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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑
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1 g' S2 m, c! f8 Z) k8 y% oBiotechnology' o ]; S: d% ~
Fifth edition1 }. m& @+ @) A5 ^1 C
Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few3 p5 D$ L' `4 A" F
people realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.- d3 j$ B; I4 Z
The defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct# V* T4 k- Z# U0 F
understanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style( G9 O. r& q: k- i2 x& e7 t
that made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith. k. }2 L' m: O0 A- ~) s9 P1 \
once again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering7 B/ Q$ T+ I6 [/ M2 R
and use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in
3 s$ `4 w3 T& p; Q$ Pbiotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment# G9 N* R; y0 R2 c$ w! s6 ?
of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses
1 P V4 s. @ @! p* L8 @/ @the innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems
8 P- s/ {, ~* p: B* k0 ^ ~biology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith
+ d3 F9 n. ^$ a+ Y: Ealso re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and( l7 r7 @- ]4 M, C1 T) C
puts new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
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John E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the
9 x5 ^; [# Q W( uInstitute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,
- A8 d1 e4 @: R2 Q- IGlasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.
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9 Q2 p' C% R3 Q9 q* U: @( j aPreface
* P, d! O. x1 L- }A defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish( {! k$ A& e6 C! h% M' O8 x. C
the correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.
& |4 M. x2 _* D0 Y8 L: k4 Q1 A; N! }Biotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.3 s' Z- O; ` b" n: X
It is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many
* K; y5 l6 d5 ^7 b! edisciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,
6 K- X8 j/ B7 P9 Agenetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also. w& G. Z! L5 U" o! m* r2 H
be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
1 D* a u8 t! y y9 Rapplication of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components
$ {1 D$ _% ^1 X; O6 C7 u0 _, rto manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.
0 A1 t3 [$ y5 ?1 Z/ z# {5 `Historically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a
! H& F2 j; _/ q% Iscience, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where4 e4 a( ?6 U* G% M/ s
the techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,/ j: V9 B, s" K
while the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific
* M i% z0 E3 g$ p2 |+ Vbasis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more
$ x( u3 _8 L5 [- Q y9 hefficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the
3 L V- j2 @% Q0 ^0 l$ X4 z3 s; {major financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,
1 d# [7 R4 a+ b; s2 Uetc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new3 c0 P: e/ u/ ^
and novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,( r( E( t0 ~+ N2 I8 C
the production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation, f6 J2 T5 `8 Y) v
practices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range
; g& C) K% ? R4 L$ T! ]) Sof new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular
9 ?# s6 a7 L: L1 d) Achanges to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of
: Z ^6 T7 z2 a; \genomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic
' Y4 B" A) S4 r9 v5 m1 kmicroorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,
* g. I* m- ]+ h6 P) k& \" hand major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised% N2 }; \2 G$ ~) L, k- X" m
activities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,- v7 Y$ L* t% U+ q
biotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water4 h4 P- ?+ T+ X( G' V9 c9 a
and land management and also remediating the pollution generated by
" \4 t$ O6 s. Yover-industrialisation.. K' p! Q, p( }- U8 z$ D' ?. y
There have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in
9 F6 i( J. e* t8 f9 W7 vmedicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will
" k) o% @2 c8 J0 Mthe huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised? [4 U4 J) Y6 X' b1 n
Until recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts
1 _- E4 h' k* N0 k! O/ uand bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe# g" o8 `9 o% h, C& _4 y; l: z b- \
and to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately
- e6 S; }& @" ~+ X# l+ m5 t# }& y, `to develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and1 G$ Q; H5 \9 _/ ]
complex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.1 ?% R1 h4 Y/ U# |. P& k9 A. c
Some of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,
' b9 f5 W9 R7 Q5 Chave aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political
( G; ~7 m) _. F7 K/ W% A6 O# \: Q/ Kcharacter. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining
/ u, s6 c+ i8 B8 V& O2 Vthe implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that/ ]6 m0 c) K g# O8 `, K" g$ ^
common sense will prevail.8 A/ _! ?9 ~5 V& `, B, T
Undoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential
) l' ^+ D/ f) _: Zto benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,( y9 a r' ^2 x
awareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the7 p% N/ E3 @- N4 O& W5 l
complex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater' ?, C0 F; ~* q0 |$ L6 X2 B% D6 |
level of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the9 e* H* z/ g% C2 r1 ?& c: R9 ?
public at large.
" |, u- h$ d$ Y H6 lThis expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an; q+ _( b0 J/ w5 e, C0 \- R% p
integrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned
# N2 X# K! v' Y. usubjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,; E @. Y# M+ `/ L' R) m
satisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the
3 Z1 u: m* G1 N3 [major technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised
5 |% i* b1 e$ ?- N# {7 Gby the lay public.
" T* C/ h( K" o G; V+ V: ~# jI amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for
. B7 o" v' z/ ~$ @! K) Yher skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
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