Peter Duesberg 实验室网页

饶冠华

http://mcb.berkeley.edu/labs/duesberg/index.html* {. ?& ?2 T% R$ b2 C  Q6 C/ V7 |
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Peter Duesberg3 N; W7 I  A) A& f
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3 S3 C. q. W, I5 WPeter DuesbergPeter H. Duesberg (born December 2, 1936 in Germany) is a professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley, best known for identifying and mapping the src gene, considered the first true oncogene, in 1970,[1] and more recently for his claims that HIV is harmless and not the cause of AIDS.
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0 K: m. ]5 g0 X& g! p; HDuesberg, along with Peter Vogt, was one of the first scientists to discover a cancer gene (oncogene). In 1970, Duesberg and Vogt reported that a cancer-causing virus of birds had extra genetic material compared with non-cancer-causing viruses.[2][1] At the age of 36, Duesberg achieved tenure at the University of California, Berkeley, and at 49 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. He received an Outstanding Investigator Grant (OIG) from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1986, and from 1986 to 1987 was a Fogarty Scholar-in-Residence at the NIH laboratories in Bethesda, Maryland.
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( l, i6 Y+ T% d: ~" e: AAlthough long considered by his scientific colleagues to be a "contrarian,"[3] Duesberg began to gain public notoriety with a March 1987 article in Cancer Research entitled "Retroviruses as Carcinogens and Pathogens: Expectations and Reality".[4] In this and subsequent writings, Duesberg proposed his hypothesis that AIDS is caused by long-term consumption of recreational drugs and/or antiretroviral drugs. Duesberg's HIV/AIDS claims are rejected as disproven and incorrect by the scientific community.[5][6]: A7 R  M6 j; T1 Z

2 w' F6 `+ g" b6 ?2 D# l2 C  JDuesberg's denial of HIV/AIDS science is cited as a major influence on the public health policies of South Africa under the administration of Thabo Mbeki. Duesberg also served on an advisory panel to Mbeki, convened in 2000. The consequent failure of South Africa to provide antiretroviral drugs in a timely manner is thought to be responsible for hundreds of thousands of excess AIDS deaths and HIV infections.[7][8]$ z6 h0 q$ k" K7 @: O5 F
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Contents [hide]
' L6 j4 W9 r8 h1 His work
0 F! K; m# n, N& H! y9 p' z1.1 On AIDS
5 P# {1 x$ X2 Z! G1.2 On cancer
2 G+ i3 G* K! s/ h* V2 T% }2 Consequences of AIDS denialism 1 q3 E3 K7 H: {# ^3 k
3 Controversy over Inventing the AIDS Virus 9 K! U$ P, m4 r8 T) B
4 Notes % t/ h# {" E( t! |: s
5 Bibliography
' _* ^5 p0 p; b; H3 L6 External links 0 n. }& g+ a- n/ e& g, y# V
6.1 Mainstream scientific
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; Y; `( }( j! ^* C: D% f[edit] His work9 H) b: w+ q+ X. v( t# x6 ]; [
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[edit] On AIDS5 A' h* }  h6 N9 U- A
Main article: Duesberg hypothesis
: r( S3 v. a& F3 x2 d$ \* ZIn his 1996 book Inventing the AIDS Virus[9] and in numerous journal articles and letters to the editor, Duesberg asserts that HIV is harmless and that recreational and pharmaceutical drug use (especially of AZT, a drug used in the treatment of AIDS) are the causes of AIDS outside Africa (the so-called Duesberg hypothesis). He considers AIDS diseases as markers for drug use, e.g. use of alkyl nitrites among some homosexuals, pointing out a correlation between AIDS and recreational drug use.[10] This correlation hypothesis is considered disproven by evidence showing that only HIV infection, not homosexuality or recreational/pharmaceutical drug use, predicts who will develop AIDS.[5][6][11][12][13]
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9 ?. Z! f0 j; p7 j/ LDuesberg asserts that AIDS in Africa is misdiagnosed and the epidemic a "myth," claiming incorrectly that the diagnostic criteria for AIDS are different in Africa than elsewhere[14] and that the breakdown of the immune system in African AIDS patients can be explained exclusively by factors such as malnutrition, bad drinking water, and various infections that he presumes are common to AIDS patients in Africa.[15] Duesberg also argues that retroviruses like HIV must be harmless to survive, and that the normal mode of retroviral propagation is mother-to-child transmission by infection in utero.[16]
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Since Duesberg published his first paper on the subject in 1987, scientists have examined and criticized the accuracy of his hypotheses on AIDS causation. A number of scientific criticisms of Duesberg's hypothesis were summarised in a review article in the journal Science in 1994, which presented the results of a 3-month scientific investigation into some of Duesberg's claims.[17]
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1 R' _; H$ f) vIn the Science article, science writer Jon Cohen interviewed both HIV researchers and so-called AIDS dissidents (including Duesberg himself) and examined the AIDS literature in addition to review articles written by Duesberg. The article stated:  p/ T( _& Z3 U& Y

! s# W7 b$ Z) S" f7 F3 S“ ...although the Berkeley virologist raises provocative questions, few researchers find his basic contention that HIV is not the cause of AIDS persuasive. Mainstream AIDS researchers argue that Duesberg’s arguments are constructed by selective reading of the scientific literature, dismissing evidence that contradicts his theses, requiring impossibly definitive proof, and dismissing outright studies marked by inconsequential weaknesses. ” # _  b% y- P1 D8 t9 m: I# m

* W& R1 c5 L. h/ dThe article also stated that although Duesberg and the AIDS denialist movement have garnered support from some prominent scientists, including Nobel Prize winners such as Kary Mullis, most of this support is related to Duesberg’s right to hold a dissenting opinion, rather than support of his specific claim that HIV does not cause AIDS.6 d  ^- `' I; v, w# v+ ^- D
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[edit] On cancer
8 M& a! t& s: P& Y7 R! A- Z) ADuesberg disputes the importance of oncogenes and retroviruses in cancer. He supports the aneuploidy hypothesis of cancer that was first proposed in 1914 by Theodor Heinrich Boveri.[18]( Z- x1 a; n# g6 o
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Although research into aneuploidy and cancer is nothing new[19] (about 5000 scientific papers were published on aneuploidy before Duesberg became involved), Duesberg rejects the importance of mutations, oncogenes, and anti-oncogenes entirely. Duesberg et al., in a 1998 paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, reported a mathematical correlation between chromosome number and the genetic instability of cancer cells, which they dubbed "the ploidy factor,"[20] confirming earlier research by other groups[21] that demonstrated an association between degree of aneuploidy and metastasis. Although unwilling to concur with Duesberg in throwing out a role for cancer genes, many researchers do support exploration of alternative hypotheses.[22] Research and debate on this subject is ongoing. In 2007, Scientific American published an article by Duesberg on his aneuploidy cancer theory.[23] In an editorial explaining their decision to publish this article, the editors of Scientific American stated: "Thus, as wrong as Duesberg surely is about HIV, there is at least a chance that he is significantly right about cancer."[24]( u* y) c, Z0 |$ I/ ^; a/ {
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. X+ A! k+ q( p; o% b[edit] Consequences of AIDS denialism2 p1 p0 m! V, A+ p" C4 O+ [6 ~0 O
In 2000, Duesberg was the most prominent AIDS denialist to sit on a 44-member Presidential Advisory Panel on HIV and AIDS convened by then-President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa.[25] The panel was scheduled to meet concurrently with the 2000 International AIDS Conference in Durban and to convey the impression that Mbeki's doubts about HIV/AIDS science were valid and actively discussed in the scientific community.[8] The views of the denialists on the panel, aired during the AIDS conference, received renewed attention.[26] Mbeki later suffered substantial political fallout for his support for AIDS denialism[27][28] and for opposing the treatment of pregnant HIV-positive South African women with antiretroviral medication.[29] Mbeki partly attenuated his ties with denialists in 2002, asking them to stop associating their names with his.[30] In response to the inclusion of AIDS denialists on Mbeki's panel, the Durban declaration was drafted and signed by over 5,000 scientists and physicians, describing the evidence that HIV causes AIDS as "clear-cut, exhaustive and unambiguous."[31]6 K' c, r& q# w" A7 j( H
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Two independent studies have concluded that the public health policies of Thabo Mbeki's government, shaped in part by Duesberg's writings and advice, were responsible for over 330,000 excess AIDS deaths and many preventable infections, including those of infants.[7][8]
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A 2008 Discover Magazine feature on Duesberg addresses Duesberg's role in anti-HIV drug-preventable deaths in South Africa. Jeanne Linzer interviews prominent HIV/AIDS expert Max Essex, who suggests that,
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“ ...history will judge Duesberg as either "a nut who is just a tease to the scientific community" or an "enabler to mass murder" for the deaths of many AIDS patients in Africa.[3] ”
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[edit] Controversy over Inventing the AIDS Virus
2 P- T3 F% f, A8 P+ x* MDuesberg's book Inventing the AIDS Virus was initially co-written with Bryan Ellison, one of his graduate students at the University of California, Berkeley. However, following a 1994 dispute over manuscript changes, Ellison published the manuscript himself, under the title Why We Will Never Win the War on AIDS, listing himself as the lead author. A dispute between Duesberg and Ellison resulted, with Ellison charging that Duesberg was "doing favors on behalf of several people in the government" who wished to suppress the book.[32] Duesberg's website describes the dispute in terms of Ellison becoming "disenchanted with Duesberg's and his publisher's insistence on careful documentation."[33]8 u' |) {8 ^, r2 c1 {- c

; l: }) H) @+ u; f2 `0 T% UEllison also charged Duesberg with "cooperat[ing] with some of the very hostile factors to have me thrown out of school right before I could submit my thesis and get my Ph.D." For his part, Duesberg stated, regarding Ellison, that "...since he didn't talk to me anymore and didn't show up at the lab, I couldn't pay him anymore."[32] Ultimately, Duesberg and Regnery Publishing sued Ellison, winning a "six-figure verdict" and an injunction against Ellison's manuscript.[33] Duesberg's version of the manuscript was published by Regnery under the title Inventing the AIDS Virus.
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1 k0 b! g9 Z4 h" T6 B[edit] Notes7 I' q/ K: d  @6 Q
^ a b Biography of Peter Duesberg, hosted by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences website. Accessed 2008-11-24.
$ L8 b2 O' M5 F0 l& Q- {% z* Y+ _^ Duesberg P and Vogt P (1970). "Differences between the ribonucleic acids of transforming and nontransforming avian tumor viruses". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 67 (4): 1673–80. doi:10.1073/pnas.67.4.1673. 4321342. PMID 4321342.  1 ^  x7 ^8 x" U
^ a b Linzer, Jeanne (2008-06-15). "AIDS "Dissident" Seeks Redemption... and a Cure for Cancer". Discover. http://discovermagazine.com/2008 ... -a-cure-for-cancer. Retrieved on 2008-05-16.  
8 m. A  S3 h9 [$ [8 G) }5 y^ Duesberg P (1987). "Retroviruses as carcinogens and pathogens: expectations and reality". Cancer Res 47 (5): 1199–220. PMID 3028606. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/47/5/1199.  
. l0 h- y/ l( b* @$ u# p# i^ a b "Fact Sheet: The Evidence that HIV causes AIDS". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/Factsheets/evidhiv.htm. Retrieved on 2007-01-08.  
0 R; x: E3 |  Q^ a b Schechter M, Craib K, Gelmon K, Montaner J, Le T, O'Shaughnessy M (1993). "HIV-1 and the aetiology of AIDS". Lancet 341 (8846): 165. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90421-C. PMID 8095571.  
/ s% X" ]9 {. z, F( j^ a b Chigwedere P, Seage GR, Gruskin S, Lee TH, Essex M (October 2008). "Estimating the Lost Benefits of Antiretroviral Drug Use in South Africa". Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31818a6cd5. PMID 18931626. Lay summary.  
0 F8 R0 Y+ I6 A- }^ a b c Nattrass N (February 2008). "Estimating the Lost Benefits of Antiretroviral Drug Use in South Africa". African Affairs 107 (427): 157-76. doi:10.1093/afraf/adm087.  
/ u5 K# K/ ]4 c# n) I% }! L^ ISBN 0-89526-399-8
. [1 n6 j/ N- C5 B2 J' ^^ Duesberg, Peter Inventing the AIDS Virus (1996), pp. 260-269. ISBN 0-89526-399-8
$ n3 m' l+ a: o0 P. m# c/ M( h^ Vermund S, Hoover D, Chen K (1993). "CD4+ counts in seronegative homosexual men. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study". N Engl J Med 328 (6): 442. PMID 8093639.  
& s% ?! _- Z6 x' T3 ^4 B^ Des Jarlais D, Friedman S, Marmor M, Mildvan D, Yancovitz S, Sotheran J, Wenston J, Beatrice S (1993). "CD4 lymphocytopenia among injecting drug users in New York City". J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 6 (7): 820–2. PMID 8099613.  
/ z3 J% _% v# }8 X# g: K% j: z^ Chao C, Jacobson LP, Tashkin D, et al (2008). "Recreational drug use and T lymphocyte subpopulations in HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected men". Drug Alcohol Depend 94: 165. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.010. PMID 18180115.  
& W2 w8 I0 ]; W^ AIDS: Scientific or Viral Catastrophe? by Neville Hodgkinson, 2003, accessed 11 October 2006. Note that the criteria Duesberg refers to are surveillance, not diagnostic criteria. As regards surveillance, many African countries now follow the CDC AIDS definition. See Duesberg hypothesis. 3 |1 H& n& D+ o: _
^ Duesberg P, Koehnlein C, Rasnick D (2003). "The chemical bases of the various AIDS epidemics: recreational drugs, anti-viral chemotherapy and malnutrition". J Biosci 28 (4): 383–412. doi:10.1007/BF02705115. PMID 12799487.  . c, k- D9 y3 D& q
^ [Duesberg P "Inventing the AIDS Virus" Regnery, 1997. ISBN-10: 0895263998] Page 179.   T! I# ^0 U" e  \- r
^ Science Magazine series critically reviewing Duesberg's hypothesis, accessed 16 Sept 2006.
, u, A7 O2 V, d5 U  K& P1 e^ ::Biozentrum Universitaet Wuerzburg: The person: Theodor Boveri:: * u- n& ~0 Z! X, T- k! M- \
^ Offerhaus GJ, De Feyter EP, Cornelisse CJ, et al (May 1992). "The relationship of DNA aneuploidy to molecular genetic alterations in colorectal carcinoma". Gastroenterology 102 (5): 1612–9. PMID 1568571.  
: i* o! e0 [7 P, X1 ~( E^ Duesberg P, Rausch C, Rasnick D, Hehlmann R (November 1998). "Genetic instability of cancer cells is proportional to their degree of aneuploidy". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (23): 13692–7. PMID 9811862. PMC: 24881. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9811862.  6 y2 K+ r6 i8 x$ R  [& Y
^ Wahlström B, Branehög I, Stierner U, Sunzel H, Holmberg E (April 1992). "Association of ploidy and cell proliferation, Dukes' classification, and histopathological differentiation in adenocarcinomas of colon and rectum". Eur J Surg 158 (4): 237–42; discussion 242–3. PMID 1352139.  ! y) d! E/ {0 |- X' v1 O
^ Gibbs WW (July 2003). "Untangling the roots of cancer". Sci. Am. 289 (1): 56–65. PMID 12840947. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm ... roots-of-c-2003-07.  
( |/ _; R; U* `! R2 J^ Duesberg P (May 2007). "Chromosomal chaos and cancer". Sci. Am. 296 (5): 52–9. PMID 17500414. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=chromosomal-chaos-and-can.  
- D' D& Q- r& J, ^^ "When pariahs have good ideas". Sci. Am. 296 (5): 10. May 2007. PMID 17500402. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=when-pariahs-have-good-ideas.  
& H+ E0 J8 x, z: L* F^ Sithole, Emelia (2000-07-04). "S.Africa AIDS panel to validate HIV tests". Reuters. http://www.aegis.com/news/re/2000/RE000702.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-24.  
1 j  @, u5 T; r! Q( I$ d^ Schoofs, Mark (2000-07-04). "Debating the Obvious". Village Voice. http://www.villagevoice.com/2000 ... ating-the-obvious/. Retrieved on 2008-11-24.  
0 f* D# }; o/ }0 S4 P5 O; t. O^ McGreal, Chris (March 2002). "Thabo Mbeki's catastrophe". Prospect Magazine. http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/printarticle.php?id=4995/. Retrieved on 2008-11-24.  ( ?" M5 t0 {9 l1 a1 e6 G+ x; Y8 F
^ tpan.com, "Mbeki fails to break the silence," by Charles E. Clifton, September/October 2000, accessed 6 Jan 2007,
; o/ d2 y+ E% t4 Z/ j$ ^^ Karon, Tony (2000-04-21). "Why South Africa Questions the Link Between HIV and AIDS". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,43510,00.html/. Retrieved on 2007-01-06.  ' R0 T  `) ?' b6 }4 {
^ Journ-AIDS:Factsheet Mbeki Distances Himself from AIDS Dissidents (April 2002). Accessed 14 May 2008. $ q. F8 R1 R' w6 f) J
^ "The Durban Declaration". Nature 406 (6791): 15–6. 2000. doi:10.1038/35017662. PMID 10894520. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... full/406015a0.html.  & g6 W# |, S) q. v
^ a b McGarrahan, Ellen (1995-05-24). "Outbreak". SFWeekly. http://www.sfweekly.com/Issues/1995-05-24/news/news2_full.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-08.  ! V5 J- x+ q. n6 T/ |0 u
^ a b "Publisher's preface to Inventing the AIDS Virus". duesberg.com. http://www.duesberg.com/books/pdbinpreface.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-08.    y, e( F4 o' d. g8 Y: @' K  O- j9 C
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[edit] Bibliography2 h6 N2 t1 \# n4 i( f- Y
Bialy, Harvey, Oncogenes Aneuploidy and AIDS, A Scientific Life and Times of Peter Duesberg, North Atlantic Books, 2004, ISBN 1-55643-531-2
  l  f2 S2 L/ F& y& oDuesberg, Peter H., Inventing the AIDS Virus, Regnery, 1996, ISBN 0-89526-399-8 , E2 L, L$ W& a3 V4 b. Q5 e
Duesberg, Peter H., and Ellison, Bryan J., Inventing the AIDS Epidemic, St. Martin's Press, 1994, ISBN 0-312-11293-9 0 |* L4 R6 u+ I, g: w5 ^7 i+ \
Duesberg, Peter H., and Yiamouyiannis, John, AIDS: The Good News Is HIV Doesn't Cause It, Health Action Press, 1995, ISBN 0-913571-05-9 0 X$ S% Z8 m/ h1 P3 u) _5 G' X

: K* L" \  _- q; o[edit] External links
% Y3 O+ P% [% R# k# GDuesberg homepage: A wide range of Duesberg's papers, research and opinions.
, k* T9 _1 I% b; T  G0 DPeter Duesberg's cancer research web site
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[edit] Mainstream scientific
3 B$ O% H1 F7 }2 @Science Magazine, "The Controversy Over HIV and AIDS," by Jon Cohen, December 1994. A series of articles that deals with the arguments of Duesberg and other dissidents.
6 ?" w, _7 q5 r: W; h1 I3 w* R: faidstruth.org, "À Duesberg, Adieu!" by John Moore, March 1996. A review of Duesberg's book Inventing the AIDS Virus, on a website that was created by research scientists and community advocates with a focus on rebutting AIDS dissident arguments.
, p1 W: _6 C2 hRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Duesberg"

彩色鹦鹉

非常感谢

lwch2

谢谢分享，这位仁兄还在艾滋病方面提出过非主流的观点，实在是科学界的一位猛男啊

细胞海洋

谢谢