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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑 1 \( k' w. r1 R, N1 L. U
' S: N# M* ?4 |1 e* Q! s9 S/ I2 ^Biotechnology4 J) K% Y! D; }, [) m7 [/ m
Fifth edition
6 I7 Z' u) Y; c, O7 G6 sBiotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few; D3 [' w% C l0 u6 z" O% P
people realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.0 e+ I& \1 I$ f/ g3 {& L
The defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct! F, o( ^7 D$ S4 Z; M& @
understanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style
& ~1 T! Z* d2 h+ Z- }* P6 E* Wthat made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith; ]6 j9 O% l6 [- |% {
once again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering; z. F8 i$ s; x
and use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in! h& _) h% I) F; V5 P% l' T6 d
biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment- }; P. |) K" U& _
of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses$ E, t* U: L1 q/ M* i
the innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems
, C) G9 Q. L. |/ B$ v* B" Nbiology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith7 f+ ^' C/ q$ S6 \! ~* t$ e7 o6 j
also re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and
; n8 I. k; q; s" O- ]& nputs new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro( A. G% j _4 H3 e1 l
RNA.
" ]1 Z' S$ u3 a3 RJohn E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the1 t( k* x' X1 y: \. `9 Z/ O2 b: |
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,, e( S" s8 g/ o, I
Glasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.: G( ]0 H# W3 I3 w
8 {: @2 b% `# ?; t$ g d h* nPreface
; }! T/ l# N" j, x l* i8 V, OA defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish
Z: Y1 c7 E* ethe correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.. C. D' `& M2 ?2 J
Biotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.
# P2 O5 i- s4 I% k4 l( tIt is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many
i1 f6 {( f9 k& K: Adisciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,
0 P/ z: `' x- T x/ m. zgenetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also
: X+ \- x j$ l0 h" [be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
! _, E% _ F# J/ Rapplication of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components
: Z0 |" ~! R! W3 m) uto manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.! w+ G, L3 r' d! q
Historically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a! M! c9 K; Q! W, L/ m
science, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where# K! y3 ^+ Q0 o
the techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,% z% |* u. u3 L9 U
while the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific. Q' k( \, y" n0 c: o
basis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more- e. y6 f4 b* E) ]0 N0 ^
efficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the0 x! e8 r; K a
major financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,: z7 C v$ d: H1 i& Q+ C
etc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new- z2 j. P- q) J- {. Y5 Q
and novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,( }: H4 X! y! d7 } V, g& {+ b- N1 Y; }6 I
the production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation
* F# W M [* h0 r, R1 Apractices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range
/ X. M5 N0 c+ b% t; |of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular
4 C' ?8 C: r/ D8 Bchanges to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of
+ n( C! T, }4 D( w. U$ lgenomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic7 c2 x9 c- @3 g' u$ X
microorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,
0 O& C: E' b# E1 [* Band major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised" }2 K4 p- T+ l
activities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment, `0 [7 |9 b8 o* W: s
biotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water
2 M4 @2 w7 j- pand land management and also remediating the pollution generated by
; v p: d, S3 h& }1 S4 i8 ?$ N+ wover-industrialisation.
4 N/ t0 ^! L M$ J* JThere have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in- S; ]; q5 V$ f5 \- ^
medicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will
0 o3 {7 c. d ^/ G, D# Vthe huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?& E+ a* l" p6 m: I4 O4 ?) S' o0 ^- L
Until recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts
( G7 G3 u$ N/ q5 M1 `& k) h$ jand bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe0 ^+ T3 u. V: _- e f3 u7 [
and to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately* n$ z4 d+ m G3 u8 u
to develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and
6 w. I$ ?0 h4 I# a' K: ucomplex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.
+ b2 g% Y. J. A9 F- S6 R' m/ BSome of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,+ |# I0 y. k6 \. A" u5 Q
have aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political
4 G& A1 c2 v' Z$ ]+ D- Ocharacter. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining
5 n% d8 ~; \3 y, X- N$ Jthe implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that
4 D+ H7 j" ?& Q4 D0 K( qcommon sense will prevail.
9 D4 N) _8 y, }1 u+ }: @' qUndoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential) K9 P! N b6 c$ G' F
to benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,, j2 L' }( E; M, p
awareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the4 E6 l, N5 B' }, i
complex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater+ ?' Q9 B+ E( C0 }
level of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the
1 } h F+ w" O# _public at large. e+ h! N+ \& @
This expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an
, U8 m& p6 z% L7 @3 zintegrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned
- Q# P! {$ E9 ]. b6 _. ksubjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,
# E1 g) r1 a3 ~3 ?$ bsatisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the
" R- A" l/ [" ^* X& Ymajor technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised J/ _% s9 l# n7 `, z
by the lay public.* T3 d# @ F/ J2 M% ]7 `8 V
I amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for: X: s L5 @. z: B9 \
her skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
发表于 2010-1-14 17:50
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