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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑
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1 r0 d# d5 W+ BBiotechnology
: E* c$ ]- @5 K" Q9 t$ dFifth edition/ F; A$ }" D! N
Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few
1 u/ F+ ~! t6 T6 m# O& Z3 npeople realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.
8 k' A+ x6 B7 q! A9 jThe defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct* e; I" T9 Q& S
understanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style
! X4 a. ]) B7 C1 {+ qthat made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith
, R' ?6 G$ C5 I1 h& x& n) Z+ yonce again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering5 I" I8 M( J/ `1 Q7 v' _: k/ c
and use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in
8 r4 I3 O" ]+ \4 G/ v5 L2 i$ Obiotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment* U" [4 Q* Y6 b) s( }7 g
of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses
' g9 N$ c& U) Y' q8 J2 Gthe innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems
: w* F$ I( t; p, G0 i% Q/ q: Rbiology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith
$ Q# [0 T2 q1 O5 m8 a8 o! Talso re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and' n8 W& ?$ m3 S M8 N$ a
puts new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
, Y C+ K! \9 v2 c/ ]! Z6 }1 yRNA.
( x5 `$ h& h, b0 U% vJohn E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the5 [. Y' n2 T! e& D/ }) T% M
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,
1 h5 B8 b) Y+ K/ Z; KGlasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.
_1 G2 b- X3 l5 u2 i
* u7 w! X9 ?) tPreface
7 _) E3 z- n7 I+ oA defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish7 `+ R: r6 K6 x4 [# E( H; F* p! H
the correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.$ D4 k% @( X. ]/ r; t
Biotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.
: X9 L+ J" N) P' e- sIt is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many4 e; M& @" i7 ~# p
disciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,5 Q, D+ `) b7 ~1 T
genetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also
3 V% \$ u2 u9 Dbe viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
0 g/ V6 x" v4 t/ W- fapplication of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components; }6 b' U8 r7 p7 o5 M
to manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.7 k; N3 V! h& P0 t- k3 d
Historically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a
" P! X9 e+ m% B& Rscience, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where
9 ^+ f, {) \' o2 d( `2 O2 Z. Xthe techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,
4 d% p4 W# _; i# A9 vwhile the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific k* V1 d3 g+ u+ v1 K+ i2 W- u
basis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more6 f! Y% h" |- n) m5 A
efficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the
8 S- ]0 |8 h! Q2 Bmajor financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,
# O. w Y: ]: W' j! ?2 X# y1 ^etc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new' \# m/ h9 |/ A- X
and novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,
6 d, O) \6 }: P' p8 M; Cthe production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation# T. r8 S" W% b' t ^8 I6 v
practices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range$ Z; ?% A2 \7 {3 N" t4 _$ `
of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular, L- p$ D; f1 B5 R: Y0 y, G) C
changes to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of
' F Q# F g" n+ L$ j! U1 tgenomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic9 f: @2 B2 j/ Q Y# u' |5 S/ q2 u$ X1 i
microorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,
. K8 [: r6 w/ _( c7 cand major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised
2 Q; {+ }6 o0 F. @) ^4 z' wactivities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,5 c A( Q0 g+ B5 o( } M5 e
biotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water. X; l' f a( z% h8 ~
and land management and also remediating the pollution generated by
& e3 Y: C9 b9 Z( D, q7 Mover-industrialisation.0 T8 ~: ^/ a' G! i$ M
There have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in
, w, T: G4 S7 v- A8 ~5 ]9 bmedicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will
/ R) G, z; @% V0 r7 Y5 e# nthe huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?& D3 {, ^2 Z" _
Until recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts# w" R; V) f. n/ y
and bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe
8 s0 w2 A8 v7 Z' R9 land to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately/ ^, d/ C& k& O/ |4 H8 V k
to develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and
0 P* F/ g! p$ z7 b% |% tcomplex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.& s# W4 s; b9 H+ [" @
Some of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,
5 f& r" M- V9 N, F& u" G$ Whave aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political6 W/ D Z1 F; U' s
character. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining
6 \9 k/ \' j% U9 [8 othe implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that& [' f( v2 |# D* T- N: G
common sense will prevail.
2 L# b( `, V- G- H4 ~Undoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential
' \8 N. |* H$ A, zto benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,9 B# {5 ~, D+ K5 }+ x
awareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the: ^) z; m' f* I
complex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater5 B" r1 ?# J* C2 I& |5 X8 {% p: k: F
level of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the
+ m* z/ B+ J9 Z: Jpublic at large.
7 \: w4 k7 N3 G- GThis expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an9 Q* T& \3 t+ F# o& _; X
integrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned& A/ G }& M4 S
subjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,4 q6 B, M/ R7 h, o
satisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the j3 L$ W7 Z' g' A4 {
major technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised
2 u" ?+ y% H) J5 m7 B5 ?$ Hby the lay public.
$ C0 T4 S0 f0 ~: A' FI amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for5 u! T( `# A, O3 j2 L3 J
her skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
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