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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑 ( M6 w! K: W- X# y
" v6 L Q A5 a% Y) }2 OBiotechnology4 i! G2 Y" g. y0 x6 S2 e
Fifth edition
2 j6 B3 z2 K! m) R5 mBiotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few
4 t$ e# y) Z9 T" qpeople realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.7 e" _' I5 J7 f5 R3 N3 s! Y) P6 ~, J
The defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct/ }% t, u% N! \8 g
understanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style
+ c: n- p) Y+ xthat made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith Q8 n; n" {$ N# S% U
once again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering6 W, |( ?2 w5 L' @3 I1 F) x
and use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in3 S8 I. G" L/ i; D; V; o6 K- S
biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment& d2 L& R8 o' k* i
of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses' L. Q# R( g* p
the innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems
& z# O( J4 K+ B/ Ubiology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith: a* q1 l9 o* m/ R0 e
also re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and
, f' ~: e+ n, ?' w/ H% Eputs new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
( {8 a7 _/ j& | M5 @5 PRNA." j2 j' O0 V6 M" L# j
John E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the
/ g; {5 K! c7 R" P) P! KInstitute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,
0 ^4 i0 X! \; [, dGlasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.
: k2 Z' W' B* s0 Q/ O1 m O! h+ H# @5 z" V
Preface
8 R. p# I2 f% N, BA defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish
; \+ d8 W. A) m3 A& X- lthe correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.
; y- A4 j- u/ QBiotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.
d/ c; V% x9 j4 m5 |/ C" o/ m" LIt is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many a$ \' j0 R9 o. i
disciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,. W4 }5 M( ^% c" L
genetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also
# C0 b- `$ x4 X3 L2 e. h2 H$ Rbe viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
& t0 k1 @5 D3 e* `/ U: \8 C' bapplication of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components
# O( T! T( I8 {4 b) ~! uto manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.' ~+ w" b3 l% l( S3 I$ z
Historically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a" \: a2 k8 Q3 m9 B
science, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where
0 T) v5 C& Z0 |, r: |7 k( p, s/ \the techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,
) K! E6 e$ u+ x3 c1 s4 Dwhile the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific; c9 L! t o9 F+ _5 t, r
basis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more
! t' C& o4 q' d3 V/ X1 k. Sefficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the
$ @0 z- k* c$ Z, J8 F7 W h- Smajor financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,
' b6 A% [2 k4 ]) d) x* Ietc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new7 _6 P+ p K- ?- J2 X
and novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,7 t& A: ~( [/ S2 i8 w+ p. E- [
the production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation$ C) |) L9 E! j& @
practices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range9 K' Q) S2 @+ s7 r) u9 Z' H' y
of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular$ _3 [2 a' q7 S9 A1 P) n, K5 S, [5 m
changes to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of9 f' r! s3 n r( K% K i& z
genomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic7 V( ?' @6 n* g8 H* P! y* _; u
microorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,
/ B0 W9 ~/ x8 \9 t: [( p3 a/ s/ [and major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised' L A6 V4 V* T9 _# T; c
activities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,
' a' _4 @: S) r7 Fbiotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water
7 E& O$ g ^3 C* S" w1 z' Nand land management and also remediating the pollution generated by7 K7 s- ~$ C" Z
over-industrialisation.9 n) T8 H3 Y' Q( o- y
There have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in
# K# Z9 O" V7 ?0 E, u# c! Pmedicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will
2 X7 e/ n& k; ]. U' kthe huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?$ p: p* c, P4 U# Y: {& ^4 J
Until recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts
0 O4 [6 }; D% g8 }& ^* W% Fand bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe
' o# U, s0 E# t; pand to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately
( `3 i @: o# t @0 U5 j, r2 n- @to develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and' c4 }2 i+ j+ i& J! D
complex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.
, P; n( N/ c5 o s" bSome of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,& T, d- ^/ O) X8 u3 [$ R
have aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political( o1 [) q2 J* m$ l/ {
character. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining
5 u; {) e7 W. P5 [: ?- O/ G5 Bthe implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that
. p" [$ l; d: @8 C* ]( M/ M0 Lcommon sense will prevail.
1 n: K3 g3 c' d6 a2 g0 tUndoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential
, N8 z P$ P7 hto benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,5 `, J m+ h, w! E8 E: O2 t
awareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the) F; J: A Q1 m, P$ g
complex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater5 |9 G3 W, O5 {8 U
level of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the' }$ W7 }: ~- d$ S
public at large.( W& ^( u2 ?. X
This expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an
8 p9 h4 J5 W1 |; }' Qintegrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned- ~" K4 ]0 {! [8 z' K
subjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,
2 |$ _9 |' O% m. [, g( zsatisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the5 j; j) O t3 h4 l# v
major technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised D& }. m# v4 i+ S3 ?
by the lay public.+ P2 d2 j+ T, J/ U$ Q' E7 s
I amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for
5 C+ d8 p: w$ d2 S3 vher skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
发表于 2010-1-14 17:50
发表于 2010-1-18 03:47
