LST8 negatively regulates amino acid biosynthesis as a component of th - 《cell》细胞杂志干细胞之家

干细胞之家 - 中国干细胞行业门户第一站 › 干细胞之家论坛 › 干细胞文献资源库 › 《cell》细胞杂志 › LST8 negatively regulates amino acid biosynthesis as ...



免疫细胞治疗专区	欢迎关注干细胞微信公众号

12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 25 下一页

返回列表

查看: 354196\|回复: 244	go LST8 negatively regulates amino acid biosynthesis as a component of th [复制链接]

杨柳

版主

Rank: 7 Rank: 7 Rank: 7

积分: 0
威望: 0
包包: 3465

楼主

发表于 2009-3-6 00:40 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览 |打印

Esther J. Chen and Chris A. Kaiser/ P: }; j2 M0 r8 T) f% @

Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139- E) C+ T% ]3 B: Z
9 K# x2 h5 k9 `2 u% Y; |
Address correspondence to Chris A. Kaiser 68-533, Dept. of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139. Tel.: (617) 253-9804. Fax: (617) 253-6622. E-mail: ckaiser@mit.edu
  Y  B1 J! ]6 Q7 \3 K
Abstract" W: o9 A: I' C  e  ~
5 E+ C0 X& e8 i# O- A+ O* G% [
LST8, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene encoding a 34-kD WD-repeat protein, was identified by mutations that caused defects in sorting Gap1p to the plasma membrane. Here, we report that the Gap1p sorting defect in the lst8-1 mutant results from derepression of Rtg1/3p activity and the subsequent accumulation of high levels of intracellular amino acids, which signal Gap1p sorting to the vacuole. To identify the essential function of Lst8p, we isolated lst8 mutants that are temperature-sensitive for growth. These mutants show hypersensitivity to rapamycin and derepressed Gln3p activity like cells with compromised TOR pathway activity. Like tor2 mutants, lst8 mutants also have cell wall integrity defects. Confirming a role for Lst8p in the TOR pathway, we find that Lst8p associates with both Tor1p and Tor2p and is a peripheral membrane protein that localizes to endosomal or Golgi membranes and cofractionates with Tor1p. Further, we show that a sublethal concentration of rapamycin mimics the Gap1p sorting defect of an lst8 mutant. Finally, the different effects of lst8 alleles on the activation of either the Rtg1/3p or Gln3p transcription factors reveal that these two pathways constitute distinct, genetically separable outputs of the Tor–Lst8 regulatory complex.7 J! X0 Y. F% L" \. V# V

Key Words: GAP1; rapamycin; GLN3; Golgi; RTG1+ @/ j8 O, d! U! @( v) L, K! k
, k3 k; N1 u% c( _7 O
* Abbreviation used in this paper: YPD, yeast extract/peptone/dextrose.
) u9 x8 B! @4 k% ]. |
Introduction" i& `! w) \3 ]. }9 p; |

The general amino acid permease Gap1p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a high-capacity permease that can transport all amino acids (Grenson et al., 1970; Jauniaux and Grenson, 1990). The nitrogen source in the growth medium regulates Gap1p activity both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally (Magasanik and Kaiser, 2002). Growth on rich nitrogen sources such as glutamine or yeast extract/peptone/dextrose (YPD)* represses GAP1 transcription, whereas nitrogen starvation or growth on poor nitrogen sources induces GAP1 transcription.) H: z  D# y. @3 c
7 Q, S, n+ E, m" j1 b. |# S; B# u
The nitrogen source in the growth medium also regulates the intracellular sorting of Gap1p. When cells are grown on glutamate or when Gap1p is artificially expressed during growth on glutamine, Gap1p is sorted to the vacuole and Gap1p activity at the plasma membrane is very low. Conversely, during growth on the nitrogen sources urea, proline, or ammonia (in the S288C background), Gap1p is sorted to the plasma membrane and Gap1p activity at the plasma membrane is high (Stanbrough and Magasanik, 1995; Roberg et al., 1997b; Chen and Kaiser, 2002). Gap1p sorting is thought to be largely regulated at the endosome or trans-Golgi stages of the secretory and endosomal trafficking pathways (Roberg et al., 1997b; Helliwell et al., 2001)./ \( p5 `% T4 C/ H. Z

Mutations that alter Gap1p sorting can be broadly divided into two classes: mutations that affect Gap1p trafficking, and mutations that affect the production of the sorting signal (Magasanik and Kaiser, 2002). The first class of mutations resides mainly in genes involved in ubiquitination, such as BUL1, BUL2, RSP5, and DOA4. Apparently, polyubiquitination of Gap1p is required for its sorting to the vacuole. Thus, mutations that interfere with the polyubiquitination of Gap1p cause high Gap1p activity and increased sorting of Gap1p to the plasma membrane (Helliwell et al., 2001; Soetens et al., 2001; Springael et al., 2002).5 E2 e# _( b! f5 Q0 m

The second class of mutations that affect Gap1p sorting resides in genes that influence the net amount of amino acid biosynthesis, such as GDH1, GLN1, and MKS1 (Chen and Kaiser, 2002). Yeast uses glutamate and glutamine as the nitrogen donors to synthesize all other amino acids (Magasanik, 1992). Thus, mutations that affect the rate of glutamate and glutamine synthesis also affect the net synthesis of all amino acids, and therefore affect Gap1p sorting. GDH1 encodes the anabolic glutamate dehydrogenase, the primary enzyme responsible for glutamate synthesis during growth on ammonia medium (Grenson et al., 1974). GLN1 encodes glutamine synthetase, an essential gene for growth on medium lacking glutamine (Mitchell, 1985). Deletion of GDH1 or mutation of GLN1 causes a decrease in cellular glutamate and/or glutamine content and an increase in sorting of Gap1p to the plasma membrane relative to wild type. Mutation of MKS1 has the opposite effect. MKS1 encodes a negative regulator of the Rtg1/3p transcription factors that control the expression of the TCA cycle enzymes responsible for -ketoglutarate synthesis during growth on medium with glucose (Liu and Butow, 1999; Dilova et al., 2002; Sekito et al., 2002; Tate et al., 2002). Because -ketoglutarate forms the carbon skeleton from which glutamate and glutamine are derived, MKS1 has a net negative effect on glutamate and glutamine synthesis. Thus, an mks1 mutant shows high intracellular amino acid levels and decreased sorting of Gap1p to the plasma membrane (Chen and Kaiser, 2002).8 ?6 J) Q( P6 V' R% c5 D; {2 _
3 |6 \0 c$ l( x
One of the first mutants with a defect in Gap1p trafficking that we isolated was the lst8-1 mutant. The lst8-1 mutant was shown to greatly diminish sorting of Gap1p to the plasma membrane in cells grown on ammonia or urea as a nitrogen source (Roberg et al., 1997a). LST8 encodes an essential protein with WD-repeats and has a closely related human orthologue. A recent report from the Butow lab showed that Lst8p was involved in the negative regulation of the Rtg1/3p transcription factors (Liu et al., 2001). The lst8 mutants they isolated were shown to have elevated CIT2 transcription and decreased sensitivity to glutamate for CIT2 repression (Liu et al., 2001). These findings suggested that either Lst8p has an indirect effect on Gap1p sorting, like Mks1p, or that Lst8p has at least two separate functions: one function in the regulation of Rtg1/3p, and another function in the regulation of permease sorting.9 A2 v* I: x4 |( \$ ]* m

Recently, Hall and colleagues reported that Lst8p was associated with Tor1p and with Tor2p. Tor1p coimmunoprecipitated with Kog1p and Lst8p, and Tor2p coimmunoprecipitated with Kog1p, Lst8p, Avo1p, Avo2p, and Avo3p. These coimmunoprecipitation studies, supplemented by depletion assays with genes under the control of glucose-repressible promoters, led Hall and colleagues to propose that Lst8p associates with the Tor proteins in the TORC1 and TORC2 complexes, which may have distinct roles in growth control (Loewith et al., 2002).

Here, we investigate the role of Lst8p in Gap1p permease sorting and find that the effects of lst8 mutations on Gap1p sorting are an indirect consequence of increased intracellular amino acid levels in lst8 mutants. We characterize the phenotypes of lst8 mutants and present evidence that Lst8p is a positively acting component of Tor-containing complexes.- ]5 Q- n5 R; M3 ~7 b! a
1 o1 K( s8 G4 p
Results& n7 O9 J6 E& I: m3 N- i
0 v* n0 M7 v: d9 i+ ^+ s
The effect of lst8-1 on Gap1p sorting is indirect
9 m( Q+ I2 j- @# A5 Z2 G& y9 l
An lst8-1 mutation causes Gap1p to be sorted to the vacuole under growth conditions in which Gap1p is normally sorted to the plasma membrane (Roberg et al., 1997a). Because Gap1p is both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally regulated by the nitrogen source in the growth medium, we verified that the primary effect of lst8-1 on Gap1p activity was an effect on Gap1p sorting, using a PADH1-HA-GAP1 construct that renders GAP1 transcription insensitive to nitrogen source quality (Chen and Kaiser, 2002). Indeed, an lst8-1 mutant with PADH1-HA-GAP1 had no detectable Gap1p activity as measured by uptake of citrulline, which is transported exclusively by Gap1p (Fig. 1 A), and no Gap1p localized to the plasma membrane (Fig. 1 B). Uptake of arginine, which is transported by Gap1p and by the arginine permease Can1p, is similar in the lst8-1 and gap1 mutants, indicating that the effect of lst8-1 on permease sorting is specific for Gap1p, and is not the result of a general decrease in all permease activity (Fig. 1 A)./ @/ Z' j; j$ |8 P+ }% i

Figure 1. The Gap1p sorting defect of an lst8-1 mutant is suppressed by deletion of gdh1. (A) Gap1p activity was measured by assaying the rate of citrulline uptake (white bars) of wild-type (CKY759), lst8-1 (CKY768), gdh1 (CKY762), or lst8-1 gdh1 (CKY769), all with the GAP1 locus replaced by PADH1-GAP1-HA, or of gap1 (CKY445) growing on ammonia medium. The rate of arginine uptake (gray bars) is shown for comparison. Uptake rates are expressed as a percentage of the uptake rate of wild-type. The data shown represent three independent assays, and the error bars represent one SD. (B) The first four strains shown in A were grown in ammonia medium at 24°C, and cell extracts were subjected to isopycnic fractionation on continuous 20–60% sucrose density gradients with EDTA. Fractions were collected from the top of the gradients and proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE. In all the strains shown, Pma1p, Dpm1p, and GDPase fractionated similarly.  X0 x1 L1 P2 m0 Q! n$ p% X
6 `# G" l, ~7 Z. @" u
Butow and colleagues recently reported that Lst8p negatively regulates the Rtg1p and Rtg3p transcription factors, which control the transcription of genes responsible for -ketoglutarate synthesis during growth on medium with glucose (Liu et al., 2001). Glutamate and glutamine normally repress Rtg1/3p activity in a negative feedback loop required for proper amino acid homeostasis because -ketoglutarate is the precursor of glutamate and glutamine, the two amino acids from which the cell synthesizes all the other amino acids (Magasanik, 1992; Liu and Butow, 1999; Komeili et al., 2000). Deletion of MKS1, another negative regulator of Rtg1/3p, has been shown to result in elevated intracellular levels of -ketoglutarate, glutamate, and total amino acids, and as a consequence leads to decreased sorting of Gap1p to the plasma membrane (Feller et al., 1997; Chen and Kaiser, 2002). To determine if the lst8-1 mutation had an effect similar to mks1 on cellular amino acid content, we performed whole-cell amino acid analysis and found that lst8-1, like mks1, had 1.5–2.5-fold higher intracellular levels of glutamate and total amino acids than wild-type cells (Table I).( ^( k- J) Z( T: f7 A

Table I. Total amino acid content of strains relative to wild type

If an lst8-1 mutation causes a Gap1p sorting defect indirectly by de-repressing Rtg1/3p and increasing cellular glutamate levels, then the elimination of GDH1, which encodes the major enzyme for the synthesis of glutamate from -ketoglutarate on ammonia medium (Grenson et al., 1974), should significantly diminish the Gap1p sorting defect of an lst8-1 mutant. We found that the lst8-1 gdh1 double mutant had 30% of wild-type Gap1p activity, compared with . S  C) j! M) w0 q
1 m# B3 a6 s! F8 d3 X% l
Identification of temperature-sensitive lst8 mutations

LST8 is an essential gene, and we generated conditional alleles to investigate the essential function of LST8. The lst8-6 and lst8-7 temperature-sensitive alleles were generated by hydroxylamine and PCR mutagenesis, respectively, and integrated at the LST8 locus. The lst8-6 mutant failed to grow at temperatures above 34°C, whereas lst8-7 failed to grow above 37°C on YPD medium. Like lst8-1, both lst8-6 and lst8-7 had low Gap1p activity at the plasma membrane during growth on ammonia medium at 24°C (unpublished data).

We first checked lst8-6 and lst8-7 for derepressed Rtg1/3p activity by using a PCIT2-LacZ reporter. Rtg1/3p activity is normally repressed in the presence of glutamate, but has been reported to be derepressed in several different lst8 mutants grown in YPD or in medium with casamino acids (Liu et al., 2001). We found that lst8-6 and lst8-7 had strongly derepressed PCIT2-LacZ expression during growth on glutamate medium (Table II). Consistent with previous reports, we found that the lst8-1 allele showed little Rtg1/3p derepression, and that overall the lst8 mutants had a more modest effect on Rtg1/3p derepression on glutamate medium than mks1 (Liu et al., 2001; Sekito et al., 2002). The lst8-6 and lst8-7 mutants were able to suppress rtg2 somewhat with regard to PCIT2-LacZ activity, though suppression was not complete as in the case of mks1 (Table II; Liu et al., 2001; Sekito et al., 2002). Also, lst8-6 and lst8-7 (but not lst8-1) complemented the glutamate auxotrophy of rtg2 (unpublished data).' s# I/ @' i. U% d0 d
3 F7 b. Y& |4 j$ I
Table II. Mutations in lst8 cause derepression of Rtg1/3p-dependent transcription4 E. s' T1 q" s" N  W- J5 h% ^
8 L( [0 p! d( d7 h, g9 |! \$ F
We looked for a link between Lst8p function and the activity of the TOR pathway by testing the sensitivity of lst8 mutants to rapamycin. Like Lst8p and Mks1p, the TOR pathway negatively regulates Rtg1/3p, as shown by the ability of the TOR inhibitor rapamycin to induce the expression of Rtg1/3p-dependent genes in strains grown on glutamate or glutamine (Komeili et al., 2000). At the semi-permissive temperature of 30°C on rich medium, lst8 mutants were hypersensitive to rapamycin (Fig. 2), like a tor1 mutant that was previously shown to be rapamycin hypersensitive (Chan et al., 2000), indicating that Lst8p might function positively in the TOR pathway.

Figure 2. Mutations in lst8 confer rapamycin hypersensitivity. Wild-type (CKY443), lst8-1 (CKY526), lst8-6 (CKY770), lst8-7 (CKY771), tor1 (Euroscarf), and gln3 (CKY778) were streaked onto YPD or YPD 200 ng/ml rapamycin and incubated at 30°C for 2 or 4 d, respectively. The tor1 strain is included as a control for a rapamycin-hypersensitive strain, and the gln3 strain is included as an example of a rapamycin-resistant strain.0 u  W; L6 C  {

lst8 mutations derepress the Gln3p transcription factor

A well-studied effect of rapamycin in yeast is its ability to produce effects on the global pattern of gene expression similar to those of nitrogen starvation (Cardenas et al., 1999; Hardwick et al., 1999). Rapamycin treatment induces the transcription of nitrogen-regulated genes such as GAP1 that are normally repressed by good nitrogen sources. We examined PGAP1-LacZ expression in lst8 mutants grown in glutamine medium, which strongly represses GAP1 transcription in wild-type cells. GAP1 expression was derepressed 2.5–3-fold in lst8-1 and lst8-7 mutants growing on glutamine (Table III). In comparison, wild-type cells treated with rapamycin for 1 h and tor1 showed a twofold increase in PGAP1-LacZ activity, and wild-type cells treated with rapamycin for 2 h showed a 6.5-fold increase in PGAP1-LacZ activity. In a ure2 mutant in which the negative regulation of the Gln3p transcription factor by glutamine has been completely abolished, GAP1 expression was derepressed 30-fold (Table III). Unlike the mks1 and ure2 mutations, which exclusively derepress either Rtg1/3p activity or Gln3p activity, respectively, lst8 mutants derepress both Rtg1/3p and Gln3p regulation (Table II and Table III). This result further suggested that LST8 might function in the TOR pathway because the TOR pathway influences both Rtg1/3p and Gln3p regulation.3 p8 h+ D, v, p  Q: ?

Table III. Mutations in lst8 cause increased Gln3p-dependent transcription
" P2 g. Z- x! x
Derepression of GAP1 transcription by rapamycin treatment has been shown to be accompanied by relocalization of the GATA-type transcription factor Gln3p from the cytoplasm to the nucleus (Beck and Hall, 1999). By immunofluorescence we found that, like rapamycin treatment of wild-type cells, mutation of lst8 caused the inappropriate nuclear localization of Gln3p-myc in many cells growing in glutamine medium (Fig. 3). In our strain background growing on glutamine, we found that rapamycin treatment for 30 min caused nuclear localization in 28% of the cells, whereas the lst8-7 and lst8-1 mutations resulted in the nuclear localization of Gln3p in 8–19% of the cells (Table IV). Deletion of gln3 has been shown to confer rapamycin resistance (Chan et al., 2000). We found that deletion of gln3 could partially rescue the temperature-sensitive growth defect of lst8-7 (Fig. 4). Together, these data show that mutation of lst8 produces effects similar to those observed on rapamycin treatment.

Figure 3. Mutations in lst8 cause nuclear localization of Gln3p during growth on glutamine. Wild-type (CKY779), lst8-7 (CKY781), and lst8-1 (CKY780), all with integrated GLN3-myc, were grown in glutamine medium at 24°C. Rapamycin was added to the indicated sample for 30 min, and one lst8-7 sample was incubated at 37°C for 2 h before fixation of cells for immunofluorescence. All images are shown at the same magnification.0 c2 I: ]  s( J( P" m

Table IV. Quantitation of lst8 or rapamycin-treated cells with Gln3p localized to the nucleus, shown in Fig. 3' Q3 Y/ l* W; z# p* ~' P  O/ F7 m
( w0 N2 X4 R0 L( k) t
Figure 4. Deletion of gln3 suppresses the temperature-sensitive growth defect of lst8-7. Wild-type (CKY443), gln3 (CKY778), lst8-7 (CKY771), and lst8-7 gln3 (CKY782) were spotted onto YPD plates and grown at 24°C or 37°C for 3 d.+ m! s9 {( t: O
7 C8 k; ?# X% t! a
Cell wall defects of lst8 mutants! H& V# J, ?# n# B) @) J9 v
" Q5 P+ e# S8 b% U* M8 n( p0 R3 ^
Tor2p has a unique function, not shared with Tor1p, in the maintenance of the cell wall and actin cytoskeleton (Schmidt et al., 1996; Bickle et al., 1998; Helliwell et al., 1998). A tor2 temperature-sensitive mutation is suppressed by growth of cells on media with osmotic support or with a low concentration of detergent, or by mutations in genes that are important for cell wall integrity such as FKS1 and CWH41, which encode glucan synthase and glucosidase I, respectively (Bickle et al., 1998). A possible explanation for this type of suppression of tor2 alleles is that agents or mutations that perturb the cell wall may activate a TOR2-independent pathway for activating Rho1p, leading to a net stabilization of the cell wall (Bickle et al., 1998).

We found that inclusion of sorbitol in the growth medium fully rescued the temperature sensitivity of lst8-6 and lst8-7, indicating that these mutations were lethal at high temperature due to cell lysis (Fig. 5 A). However, inclusion of sorbitol in the growth medium did not restore growth to an lst8 mutant (unpublished data), indicating that the lst8 mutant fails to grow for reasons other than cell wall instability. We found that SDS in the growth medium or fks1 or cwh41 mutations could partially suppress the temperature sensitivity of lst8-6 (Fig. 5, B and C). Together, these data suggest that Lst8p may also participate with Tor2p in maintaining cell wall integrity.' m9 o6 E  O( H* a+ S
3 D/ r) Q4 X% g, z% o+ A/ b- ^
Figure 5. Inclusion of sorbitol or SDS in the growth medium or deletion of cwh41 or fks1 suppresses the temperature-sensitive growth defect of lst8 mutants. (A) Wild-type (CKY443), lst8-6 (CKY770), and lst8-7 (CKY771) were streaked onto YPD or YPD 1 M sorbitol and incubated at 37°C for 2 or 3 d, respectively. (B) The same strains as in A were streaked onto YPD or YPD 0.0025% SDS and incubated at 34°C for 2 d. (C) Wild-type, lst8-6, cwh41 (Euroscarf), fks1 (Euroscarf), lst8-6 cwh41 (CKY786), and lst8-6 fks1 (CKY787) were streaked onto YPD and incubated at 24°C or 34°C for 3 or 2 d, respectively.
/ `4 C" y) j: K
Lst8p associates with Tor1p and Tor2p
2 q4 y* ?4 J% u/ F2 t" L
We tested whether Lst8p associates with Tor1p or Tor2p, given the evidence presented thus far that mutation of lst8 causes effects similar to the mutation of tor2 and to the inactivation of TOR pathway function with rapamycin. In mammalian cells, mLst8 was found to be associated with mTOR (Kim, D.H., and D.M. Sabatini, personal communication). HA-tagged versions of Tor1p and Tor2p were reported to be functional (Fiorentino and Crabtree, 1997; Kunz et al., 2000), and we verified the function of our constructs by complementation of the rapamycin sensitivity of a tor1 strain (for HA-TOR1) and complementation of the lethality of a tor2 strain (for HA-TOR2; unpublished data). We expressed HA-TOR1 or HA-TOR2 from their own promoters on CEN vectors in strains with LST8-6xmyc integrated at the LST8 locus. Using myc antibody to precipitate Lst8p-myc–containing complexes and immunoblots to detect HA-Tor1p or HA-Tor2p, we found that HA-Tor1p and HA-Tor2p are present in complex with Lst8p-myc (Fig. 6). We also looked at the dependence of this interaction on the nitrogen source, but found that the association of HA-Tor1p and HA-Tor2p with Lst8p-myc is not significantly influenced by growth in nitrogen-free medium or in YPD with 0.3% glutamine (unpublished data). Together with the lst8 mutant phenotypes, this result indicates that Lst8p physically associates with Tor1p and Tor2p to effect TOR pathway function.7 @* d* s! i; S% z. d8 H, ?, b
' J( D) p0 [( @$ Q% T( z
Figure 6. Tor1p and Tor2p associate with Lst8p. A wild-type strain with integrated LST8-myc from its own promoter (CKY783; lanes 1, 3, 4, and 6) or untagged LST8 (CKY8; lanes 2 and 5) was transformed with pRS316 containing HA-TOR1 (pEC267; lanes 1 and 2), TOR1 (pEC262; lane 3), HA-TOR2 (pEC268; lanes 4 and 5), or TOR2 (pEC263; lane 6). Strains were grown in SMM-uracil at 30°C. Anti-myc (rabbit 9E10) immunoprecipitates (A) or cell lysates (B) were subjected to SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with either HA (12CA5) or myc (monoclonal 9E10) antibody.
8 z$ x2 \& n  O8 A/ o1 _
Partial inactivation of TOR function results in low Gap1p activity% `1 g  J- T' F% Q( f; ]

The data presented thus far lead to the prediction that a partial inactivation of the TOR pathway, like mutation of lst8, should lead to an increase in cellular amino acid pools and a decrease in the amount of Gap1p sorted to the plasma membrane. However, we showed recently that inhibition of Tor by the lethal concentration of rapamycin that is routinely used to arrest cell growth, halt translation initiation, and induce rapamycin-sensitive genes fails to signal nitrogen starvation to the Gap1p sorting machinery; the addition of 200 ng/ml rapamycin to rich medium failed to increase Gap1p sorting to the plasma membrane in cells with PADH1-HA-GAP1 (Chen and Kaiser, 2002). It is likely that 200 ng/ml rapamycin kills cells before cellular amino acid pools have the opportunity to increase, and a sublethal level of rapamycin might better mimic the effect of an lst8 mutation, allowing amino acid levels to rise, and thus producing a Gap1p sorting defect.

To test this prediction, we measured Gap1p activity in a strain containing PADH1-HA-GAP1 grown for 18 h in ammonia medium with a sublethal concentration of 5 ng/ml rapamycin. At this low rapamycin concentration, the doubling time is 90% of the doubling time seen in ammonia medium without rapamycin (unpublished data). Cells grown in the sublethal concentration of rapamycin showed 6% of the Gap1p activity of cells without rapamycin (Fig. 7 A), and a corresponding decrease in the amount of Gap1p localized to the plasma membrane (Fig. 7 B). As with lst8-1, the Gap1p sorting defect caused by the low level of rapamycin could be partially suppressed by gdh1 (Fig. 7 A). Furthermore, cells grown in ammonia medium plus 5 ng/ml rapamycin for 18 h showed a 2.6-fold increase in total amino acid content relative to cells grown without rapamycin (Table I). Thus, like mutation of lst8, impairment of the TOR pathway by growth with a sublethal rapamycin concentration causes increased amino acid levels and decreased Gap1p sorting to the plasma membrane.; P, F& G0 p! q' y. T# ]3 R* n! J
5 T. I9 d- w% e' W$ o
Figure 7. A sublethal concentration of rapamycin causes a defect in Gap1p sorting to the plasma membrane. Strains were grown for 18 h to exponential phase in ammonia medium with empty drug vehicle or with 5 ng/ml rapamycin. (A) Gap1p activity was measured by assaying the rate of citrulline uptake in wild-type (CKY759) and gdh1 (CKY762), both containing PADH1-GAP1-HA. The absolute Gap1p activity of wild-type with no rapamycin is 2,864 pmol/min/OD600. (B) The wild-type strain in A was harvested, and cell extracts were subjected to isopycnic fractionation on 20–60% sucrose density gradients. Pma1p, Dpm1p, and GDPase fractionated in a similar manner in the presence or absence of rapamycin.+ E9 S) B5 Z/ b8 {- V

Genetically separable effects of lst8 mutants with the Rtg1/3 and Gln3 pathways
) A9 N: q4 w. [; ~
An examination of the CIT2 and GAP1 reporter assays with lst8-1 and lst8-6 indicated that lst8-6 had a very strong defect in Rtg1/3p but not in Gln3p regulation, whereas the lst8-1 mutant had a stronger defect in Gln3p but not in Rtg1/3p regulation (Table II and Table III). Unlike rapamycin treatment, which strongly affects both Rtg1/3p and Gln3p simultaneously, the lst8-1 and lst8-6 mutations disrupted one branch of the regulation more strongly than the other.: S* A$ U3 X8 S- r0 G- L3 ]3 K

To test whether other lst8 alleles show genetically distinct interactions with the Rtg1/3p and Gln3p pathways, we isolated additional lst8 temperature-sensitive alleles by PCR mutagenesis and performed PCIT2-LacZ reporter assays in glutamate and PGAP1-LacZ reporter assays in glutamine. All mutants were sequenced and represent independent alleles with 1–4 missense mutations each (unpublished data). We found that, like lst8-6, the lst8-8, lst8-9, lst8-11, lst8-13, and lst8-16 mutants showed strong defects in Rtg1/3p regulation, but only modest defects in Gln3p regulation (Table V). In contrast, the lst8-15 mutant showed a modest defect in Rtg1/3p regulation, but a stronger defect in Gln3p regulation. Thus, lst8 alleles appear to differentially affect the Rtg1/3p and Gln3p transcription pathways, suggesting that Lst8p may be the component that transduces the different outputs of the Tor1/2p complex.2 G# h9 k) f  c, N0 H
% R2 C. Y0 |% T/ G! B
Table V. PCIT2-LacZ and PGAP1-LacZ reporter assays with additional lst8 mutants

Localization of Lst8p1 R6 A# J, a8 V+ ]7 z+ s2 \

We examined the localization of Lst8p by fractionation of lysates from a strain containing an integrated, fully functional HA-LST8. By differential centrifugation, most Lst8p sedimented after centrifugation at both 13,000 g and 100,000 g, suggesting that Lst8p is membrane associated (Fig. 8 A). To determine conditions for extraction of Lst8p from the insoluble fraction, we treated cell extracts with detergent (1% Triton X-100), high pH, or chaotropic agents such as salt or urea. Lst8p was extracted to the soluble fraction very efficiently by urea and to a lesser extent by high pH or high salt, indicating that Lst8p was peripherally associated with membranes (Fig. 8 B).

Figure 8. Lst8p is a peripheral membrane protein that cofractionates with Golgi and endosomal compartments and with Tor1p. (A) A cleared cell lysate from a strain with integrated HA-LST8 (CKY784) was fractionated by centrifugation at 13,000 g, then at 100,000 g. Compartment markers are as follows: Pep12p, endosome; Pma1p, plasma membrane; Dpm1p, ER; and Pgk1p, cytosol. The exposure time for the Pgk1p panel was very short relative to the other panels. (B) A cleared cell lysate from CKY784 was incubated with the treatments shown for 1 h at 4°C, then centrifuged for 1 h at 100,000 g. (C) Fractionation of membranes on a flotation gradient shows that HA-Lst8p associates with membranes. A cleared cell lysate from CKY784 was centrifuged at 100,000 g for 1 h onto a cushion of 80% (wt/vol) sucrose. The membranes were collected and loaded at the bottom of a continuous 30–50% sucrose gradient, and centrifuged at 100,000 g for 17 h. (D) GFP-Lst8p was visualized in an lst8 strain containing GFP-LST8 on a centromere plasmid (CKY785). (E) HA-Tor1p–containing membranes cofractionate with HA-Lst8p membranes. Membranes from a strain coexpressing HA-LST8 and HA-TOR1 (CKY800) were fractionated as in C.9 j& E' Z6 I/ e* `5 a
0 n4 Y% i1 o+ a8 K' ?, |+ C
To confirm the membrane association of Lst8p, we performed flotation gradients to separate soluble proteins and proteinaceous complexes, which remain at the bottom of the gradient, from membrane-associated proteins, which rise to the isopycnic region of the gradient. Membranes from a crude lysate were collected by centrifugation at 100,000 g, layered at the bottom of a continuous 30–50% (wt/wt) sucrose gradient, and centrifuged at 100,000 g for 17 h. Membrane-associated Lst8p was found mainly in fractions 3–6, cofractionating with GDPase and Pep12p, the Golgi and endosomal membrane marker proteins (Fig. 8 C). The less dense peak from fractions 5–7 of the trans-Golgi marker Kex2p, which was shown previously to fractionate in two peaks (Cunningham and Wickner, 1989), and the vacuole marker protein Vph1p both partially overlapped with the peak of Lst8p. The large pool of Lst8p in fraction 16, which cofractionated with the cytosolic marker protein Pgk1p (unpublished data), may originate from Lst8p that exists in a large protein complex that sediments at 100,000 g. Alternatively, the Lst8p in fraction 16 may have dissociated from membranes during lysate preparation or fractionation. It is unlikely that the Lst8p in fraction 16 represents a plasma membrane localization because Lst8p is still found in fraction 16 in flotation experiments with continuous 20–60% sucrose gradients, in which the plasma membrane is found in fractions 12–15 (unpublished data).2 D4 h0 I+ O( g) B- J- ~4 E

We also used fluorescence microscopy to examine Lst8p localization. A GFP–Lst8p fusion, which complements an lst8 mutation, was localized to discrete bodies, some adjacent to the vacuole (Fig. 8 D), consistent with the cofractionation of Lst8p with Golgi and endosomal membranes.. |0 Y' L0 }0 O* L1 v

We performed flotation gradients with a strain coexpressing HA-Lst8p and HA-Tor1p, and found that HA-Lst8p and HA-Tor1p cofractionate with each other (Fig. 8 E). The peak of Tor1p in fractions 3–6 is broader than the Lst8p peak, perhaps indicating that Tor1p is also present on other membranes that lack Lst8p or that more Tor1p dissociated from membranes while floating up through the gradient. Like Lst8p, Tor1p has significant overlap with the endosomal, Golgi, and vacuolar marker proteins Pep12p, GDPase, and Vph1p (Fig. 8 E). We also tested whether the lst8-1, lst8-6, and lst8-7 mutations changed the fractionation pattern of Tor1p in these flotation gradients, but found no significant effect (unpublished data). Thus, Lst8p is a membrane-associated protein that appears to localize to the Golgi or endosomal compartments with Tor1p.
  {6 s" t% ~3 [9 b7 ~2 b+ v( o
Discussion

In this paper, we provide genetic and biochemical evidence that LST8 encodes a positively acting component of the TOR pathway. Lst8p associates with Tor1p and Tor2p, and is involved in the regulation of Rtg1/3p and Gln3p, and in maintenance of cell wall integrity. We can now explain the role of Lst8p in the regulation of Gap1p sorting by the three distinct regulatory processes diagramed in Fig. 9: (1) Tor1/2p and Lst8p act together to negatively regulate both the Rtg1/3p and Gln3p transcription factors, limiting the synthesis of -ketoglutarate, glutamate, and glutamine; (2) inactivation of the TOR pathway by mutation of LST8 causes an increase in the intracellular pools of glutamate and glutamine, as well as the other amino acids derived from glutamate and glutamine; and (3) because all amino acids can act as a signal to cause Gap1p sorting to the vacuole, mutation of LST8 causes Gap1p to be sorted to the vacuole. As validation of this model, we have shown that growth of wild-type cells in a low, sublethal concentration of rapamycin or that mutation of LST8 produces an increase in amino acid pools and a consequent decrease in Gap1p activity caused by sorting to the vacuole." k7 E1 M6 ^" b" I
! j( _* m2 E1 ]; o& f# X
Figure 9. A model of how the Tor1/2 and Lst8 proteins affect amino acid biosynthesis and Gap1p sorting. Tor1/2p and Lst8p negatively regulate the activity of the Rtg1p and Rtg3p transcription factors, decreasing the expression of enzymes responsible for -ketoglutarate synthesis and limiting the synthesis of -ketoglutarate, glutamate, glutamine, and the other amino acids. Tor1/2p and Lst8p lso negatively regulate the activity of the Gln3p transcription factor, decreasing the expression of GDH1 and GLN1, further limiting amino acid biosynthesis (Mitchell and Magasanik, 1984; Daugherty et al., 1993). Thus, mutation of lst8 or other impairment of Tor1/2p activity (such as treatment with a sublethal concentration of rapamycin) causes increased amino acid levels, which act as a signal for sorting Gap1p to the vacuole.
& ~  I% d" |1 v% m# S1 U# |
The finding that the cell sorts Gap1p to the vacuole when TOR pathway function is impaired, by a low rapamycin concentration or by mutation of LST8, elucidates the different effects of the TOR pathway on GAP1 transcription and the sorting of Gap1p. Previously, it was proposed that rapamycin treatment would have all of the effects of nitrogen starvation and cause both an increase in GAP1 transcription and Gap1p sorting to the plasma membrane (Beck et al., 1999). In contrast, here we have shown that rapamycin causes distinct and separable effects on GAP1 transcription and on Gap1p sorting. We show that a partial inactivation of TOR with 5 ng/ml rapamycin causes less Gap1p to be sorted to the plasma membrane, an effect opposite to that of nitrogen starvation. Although the transcriptional induction of genes such as GAP1 and CIT2 caused by high levels of rapamycin occurs rapidly (Beck and Hall, 1999; Cardenas et al., 1999; Hardwick et al., 1999; Komeili et al., 2000), the effect of low levels of rapamycin on Gap1p sorting takes place only after several hours (unpublished data). This delayed effect on Gap1p sorting presumably corresponds to the time needed for the cellular amino acid levels to rise through the rapamycin-dependent induction of Rtg1/3p targets such as CIT2. Recently, a sublethal concentration of rapamycin (10 ng/ml) was used to inhibit pseudohyphal development in yeast of the 1278b background in response to nitrogen limitation (Cutler et al., 2001). For our strains in the S288C background growing on minimal ammonia medium, we found that there was only a narrow range of rapamycin concentrations that were not lethal but that had an effect on Gap1p sorting; below 3 ng/ml, rapamycin had no effect, and at or above 10 ng/ml, rapamycin caused a significant growth defect (unpublished data). The range was narrower still for gdh1, which grows more slowly than wild-type on ammonia medium even in the absence of rapamycin.% H) K" e$ S8 u( {8 m7 C

How do Lst8p and Tor1/2p act together to regulate Rtg1/3p and Gln3p activity? Our analysis of a collection of lst8 mutants showed that some alleles had a greater effect on Rtg1/3p-dependent transcription than on Gln3p-dependent transcription, whereas other alleles had a greater effect on Gln3p-dependent transcription (Table V). The qualitatively different interactions of Lst8p with these two regulatory pathways imply that Lst8p has two genetically separable functions; apparently different parts of the Lst8 protein interact with either the Rtg1/3p or Gln3p regulatory pathways. This finding suggests that Lst8p is the subunit of the TOR complex that communicates with the downstream effectors of the TOR pathway./ a; q- s' @5 @6 k; c

The TOR proteins are thought to have two distinct functions. One function, the integration of nutrient signals with cell growth, can be performed by either Tor1p or Tor2p and is inhibited by rapamycin treatment. The second function, the maintenance of the actin cytoskeleton and cell wall integrity, is unique to Tor2p and is not inhibited by rapamycin (Zheng et al., 1995; Schmelzle and Hall, 2000). Our finding that lst8 mutants exhibit both the properties of rapamycin-treated cells and the defects in cell wall integrity of tor2 mutants, and our finding that Lst8p associates with both Tor1p and Tor2p imply that Lst8p acts with the TOR gene products to promote both the shared and the Tor2p-unique function. This result is in agreement with the recent report that Lst8p is found in two types of TOR complexes, proposed to fulfill the two different TOR functions (Loewith et al., 2002). However, although Loewith et al. (2002) observed depolarized actin in cells with PGAL1-LST8 after 15 h in glucose, we did not see any actin defects in lst8 mutants at 24°C in ammonia medium (unpublished data), the same conditions under which we see a strong Gap1p sorting defect. These results suggest that although complete depletion of Lst8p may eventually cause actin depolarization, the Gap1p sorting defect we observe in lst8 mutants is not due to a cytoskeletal defect.+ ~6 L  d& e7 |  U" i9 p0 d

Rtg2p is a positive regulator of Rtg1/3p activity, but there is conflicting experimental data on the relationship between Tor–Lst8p and Rtg2p in the regulation of Rtg1/3p. Powers and colleagues found that inactivation of the TOR pathway by rapamycin in an rtg2 mutant fails to induce CIT2 expression by Rtg1/3p, and concluded that rtg2 is epistatic to TOR inactivation (Komeili et al., 2000; Dilova et al., 2002). On the other hand, Liu et al. (2001) found that mutation of lst8 could restore CIT2 expression to an rtg2 mutant, and therefore concluded that lst8 is epistatic to rtg2. Like Liu et al., we found that some lst8 alleles could restore CIT2 expression in an rtg2 background (Table II), which again suggested that lst8 is epistatic to rtg2. One possible explanation for the conflicting epistasis results with rtg2 is that abrupt inactivation of TOR by treatment with rapamycin may have a different effect on the regulatory network controlling Rtg1/3p activity than constitutive inactivation of TOR complex activity by an lst8 mutation. We considered the possibility that Rtg2p might be a general negative regulator of Tor–Lst8p, and tested for effects of rtg2 mutants on Gln3p-dependent transcription, a second output of the Tor–Lst8p pathway. However, we did not observe an effect of a rtg2 mutation on Gln3p activity using a PGAP1-LacZ reporter on glutamate, indicating that Rtg2p specifically regulates Rtg1/3p. The existing data regarding Rtg2p is compatible with a model in which Rtg2p acts as a negative regulator of Mks1p (Dilova et al., 2002; Sekito et al., 2002), and Rtg2p and Mks1p act in parallel to Tor–Lst8p to regulate Rtg1/3p activity (Fig. 9). Clarification of the precise relationship between Rtg2p and the TOR pathway awaits further biochemical characterization of Rtg2p.

We found that Lst8p is associated with membranes and appears to localize to the endosomal/Golgi compartments. Tor1p also cofractionates with Lst8p and with endosomal/Golgi and vacuolar markers (Fig. 8). Previous studies of Tor1/2p localization have led to a variety of conclusions about the identity of the membranes with which Tor is associated: Cardenas and Heitman (1995) reported that Tor2p associates with vacuolar membranes and Kunz et al. (2000) reported that Tor1p and Tor2p associate with the plasma membrane and with a second, unidentified membrane compartment. Recently, Loewith et al. (2002) reported that a pool of Lst8p eluted separately from the Tor proteins during gel filtration of a lysate prepared by agitation with glass beads, suggesting that not all the Lst8p is associated with Tor1/2p or that some Lst8p dissociated from Tor1/2p during lysate preparation. Kog1p/mRaptor is also a TOR-associated protein with WD-repeats whose association with TOR is sensitive to nutrient conditions (Hara et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2002). Thus, Lst8p may act with Tor1/2p and Kog1p/Raptor as a component of a large complex on endosomal/Golgi membranes for sensing intracellular nutrients and signaling to metabolic pathways.

Materials and methods
& }7 d6 d+ m% f
Strains, plasmids, and media
& v$ \# [3 ?# z* i5 w2 n; J( d* ^
The yeast strains used in this work (listed in Table VI) are all in the S288C background. One characteristic of the S288C background is high Gap1p and Put4p activity when ammonia is used as a nitrogen source (Courchesne and Magasanik, 1983). The lst8::HIS3 allele was made using the fusion PCR protocol from the Botstein lab. Complete gene deletions of GLN3, URE2, and RTG2 were constructed by gene replacement with the kanMX6 cassette by homologous recombination (Wach et al., 1994). Tagging of GLN3 with 13xmyc at its COOH terminus was performed by homologous recombination (Longtine et al., 1998). Yeast strains containing HA-LST8 and LST8-6xmyc were constructed as follows: plasmid pEC36 contained LST8 flanked by 361 bp of the 5' region and 412 bp of the 3' region in pRS315. Unique NotI restriction sites were inserted either just after start or just before stop by site-directed mutagenesis (creating pEC62 and pEC63), and 3xHA or 3xmyc was inserted creating pEC85 (HA-Lst8) or pEC70 (Lst8-6xmyc), respectively. Constructs were verified by sequencing and by complementation of lst8. The LST8-containing inserts from pEC85 and pEC70 were moved into pRS306 and integrated into CKY772 by two-step gene replacement. Plasmids used in this work were as follows: pMS29, a PGAP1-LacZ fusion at codon 53 of GAP1 in a URA3-CEN vector (Stanbrough and Magasanik, 1995); pEC261, a PCIT2-LacZ fusion after codon 3 of CIT2 in pRS316; pEC262, TOR1 in pRS316; pEC263, TOR2 in pRS316; pEC267, HA-TOR1 in pRS316; pEC268, HA-TOR2 in pRS316; and pEC264, sGFP-LST8 in pRS315. Plasmid pEC261 was constructed by ligating a PCR fragment containing 390 bp of the CIT2 promoter (that includes the region required for the transcriptional regulation of CIT2; Liao and Butow, 1993) and the first three codons of the CIT2 gene, to the LacZ coding sequence in pRS316. Plasmids pEC262 and pEC263 were constructed by gap repair in yeast of cut plasmids containing nucleotides -499 to -6 of the 5' region and  1 to  361 of the 3' region for TOR1, or nucleotides -522 to -4 of the 5' region and  20 to  373 of the 3' region for TOR2. To construct pEC267 and pEC268, unique restriction sites were inserted after the start codons of TOR1 and of TOR2, and 3xHA was inserted by homologous recombination. To construct pEC264, sGFP was ligated into the unique NotI site just after the start codon of LST8 in pEC62 (described above). Minimal media containing ammonia, glutamate, or glutamine as a nitrogen source were prepared as described previously (Roberg et al., 1997b). Supplemented minimal medium (SMM) was prepared as described previously (Adams et al., 1996).

Table VI. Strains (all are isogenic with S288C). All are from this paper unless noted5 K8 E5 v+ n/ d8 I% U$ ~( Y8 e% m' x1 A

Isolation and integration of lst8 temperature-sensitive alleles8 g* _) m0 \+ c& P

PCR mutagenesis of the LST8 gene was performed as described previously (Muhlrad et al., 1992). In brief, the region from 400 bp 5' to LST8 to 247 bp 3' to LST8 was amplified using Taq in the presence of 0.25 mM MnCl2, and one-fifth the normal concentration of dATP. The PCR fragment and pEC36 (described above) cut with BsmI were transformed into ECY269 that is lst8::HIS3 ura3-52 leu2-3, 112 his3200 . For the lst8-6 allele, pEC36 was mutagenized with hydroxylamine as described previously (Adams et al., 1996) and transformed into ECY269. Transformants on SMM-leucine plates were replica-plated onto plates with 5-fluoroorotic acid, then screened for temperature sensitivity. Plasmids that conferred temperature-sensitive growth were tested by retransformation. Inserts were ligated into pRS306 for integration at the LST8 locus by two-step gene replacement.5 S# R9 r1 _2 o0 y+ k

Assays for amino acid uptake, ?-galactosidase, and total amino acid content4 G" [% F  h; _6 U9 K/ l
% g5 L* g* N& q$ f; q; U
Strains were cultured to 4–8 x 106 cells/ml, washed twice with nitrogen-free medium by filtration on a 0.45-μm nitrocellulose filter (Millipore), and amino acid uptake assays were performed as described previously (Roberg et al., 1997b). ?-Galactosidase activity was measured with the permeabilized cell method (Adams et al., 1996). Two independent transformants were grown at RT (22°C) and assayed in duplicate. Each experiment was performed 2–5 times with similar results. Total amino acid analysis was performed as described previously (Chen and Kaiser, 2002).

Immunofluorescence and fluorescence microscopy

Immunofluorescence was performed using standard protocols (Adams et al., 1996) with the following modifications. PBS 2% BSA was used for blocking and for diluting antibodies, cells were incubated with primary antibody overnight at 4°C, and samples were washed 15 times after each antibody incubation. Antibodies used were purified monoclonal 9E10 (Zymed Laboratories) and Alexa? 488–conjugated goat anti–mouse IgG (Molecular Probes, Inc.). For GFP microscopy, cells were grown in SMM-leucine media overnight to exponential phase, then Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 was added to 100 mM and NaN3 was added to 1% for 15 min before viewing to ensure that GFP was folded and to enhance detection of GFP in acidic compartments (Bilodeau et al., 2002). Images were collected using a fluorescence microscope (Eclipse E800; Nikon), a digital camera (Hamamatsu Corporation), and Openlab software (Improvision).

Equilibrium density centrifugation, differential centrifugation, and extraction of proteins from the particulate fraction- C3 n( d& }+ Z9 i

Protocols are described in Kaiser et al. (2002). For the differential centrifugation and the extraction of proteins from the particulate fraction protocols, cells were lysed by spheroplasting and douncing. Antibodies used were: mouse anti-HA 16B12 (Covance); mouse anti-HA 12CA5 (BAbCo); rabbit anti-Pma1p (a gift of S. Losko and R. K?lling, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Düsseldorf, Germany), mouse anti-Dpm1p (Molecular Probes, Inc.); mouse anti-Pgk1p (Molecular Probes, Inc.); mouse anti-Vph1p (Molecular Probes, Inc.); and rabbit anti-Pep12p. Anti-Pep12p serum was made using a standard antibody protocol (Covance) with 6xHis-Pep12p made from truncated PEP12 in pET24a (a gift of M. Lewis and H. Pelham, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK).& O) p0 E+ i6 }) k! J

Flotation gradient with Lst8p or Tor1p-containing membranes

Flotation gradients were performed as described previously (Kaiser et al., 2002), with the following modifications: 3 x 109 cells from a logarithmically growing culture were harvested by filtration, then washed in ice-cold de-energizing buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM NaN3, and 10 mM KF), and washed in ice-cold STE10 (10% wt/wt sucrose, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, and 10 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) by centrifugation. Cells were lysed by agitation with glass beads in 0.75 ml lysis buffer (STE10 with PMSF and pepstatin). 2.25 ml lysis buffer was added, and the lysate was cleared by centrifugation at 500 g for 3 min. Membranes were collected by layering 2 ml of the cleared lysate onto a cushion of 0.2 ml STE80 (80% wt/vol sucrose, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, and 10 mM EDTA) and centrifuging in a TLS-55 rotor (Beckman Coulter) at 100,000 g for 1 h at 4°C. Membranes that collected at the interface were combined with enough STE80 to make the density of the solution equivalent to the density of STE50 (50% wt/wt sucrose, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, and 10 mM EDTA). A volume of membrane solution corresponding to 3 x 108 cells was loaded at the bottom of a 30–50% (wt/wt) continuous sucrose gradient and centrifuged at 100,000 g for 17 h with no brake in an SW55Ti rotor (Beckman Coulter). Fractions were collected manually from the top of the gradient. A portion of each fraction was subject to TCA precipitation, SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting, or was assayed for GDPase and Kex2p activity as described previously (Kaiser et al., 2002). Intensity of protein bands on Western blots was quantitated using the Kodak Image Station 440 imaging system and Kodak 1D software (PerkinElmer).
5 B5 h) c& h2 z8 k* q3 k3 R
Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting of Lst8-associated proteins
5 n' w# t  g% x; P( X- \1 M
Cells (108) growing logarithmically in SMM-uracil medium were harvested and washed with ice-cold 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, and 10 mM NaN3. Cells were lysed by agitation with glass beads in Co-IP buffer (20 mM Hepes, pH 6.8, 80 mM potassium acetate, 5 mM magnesium acetate, and 0.5% CHAPS) with protease inhibitors (1 mM PMSF, 0.5 μg/ml leupeptin, 0.7 μg/ml pepstatin, and 2 μg/ml aprotinin), then the lysate was diluted to 1 ml with Co-IP buffer with protease inhibitors. The lysate was cleared by centrifugation at 13,000 g for 3 min, then the supernatant was precleared by incubation with protein A Sepharose for 30 min at 4°C. A portion of the precleared lysate was removed as the "total" sample. To the remaining lysate, rabbit anti-myc antibody (9E10, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was added and incubated for 2 h at 4°C. Then, Protein A Sepharose was added and the mixture incubated for 1 h at 4°C. Immunoprecipitates were washed three times with Co-IP buffer 0.1% CHAPS, and once with detergent-free Co-IP buffer. Immunoprecipitates were solubilized by incubation in sample buffer for 30 min at 37°C and resolved by SDS-PAGE. Antibodies used for immunoblotting were mouse anti-HA 12CA5 and mouse anti-myc 9E10 (Covance).! A, n9 ~, E( T9 V! g5 g
" R) l# j% @/ a. A3 {$ ]- K+ W
Acknowledgments( }# o$ j1 e8 `2 J/ N+ d

We thank Barbara Karampalas for construction of the lst8 fks1 and lst8 cwh41 strains, the Kaiser lab for helpful discussions and encouragement, and D.M. Sabatini for communicating unpublished results.

This work was supported by a Howard Hughes Medical Institute predoctoral fellowship (to E.J. Chen) and by a National Institutes of Health grant GM56933 (to C.A. Kaiser).
# z; N3 |9 M" ?, a7 Y' c* ~
Note added in proof. In a recent report, T. Powers and colleagues (Wedaman, K.P., A. Reinke, S. Anderson, J. Yates 3rd, J.M. McCaffery, and T. Powers. 2003. Mol. Biol. Cell. 14:1204–1220) used immunogold electron microscopy to colocalize Lst8p and Tor2p to punctate, membranous sites adjacent to (but distinct from) the plasma membrane and other sites within the cell. This localization of Tor/Lst8 is consistent with the endosomal/Golgi localization for Lst8p based on membrane fractionation we report in this paper.9 n0 L: E! [6 x$ y4 o- \) R
2 P! O( s" i. R
References

Adams, A., D. Gottschling, and C. Kaiser. 1996. Methods in Yeast Genetics: A Laboratory Course Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.

Beck, T., and M.N. Hall. 1999. The TOR signalling pathway controls nuclear localization of nutrient-regulated transcription factors. Nature. 402:689–692.

Beck, T., A. Schmidt, and M.N. Hall. 1999. Starvation induces vacuolar targeting and degradation of the tryptophan permease in yeast. J. Cell Biol. 146:1227–1237.
5 V( n* _$ v7 k% G
Bickle, M., P.A. Delley, A. Schmidt, and M.N. Hall. 1998. Cell wall integrity modulates RHO1 activity via the exchange factor ROM2. EMBO J. 17:2235–2245.

Bilodeau, P.S., J.L. Urbanowski, S.C. Winistorfer, and R.C. Piper. 2002. The Vps27p-Hse1p complex binds ubiquitin and mediates endosomal protein sorting. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:534–539.& R; W( [5 v5 f! q- I0 A/ H
/ E7 i5 }' j( H8 z
Cardenas, M.E., and J. Heitman. 1995. FKBP12-rapamycin target TOR2 is a vacuolar protein with an associated phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase activity. EMBO J. 14:5892–5907.( D5 q( a( f7 x+ B  [4 y+ X# T

Cardenas, M.E., N.S. Cutler, M.C. Lorenz, C.J. Di Como, and J. Heitman. 1999. The TOR signaling cascade regulates gene expression in response to nutrients. Genes Dev. 13:3271–3279.+ t( c) G1 n$ T2 C
4 c8 a' B1 j) {! J
Chan, T.F., J. Carvalho, L. Riles, and X.F.S. Zheng. 2000. A chemical genomics approach toward understanding the global functions of the target of rapamycin protein (TOR). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:13227–13232.

Chen, E.J., and C.A. Kaiser. 2002. Amino acids regulate the intracellular trafficking of the general amino acid permease of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99:14837–14842.

Courchesne, W.E., and B. Magasanik. 1983. Ammonia regulation of amino acid permeases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:672–683.

Cunningham, K.W., and W.T. Wickner. 1989. Yeast KEX2 protease and mannosyltransferase I are localized to distinct compartments of the secretory pathway. Yeast. 5:25–33.
, F6 S% h6 k$ j! m% a
Cutler, N.S., X. Pan, J. Heitman, and M.E. Cardenas. 2001. The TOR signal transduction cascade controls cellular differentiation in response to nutrients. Mol. Biol. Cell. 12:4103–4113.4 e1 x5 l4 d" X, T

Daugherty, J.R., R. Rai, H.M. el Berry, and T.G. Cooper. 1993. Regulatory circuit for responses of nitrogen catabolic gene expression to the GLN3 and DAL80 proteins and nitrogen catabolite repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 175:64–73.) ~# B1 ^$ [) C3 _

Dilova, I., C.Y. Chen, and T. Powers. 2002. Mks1 in concert with TOR signaling negatively regulates RTG target gene expression in S. cerevisiae. Curr. Biol. 12:389–395.7 ]7 F6 R* h) e( ?9 G% g

Feller, A., F. Ramos, A. Pierard, and E. Dubois. 1997. Lys80p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, previously proposed as a specific repressor of LYS genes, is a pleiotropic regulatory factor identical to Mks1p. Yeast. 13:1337–1346.

Fiorentino, D.F., and G.R. Crabtree. 1997. Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae dna2 mutants suggests a role for the helicase late in S phase. Mol. Biol. Cell. 8:2519–2537.8 Y" Q2 P5 @) T

Grenson, M., C. Hou, and M. Crabeel. 1970. Multiplicity of the amino acid permeases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. IV. Evidence for a general amino acid permease. J. Bacteriol. 103:770–777.

Grenson, M., E. Dubois, M. Piotrowska, R. Drillien, and M. Aigle. 1974. Ammonia assimilation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as mediated by the two glutamate dehydrogenases. Evidence for the gdhA locus being a structural gene for the NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. Mol. Gen. Genet. 128:73–85." T0 @- Y  ]% ]. ?% ^) t, W
9 n6 o. N! a/ |3 D6 Z
Hara, K., Y. Maruki, X. Long, K. Yoshino, N. Oshiro, S. Hidayat, C. Tokunaga, J. Avruch, and K. Yonezawa. 2002. Raptor, a binding partner of target of rapamycin (TOR), mediates TOR action. Cell. 110:177–189.

Hardwick, J.S., F.G. Kuruvilla, J.K. Tong, A.F. Shamji, and S.L. Schreiber. 1999. Rapamycin-modulated transcription defines the subset of nutrient-sensitive signaling pathways directly controlled by the Tor proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:14866–14870.

Helliwell, S.B., A. Schmidt, Y. Ohya, and M.N. Hall. 1998. The Rho1 effector Pkc1, but not Bni1, mediates signalling from Tor2 to the actin cytoskeleton. Curr. Biol. 8:1211–1214.* i+ F7 R, v2 w) k7 A
% r) @  z& T- E
Helliwell, S.B., S. Losko, and C.A. Kaiser. 2001. Components of a ubiquitin ligase complex specify polyubiquitination and intracellular trafficking of the general amino acid permease. J. Cell Biol. 153:649–662.
% m) r! M0 P4 Q- c$ p( l1 P9 Q
Jauniaux, J.C., and M. Grenson. 1990. GAP1, the general amino acid permease gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleotide sequence, protein similarity with the other bakers yeast amino acid permeases, and nitrogen catabolite repression. Eur. J. Biochem. 190:39–44.

Kaiser, C.A., E.J. Chen, and S. Losko. 2002. Subcellular fractionation of secretory organelles. Methods Enzymol. 351:325–338.

Kim, D.H., D.D. Sarbassov, S.M. Ali, J.E. King, R.R. Latek, H. Erdjument-Bromage, P. Tempst, and D.M. Sabatini. 2002. mTOR interacts with Raptor to form a nutrient-sensitive complex that signals to the cell growth machinery. Cell. 110:163–175.$ j8 Y% ^3 B* _

Komeili, A., K.P. Wedaman, E.K. O'Shea, and T. Powers. 2000. Mechanism of metabolic control. Target of rapamycin signaling links nitrogen quality to the activity of the Rtg1 and Rtg3 transcription factors. J. Cell Biol. 151:863–878.

Kunz, J., U. Schneider, I. Howald, A. Schmidt, and M.N. Hall. 2000. HEAT repeats mediate plasma membrane localization of Tor2p in yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 275:37011–37020.

Liao, X., and R.A. Butow. 1993. RTG1 and RTG2: two yeast genes required for a novel path of communication from mitochondria to the nucleus. Cell. 72:61–71.

Liu, Z., and R.A. Butow. 1999. A transcriptional switch in the expression of yeast tricarboxylic acid cycle genes in response to a reduction or loss of respiratory function. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:6720–6728.) a9 u2 j2 o4 ]. ]& {6 ~! e7 f9 O

Liu, Z., T. Sekito, C.B. Epstein, and R.A. Butow. 2001. RTG-dependent mitochondria to nucleus signaling is negatively regulated by the seven WD-repeat protein Lst8p. EMBO J. 20:7209–7219.
- N; y; f% \: O. ?
Loewith, R., E. Jacinto, S. Wullschleger, A. Lorberg, J.L. Crespo, D. Bonenfant, W. Oppliger, P. Jenoe, and M.N. Hall. 2002. Two TOR complexes, only one of which is rapamycin sensitive, have distinct roles in cell growth control. Mol. Cell. 10:457–468.

Longtine, M.S., A. McKenzie 3rd, D.J. Demarini, N.G. Shah, A. Wach, A. Brachat, P. Philippsen, and J.R. Pringle. 1998. Additional modules for versatile and economical PCR-based gene deletion and modification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast. 14:953–961.

Magasanik, B. 1992. Regulation of nitrogen utilization. The Molecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Metabolism and Gene Expression. J.N. Strathern, E.W. Jones, and J.R. Broach, editors. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. 283–317.

Magasanik, B., and C.A. Kaiser. 2002. Nitrogen regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene. 290:1–18.

Mitchell, A.P. 1985. The GLN1 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes glutamine synthetase. Genetics. 111:243–258." A0 z  L, R- h& \# {" j) W

Mitchell, A.P., and B. Magasanik. 1984. Regulation of glutamine-repressible gene products by the GLN3 function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2758–2766.+ |7 A2 p, |! {5 F# m+ o% ]

Muhlrad, D., R. Hunter, and R. Parker. 1992. A rapid method for localized mutagenesis of yeast genes. Yeast. 8:79–82.
+ D3 g. `- D4 e3 `* P7 n
Roberg, K.J., S. Bickel, N. Rowley, and C.A. Kaiser. 1997a. Control of amino acid permease sorting in the late secretory pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by SEC13, LST4, LST7 and LST8. Genetics. 147:1569–1584.
) M. Q: I# T: \% t4 h
Roberg, K.J., N. Rowley, and C.A. Kaiser. 1997b. Physiological regulation of membrane protein sorting late in the secretory pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 137:1469–1482.# ~* C- Y) Q* O: ]* T6 o6 }# {

Schmelzle, T., and M.N. Hall. 2000. TOR, a central controller of cell growth. Cell. 103:253–262.

Schmidt, A., J. Kunz, and M.N. Hall. 1996. TOR2 is required for organization of the actin cytoskeleton in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:13780–13785.. i5 D" v4 Q  W
# B5 g' g. d( q" Z& y( W
Sekito, T., Z. Liu, J. Thornton, and R.A. Butow. 2002. RTG-dependent mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling is regulated by MKS1 and is linked to formation of yeast prion. Mol. Biol. Cell. 13:795–804 .
! }" ]8 {" b) h% D1 e
Soetens, O., J.O. De Craene, and B. Andre. 2001. Ubiquitin is required for sorting to the vacuole of the yeast general amino acid permease, Gap1. J. Biol. Chem. 276:43949–43957.
# S! v# I8 j3 e9 K) e
Springael, J.Y., E. Nikko, B. Andre, and A.M. Marini. 2002. Yeast Npi3/Bro1 is involved in ubiquitin-dependent control of permease trafficking. FEBS Lett. 517:103–109.3 j, s0 q# i4 h; v5 k# T
* ^: |; t" N' l9 z, k
Stanbrough, M., and B. Magasanik. 1995. Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of the general amino acid permease of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 177:94–102.

Tate, J.J., K.H. Cox, R. Rai, and T.G. Cooper. 2002. Mks1p is required for negative regulation of retrograde gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but does not affect nitrogen catabolite repression-sensitive gene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 277:20477–20482.
: `' m& Y* S% m( l: _
Wach, A., A. Brachat, R. Pohlmann, and P. Philippsen. 1994. New heterologous modules for classical or PCR-based gene disruptions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast. 10:1793–1808.% I4 C2 q; O) x
% D2 I: N9 n( o6 u( P
Zheng, X.F., D. Fiorentino, J. Chen, G.R. Crabtree, and S.L. Schreiber. 1995. TOR kinase domains are required for two distinct functions, only one of which is inhibited by rapamycin. Cell. 82:121–130.(Esther J. Chen and Chris A. Kaiser)

收藏0 分享0 顶0 踩0