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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑 # K g2 ]8 W$ e3 Y
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Biotechnology
- k3 h8 o7 ?. c* y: JFifth edition _. V' [8 U7 T- m
Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few, r4 d9 E0 g- K9 @
people realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.% Z( n9 Y, b) d `$ x
The defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct* G) V5 y. S9 `7 H5 ~3 A! B8 f
understanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style
# i5 b2 P- ?5 n! |4 Nthat made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith
; b3 g8 n$ t9 k/ zonce again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering# K0 p/ J3 v2 r/ l7 v/ A
and use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in5 t+ [# R; {' t5 `2 a& P
biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment1 D) q% B0 R$ v
of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses/ m: E& X" K+ q- P; ]8 i
the innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems" `1 W) H5 B2 E; `. N- G. Y
biology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith( V9 y; j9 m4 ]# |# J ~! p' Q. {
also re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and: E1 _0 D7 X/ t4 e6 w/ t
puts new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
t% M7 k/ |/ J7 wRNA.
3 O: S0 p/ X. |5 G, j0 X; V+ p/ ]John E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the
+ g5 e9 l/ b1 y( s7 x4 d. U7 RInstitute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,/ ?6 Z$ O$ |# V* S
Glasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.
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! l+ Q, l/ f+ p6 }/ ]7 s1 kPreface3 x- e- z n O% f7 l y6 |3 h
A defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish
- N6 p! p7 n. _7 E4 \$ v" e3 ethe correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.1 B# Z' U& R+ W W& a' T6 { o4 L+ B
Biotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.
' w9 i# u6 c8 m9 ?2 XIt is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many
5 x: [# n4 M V5 y3 C. z; Tdisciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,
4 q$ M$ Z6 \ Y% jgenetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also+ z- ^0 }# Q& N! U& V
be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
% M9 A3 {1 u- G- w* Japplication of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components! u6 S7 r3 _+ j9 v
to manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.
! x, r j3 i1 I2 HHistorically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a: @5 b% R! a) L: _
science, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where
* v6 J8 x! Y$ cthe techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,
4 I! k% _' a5 h2 o0 c) Wwhile the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific0 A0 Z: a9 C' [5 {5 m2 ~; k
basis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more" q9 y$ q, d: f0 [/ T# f
efficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the
1 Q* R, o- C( o: b9 umajor financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,
0 w, X$ k- I3 o2 K1 A \/ b1 k4 aetc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new; F# i [# s! t+ y# |$ Y! a0 G
and novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,
; _. K3 W; k0 z {3 `1 b$ C1 |the production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation1 Z6 b" B/ L, p4 b6 j
practices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range+ i8 k+ Z' V: F
of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular. C, s. R H0 I: X# B4 L2 z
changes to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of
& I* O2 k( ]$ {3 |3 }genomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic
# ~; M" j- @& C; B' t; R/ s5 `1 ~microorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,
0 d9 D9 P% A% ?and major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised, i7 \' ~+ P, L1 t2 q2 _% B) K
activities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,9 L5 u7 ~- C% g+ }2 R
biotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water, m) G1 [& w. |+ \% E
and land management and also remediating the pollution generated by t. F8 J( m' K; l0 r4 I! j
over-industrialisation.
4 K* O w5 N9 f/ ]There have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in& n' h% M2 ~& G1 q, x. R
medicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will8 [9 w/ q& @/ O" ]1 h
the huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?8 F7 K; D# Q/ f. M5 a* V" J
Until recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts
1 i( }. K9 g% v+ z+ n& I5 h5 n. band bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe
0 x F& q' n J6 t) Kand to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately0 o% d) u6 V$ M) X* @
to develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and
5 Y5 R/ N( l" W; V8 Hcomplex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.
6 ~/ ~" W( k7 _/ p5 R: \Some of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,; R8 |, e+ Z- x6 Z
have aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political
3 A6 U) _8 V. w' q, r3 Bcharacter. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining
$ F3 s/ u, H$ z; z$ tthe implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that8 S" n" ~7 Q$ R7 j F
common sense will prevail.: _; K/ Q) T: K& H$ F, `. P
Undoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential7 z# N/ _6 x9 {2 c+ O% i, d
to benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,5 T# P3 c/ |0 O+ k0 _; S# @0 g9 b% b7 t
awareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the- _5 ]* i1 t: R. `! c
complex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater
W. s! x, n! ?8 j' Ulevel of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the
7 f0 |) d% I3 H) n2 A! ]: g" Y3 rpublic at large.
. X8 w1 Z F j, k: F' f# SThis expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an
# N1 t1 ]3 _) J. n0 ~integrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned2 n' J' ^3 a" E" C M& g2 ]. @5 U
subjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,. @ r( n) o" @; D F n0 y0 e2 ~
satisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the8 q/ M! D f: ?4 @3 H ]" e7 X; v! _- y2 M
major technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised5 l3 s+ U' l$ B- c7 E2 r5 s
by the lay public.
! w, k7 G% J8 r) K0 uI amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for- m; ?+ a. o) q' d, G1 Y& L
her skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
发表于 2010-1-14 17:50
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