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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑 8 P n+ Q0 b1 ?; Z W
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Biotechnology7 T, [- ?2 Z, Q: `" X% q
Fifth edition$ i* j) r& h4 I6 U* a3 a
Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few, L C/ e- S* g4 R5 b. B
people realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.# i9 [$ E; c2 H F
The defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct
* ~1 ^$ |$ @, t5 k6 Funderstanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style/ p: _8 u4 Z/ z: P
that made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith, Z' ]: H2 x9 m9 o. r% G! C
once again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering1 ]6 m% |& Q; i1 Q- a( g3 l/ `
and use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in: C) r5 |1 k! D- ^1 h( f
biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment
9 N& T$ ~! \" y: p1 @of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses
! Y7 m2 t; k9 r; n, Wthe innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems3 B% T1 _" {* B2 P$ {6 I6 v6 D
biology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith1 l! R, t; d- F" l2 n# G
also re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and
- I8 F+ ~: a( h$ |8 Yputs new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
~4 q* N1 A) gRNA.
5 @1 [% a0 _1 v7 J T1 PJohn E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the) Y% a$ N) y$ R
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,
* O) _2 {( R5 @; O" N5 O; NGlasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.' E- U& ?7 U! S; I0 j
; X. s U1 @2 M4 q' x5 lPreface
; ^% a5 S; T0 Y# U: o+ _A defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish
. O& P6 t( @7 J+ F/ i( Nthe correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.
+ [6 Z2 Y3 _) ]. n2 jBiotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.
2 ^. v6 z7 H) w B8 K4 j% p( h CIt is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many
9 T! }+ J+ k4 k% fdisciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,% O1 A, r9 f: B0 ]% Z
genetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also3 j, A% L3 q) Q1 Y
be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
% t# ^6 s1 ]8 R6 x/ {$ p2 A0 Japplication of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components
$ ~5 Q8 S( L+ o& }2 v8 P+ Gto manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.
0 Q9 z1 t9 b7 t" }Historically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a
7 y2 \' f' w* [: jscience, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where7 [( Q, G: x+ _8 _
the techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,# F( e, \& e9 p
while the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific
$ Y& f/ c3 F: H+ X) W. @2 } C! Kbasis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more
! N3 W+ X* ]9 O7 w- K, Y t& B' Fefficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the
' e5 B( |$ T6 ]- G4 G) P5 l% Mmajor financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,
e# E; Z& t2 S/ I/ metc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new
" w8 O4 n+ d* m: t/ Q$ K+ ^ Band novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,
$ \& {' m% B7 Kthe production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation
' Y+ h( o4 d- D2 Y, [practices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range& c* ~; H9 R* u. m7 D
of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular! d8 a6 |2 d [
changes to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of- V3 {, X* H+ L+ {6 O
genomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic
2 M$ Y* P/ k/ L( l- O; H/ a. y# P; lmicroorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,
+ h7 Z+ P7 g% v( nand major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised
* B1 }4 E5 D+ o: ractivities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,3 k$ z+ g# `. K
biotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water
( J' ~, q s+ f, Zand land management and also remediating the pollution generated by7 j6 j7 N8 X* W2 I% c
over-industrialisation.$ X9 X {) f) p% r
There have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in
' O. h. q' E4 [$ c: n( mmedicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will' n/ N( R: R ~5 z& q9 Y# O8 o
the huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?
5 \( [/ ]/ t4 C3 e! F+ d! k6 e4 yUntil recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts! }2 Y, ^3 H& @7 f9 e9 B1 Y( o
and bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe @" }0 @5 S \! y \
and to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately
; O1 b. f# B! y2 d, w. A2 x# Z) Eto develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and
8 u( r; H4 O% h4 Mcomplex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.0 {1 P' a# H! u) b8 W) P* G c
Some of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,$ z+ w4 s v1 l- D5 ~ m
have aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political
( Q# Y& x' u- g0 Z: }character. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining6 F! h6 v. T& ^9 `) H% {* s! C
the implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that6 z1 @' D. r a4 S5 H- }
common sense will prevail.
- L5 r! J2 e! c- ]7 p6 }+ r" V" IUndoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential0 E& l: X, h" ^( z* r
to benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,
8 z- I9 V$ f# eawareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the
) M# Y8 a+ s g4 l* }complex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater- a" q/ O) ~/ P
level of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the1 F: T0 L" W) @' P/ {5 e7 O
public at large.) h& e J1 H* ]
This expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an
p4 o: Q ]3 G" hintegrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned
4 o d$ D+ N! X) ^* t! z/ m" Dsubjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,1 y W; @' j: c) ~5 W) a& I( }
satisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the* i$ A) A: F6 ]% T, r, B+ y2 Q6 ~
major technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised
( B# A6 i/ P% ~6 u6 w! \) `by the lay public." n2 k, [- ]. z* U! y- f& R: ?
I amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for
+ i% n: ^2 I- I- M4 \her skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
发表于 2010-1-14 17:50
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