naturalkillerce

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  k  M" y% ^: \理论上讲，无论是胚胎干细胞、还是成体干细胞，还是诱导性干细胞，以及正常的体细胞，都是共享同一个基因组，只不过因为受到细胞内外环境的影响，导致不同基因表达，最终影响了不同细胞的性质和命运。该项技术为保存濒临物种提供一种希望。个人认为，不管最终证明此举是否徒劳，但是如果人类真地什么都不做的话，很多物种都会因为人类的过渡开发而濒临灭绝，那么就连最后一点希望就破灭了，如果最终人类对生物的认识发展到一定高度的话，利用保存的频临物种细胞或许真地能够克隆出灭绝的物种，不过最好保存的物种尽可能多一些，最样避免遗传资源单一造成类似于近亲杂交的不良后果。

naturalkillerce

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回复 细胞海洋 的帖子5 i) T) Q. ?0 _8 w" c: t/ i- y$ b
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不好意思，把这个文件上传到http://www.stemcell8.cn/thread-45952-1-1.html(研究人员构建出小鼠单倍体胚胎干细胞)上面了，打开好几个页面，发错了，向uyunbilig表示歉意，还害得管理员和uyunbilig给我加分。下次多注意一下， $ Y- b, k0 @# P% d3 I6 j- l

water12006

多谢了！！