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Have we got it wrong about allergy? Allergic reactions tend to be seen as the result of a misfire from an immune system that evolved to repel invasive parasites. In a Perspective this week, Noah Palm, Rachel Rosenstein and Ruslan Medzhitov see things differently. They discuss competing hypotheses about the origin and potentially beneficial aspects of TH2 cytokine-dependent allergic immune responses, with emphasis on the possibility that allergic reactions are excessive or exaggerated responses of a system that serves a necessary function, protecting the body from environmental toxins such as noxious substances, venoms and xenobiotics. The authors propose a model in which type 2 inflammatory responses are heterogeneous depending on the stimulus, and speculate that diverse evolutionary pressures may have selected for this class of immune responses. In a Forum discussion in News and Views, Fred Finkelman, David Artis and Rick Maizels argue the merits of such a model. Cover: Knorre, Oksanika/ Shutterstock.8 H' m3 [+ o/ u) C; n
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