回复 marrowstem 的帖子: a: P R, |% f: j7 }9 s: p$ R
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你的回答让我学到了很多,由于对这个领域了解很少,所以关于clonal evolution等问题我在网上搜了些答案,然后加上我自己的理解写一下个人看法,不足之处请指正。! A; t Z9 J% T! @% Y
维基百科上是这样说csc假说和clonal evolution假说的:“The cancer stem-cell hypothesis relies on the fact that a lot of tumors are heterogeneous – the cells in the tumor vary by phenotype and functions[71][72][73]. Current research shows that in many cancers there is apparent hierarchy among cells[71][72][73]. in general, there is a small population of cells in the tumor – about 0.2%-1% [72] – that exhibits stem cell-like properties. These cells have the ability to give rise to a variety of cells in tumor tissue, self-renew indefinitely, and upon transfer can form new tumors. According to the hypothesis, cancer stem cells are the only cells capable of tumorigenesis – initiation of a new tumor[71]. Cancer stem cell hypothesis might explain such phenomena as metastasis and remission.) b. S% J4 D2 m3 A! t5 O! V, ^2 A
& d e: |) b* x, y8 F- U% TThe monoclonal model of cancer and the cancer stem-cell model are not mutually exclusive[71]. Cancer stem cell arises by clonal evolution as a result of selection for the cell with the highest fitness in the neoplasm. This way, the heterogeneous nature of neoplasm can be explained by two processes – clonal evolution, or the hierarchical differentiation of cells, regulated by cancer stem cells[71]. All cancers arise as a result of somatic evolution, but only some of them fit the cancer stem cell hypothesis[71]. The evolutionary processes do not cease when a population of cancer stem cells arises in a tumor. Cancer treatment drugs pose a strong selective force on all types of cells in tumors, including cancer stem cells, which would be forced to evolve resistance to the treatment. It is interesting to note that cancer stem cells do not always have to have the highest resistance among the cells in the tumor to survive chemotherapy and re-emerge afterwards. The surviving cells might be in a special microenvironment, which protects them from adverse effects of treatment[71]. * p: d2 U1 w+ ~1 y3 T% c8 [ ; t, |# \ [3 Y, T) y" u# _It is currently unclear as to whether cancer stem cells arise from adult stem cell transformation, a maturation arrest of progenitor cells, or as a result of dedifferentiation of mature cells ” ; [4 b8 |' _6 t& l- }3 y2 v: o8 D2 v
另外有人关于这两个假说的讨论:http://www.fightaging.org/archiv ... ncer-stem-cells.php * {- ~% |3 ?, Y % t! v- Y: r. i( E/ I b- Q1 S) w我个人认为,你前面说的clonal evolution假说和csc假说并不矛盾, 7 b7 W3 s4 _$ W5 }+ Y' L8 J9 F1 我们可以认为这些异质性的细胞都是来源于一个细胞的,这个细胞可能是失控的干细胞,它通过有丝分裂产生大量子代细胞,这些后代有一定的分裂和分化能力,但能力强弱可能不同,这些细胞可能就是肿瘤细胞,而产生这些肿瘤细胞的那个源头细胞可能就是csc ; Y; E7 ]. f, w+ U, f2 你说的那些增殖力强的细胞在肿瘤发生中起了主要作用,但它们不能被称为csc。这个观点我是同意的,很有可能csc只是负责产生这些细胞,但这些细胞才是在肿瘤发生的过程中发挥高效力的细胞,而且它们也不能被称为csc,我个人认为可以称它们为肿瘤组织的progenitors,它们是csc的后代,能够大快速增殖并有一定的分化能力,它们也有clonal evolution的能力,但它们都是来源于csc的。csc或许只能在特定的时候产生一些这样类型的progenitors,由这些progenitors去形成肿瘤组织。作者: starlancer 时间: 2011-12-6 22:29
回复 marrowstem 的帖子 1 p, p2 m- e; o # Z \" K9 d8 o( M! `6 r以我目前在这个领域的知识,还很难回答这个问题。我查了一些资料,就发表一下看法,不对的还请指正:3 j, A. `; z" N- n" g
关于clonal evolution的描述:The clonal evolution model of carcinogenesis states that cancer cells over time acquire various combinations of mutations within a tumor and that genetic drift and stepwise natural selection for the fittest, most aggressive cells drive tumor progression. According to this idea, tumor initiation takes place once multiple mutations occur in a random single cell, providing it with a selective growth advantage over adjacent normal cells. As the tumor progresses, genetic instability and uncontrolled proliferation allow the production of cells with additional mutations and hence new characteristics. These cells may leave a large number of offspring by chance, or the new mutations may provide a growth advantage over other tumor cells such as resistance to apoptosis. In either case, primarily the latter, new subpopulations of variant cells are born, and other subpopulations may contract, resulting in tumor heterogeneity. Through this process, which occurs throughout the lifetime of a tumor, any cancer cell can potentially become invasive and cause metastasis or become resistant to therapies and cause recurrence. . ~9 b! K3 f+ F' f# x/ \4 n3 C( K) a+ ^) `* P2 V" J) z. B
根据这个假说,肿瘤细胞是一些列的突变导致细胞发生变异,而获得生长优势,最终失去控制,并形成了不同特性的细胞群。 $ f# _1 K' f2 p4 Z ; e7 m4 e C1 T% w; _而你问csc有没有clonal evolution的能力,这个我不知道。但前面一个问题里我说了,csc产生的肿瘤组织的progenitor或许有这种能力,csc只是产生了这些progenitor,而这些细胞才是在肿瘤发生中起直接作用的细胞。 5 q0 X: Q8 }* V: L, K' A8 Z: f' V2 P" w) [: D9 C! j
另外我想问一句,clonal evolution假说和csc假说之间最大的矛盾在哪里?是肿瘤的来源还是肿瘤发生的机制?我个人觉得貌似没有大的矛盾啊,而且csc假说只负责解释肿瘤发生的机制,并没有谈论肿瘤的起源(引自文献的原话:The cancer stem cell model does not address the question of whether cancers arise from normal stem cells. Rather, it suggests that irrespective of the cell-of-origin, many cancers may be hierarchically organized in much the same manner as normal tissues.)作者: marrowstem 时间: 2011-12-6 22:47
Sean Morrision的那篇paper写的很精彩,是一篇很经典的有关CSC的review。写到这里,允许我问个问题:当一个良性肿瘤在恶变过程中,当其在良性时里面的肿瘤干细胞与其在恶性时里面的肿瘤干细胞是不是一样的,会是同一种肿瘤干细胞吗?作者: starlancer 时间: 2011-12-6 23:50
回复 marrowstem 的帖子9 H" Y6 G2 j/ @( k) v* a1 C
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不知道。可能一样也可能存在差别吧,可能是同一个细胞,但受到的调控不一样了,由keep in quiescence到active的状态了,也可能是自身某些特征发生了变化,变的易增殖了,而这种变化有可能是调控信号改变产生的结果。纯属猜测。作者: marrowstem 时间: 2011-12-7 11:52
我也很喜欢肿瘤肝细胞的话题。部分肿瘤细胞具有分化能力,这点可以从王振义教授的反式维甲酸诱导分化治疗白血病的模式中证明。另外,将肿瘤细胞放入囊胚期的内细胞团,会出现嵌合体。至于肿瘤组织的异质性及肿瘤肝细胞是否存在。有些实验还是证明了肝细胞的存在的Differentiation of Malignant to Benign Cells.Cancer Res 1971;31:127-134. 至于更多的,我还没有去读这方面的材料。我自己倾向于认为,肿瘤细胞来自于分化不同阶段的干细胞。可参考下述文Stem cell origin of cancer and differentiation therapy.S. Sell / Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 51 (2004) 1–28作者: xiefenghe 时间: 2012-3-23 01:30