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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2011-7-14 22:01 编辑 + _3 F9 ]! ?" Z- B& Z# ^
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[hide][/hide]$ @2 D! M6 }! q$ ^; B( P- L
Virology - Principles and Applications) \" a8 A6 F* o
Dr John Carter (Liverpool John Moores University, UK), Prof Venetia Saunders (Liverpool John Moores University, UK)! Q6 Y: \& T2 _% H3 S
August 2007, ©2007
9 f& ~7 X; y8 S' Oby Dr John Carter, Prof Venetia Saunders1 _# K# T) w9 {* ~2 \4 d
ISBN 978-0-470-02387-7) r p7 R) |* _
Preface.
/ s1 D* }7 D0 U& J9 n# G e# e% _& r: ^% Z4 _! p5 }1 G
Abbreviations used in this book.2 m7 b# G# q1 g
3 M! n% ?; {1 ^ W
Greek letters used in this book.
; R' _3 C8 Q" { U% y0 a) G% D- ]: j- B- B# W
Colour coding for molecules.
6 q. A# I# ]- I; C% b
% `8 B4 A+ G: ^- t' |1 Viruses and their importance.
9 a3 r# e' b D1 O6 c2 g1 E; a' D' N; }$ e
1.1 Viruses are ubiquitous on Earth.) v* J q8 a; a& L: h1 p
9 M8 |, }6 ? G* p/ s1.2 Reasons for studying viruses. M5 ?$ B3 C7 R3 Y% P0 V
. m2 W, a8 K6 K$ k }5 x) `1.3 The nature of viruses.
: x5 P) [3 l0 W8 U9 W @$ w9 t* Q/ o5 \( I
1 R& B" e$ O) {0 W1.4 The remainder of the book.1 f3 J7 Y. X: N7 M5 @( s
. h6 |+ V- S. S$ o0 P/ f# M2 Methods used in virology.: A' j9 g+ E. q% J+ w1 J
: W" M$ {8 L% Z, P2 p& v2.1 Introduction to methods used in virology.
* k* _4 A8 k) I `) D# j+ ^7 ^ b+ y* M
2.2 Cultivation of viruses.
1 o- m9 N/ o9 h4 ~( ]6 [) A
2 D$ [1 x/ H G2.3 Isolation of viruses.
: ]( U7 P5 @; f- C9 o/ G6 X, y4 L) ~
2.4 Centrifugation.
; j" ]% ?0 H+ _$ H9 m; n$ S, |, k2 N6 k. v6 q8 l6 a; X+ t2 y9 d; A
2.5 Structural investigations of cells and virions.* }" A5 q1 i& ^- `/ W# R6 X' N
5 T' y% b, T1 M/ u
2.6 Electrophoretic techniques.7 j8 g! m: \3 E; G/ R) I
2 B+ I$ Y4 I# r3 T& E
2.7 Detection of viruses and virus components.
. t8 X1 m) K7 L6 Q& y
! U5 V9 {) h% u! g1 c2.8 Infectivity assays.+ M3 i& P! p* L& Y
7 G& X5 ^4 t& P- b, s6 e2.9 Virus genetics.$ R% T2 z" F9 h. t$ G0 r. O
) l2 b. {; ^. f" k
3 Virus structure.
# k# y5 E5 G9 Y) i* [$ i7 {) }, U2 i4 M6 Z
3.1 Introduction to virus structure.
8 c# m( U, m( n9 D9 X; I& K+ Q' D& ?/ ~& y4 X9 g ~
3.2 Virus genomes.7 k- d% V5 q6 ]* v1 B& u
( S. ^5 M5 J4 ^7 g7 t( c7 }: V3.3 Virus proteins.
9 B: a; O1 O( [0 ^+ N* }: l4 A$ l- x( P0 G1 p4 I. r
3.4 Capsids.* t5 X9 X* [/ m9 t2 c% P1 a
' g# {" L' F7 b. r" ^. I
3.5 Virion membranes.
5 C; F# Y _- ~7 H. u
. k5 C0 Q: R( t( }3 |1 @3.6 Occlusion bodies.
7 ~8 W* `; h6 P0 J5 l) M( t8 r8 J1 Y0 f1 z, G, L7 f2 S, l& F8 v$ X
3.7 Other virion components.
1 s" k x# g: |. b( R* e* b Y# P. x/ k# j# ?
4 Virus transmission.
+ t2 h9 \$ @7 W. G) J1 H9 t) r' U
4.1 Introduction to virus transmission.3 O, U- [) ?4 _' A) c( M
8 p) z- l) c4 @3 k) q
4.2 Transmission of plant viruses.
3 u, o; F2 Y7 k3 a& I
9 j7 M2 L& W! k& f: z% b8 c4.3 Transmission of vertebrate viruses.8 z. f3 n `0 V1 Z: n- O
}* m' q* L3 z) B% ?0 k
4.4 Transmission of invertebrate viruses.2 ?0 H4 X- a0 h; c% T1 K
1 i) W9 n0 J8 `* T# v. @
4.5 Permissive cells." Z* B; W" ~) O6 D5 u- ~; {4 Y: D$ [. ?
: v) r3 Y7 k+ I4 G% U" Z2 v: Q7 b g5 Attachment and entry of viruses into cells." i- M: z! p1 h, }
4 g- y; B# M# ^ [+ Z5.1 Overview of virus replication.
" l) S" }! ?) r! f1 F: B7 ~, k8 s0 I7 M# A z7 U
5.2 Animal viruses.
/ w* Q% h3 O' U: p4 q5 `& ]' |) h2 d2 S) R
5.3 Bacteriophages.! \) R/ _% K& H* Z: Q g. W
! V* A' c3 ?. Q; ~3 h
6 Transcription, translation and transport.
; X, ?4 m, V2 S2 Q8 T
' e3 _2 j' A! v0 s6.1 Introduction to transcription, translation and transport.# D+ G( t) E2 i$ W
1 d0 R' [" M3 c* @; ~2 r6.2 Transcription of virus genomes.+ N& c" \5 ]0 [ }
# h% o% Q4 D) o/ o5 A' ~) D6.3 Transcription in eukaryotes.4 u; X* ~5 i% k" y0 o0 c
! h1 ^* Z; v4 s. `7 l b4 x6.4 Translation in eukaryotes.
: h: N5 `9 b* B: r4 m: r* }4 Z6 Y0 \4 S0 x/ X3 X; y
6.5 Transport in eukaryotic cells.
/ L# \8 [6 `8 L
/ h' }4 }/ g7 b6.6 Transcription and translation in bacteria., P- H" G3 L9 b0 q2 M8 T9 X
& E$ j) Z( P) X1 k
7 Virus genome replication.
9 j9 b. c% r6 Y# p2 g9 Z" ]. [, r8 o, V% ~
7.1 Overview of virus genome replication.# {1 I! T: p, T4 y4 t! f- ^
' d! [3 A. e3 r" J
7.2 Locations of virus genome replication in eukaryotic cells.) l# o" [: k0 d2 N2 N( Y3 R# q
# t) c/ A$ e* d- }9 e( B6 I4 b
7.3 Initiation of genome replication.
% D( _) o2 p; N8 v2 _( h' l& c$ U% G# Z) K$ s1 J/ n
7.4 Polymerases.% Y. i8 N4 B4 }: Y' G: ~
, d# _2 Z5 X) ?4 o; C# r. @9 P7.5 DNA replication.0 a2 W+ \# x% |/ a! X/ p& i
0 }( [4 a* }3 Y$ x( a
7.6 Double-stranded RNA replication.
8 b# V, k: q- T z6 e$ F+ ` d- o( K: H# k
7.7 Single-stranded RNA replication.
) R; B6 T/ i; s: ~! Y
+ A( O$ A, k% x7.8 Reverse transcription.4 Z* f, N/ o6 ^& u# n1 g
( c) G( M, i6 c* s
8 Assembly and exit of virions from cells.7 K8 p* b7 ]3 Y
. v9 S+ v$ Y8 r9 h4 [1 s8.1 Introduction to assembly and exit of virions from cells. `8 v: ` W! p6 T$ |. _9 @
+ |% ^4 J* ^. ]; ], U- {7 x& } j+ N" x
8.2 Nucleocapsid assembly.
: w) N% ?# ^# @0 t
' H: v* g5 o, s* ~$ ^* J* z8.3 Formation of virion membranes.
1 v4 t [6 N6 M6 X$ P* @7 K3 L+ w( q$ t+ U9 t O
8.4 Virion exit from the infected cell.! ]- U7 Q' X, Q5 O6 W" i
' @# t- g x3 u- |7 q0 _. f0 u+ z# N
9 Outcomes of infection for the host.
: Z, K" j1 u4 o! u& I
$ p/ o. l4 U' y" ^9.1 Introduction to outcomes of infection for the host.
$ l; v5 s, _/ t) K: O6 |
% g( G9 ?0 ^* I c6 ^" x9.2 Factors affecting outcomes of infection.3 j, [4 Z1 K7 B; _8 U7 C% S# x2 z
, w) j; Y2 T, l* S9 P; ~* V
9.3 Non-productive infections.
' _# Z9 t! t* G% k
7 S8 c( R: U* f/ b0 ]1 n- t9.4 Productive infections.$ P0 U$ ]6 f, z* U1 Z
& z& @4 m: E0 e! z) M10 Classification and nomenclature of viruses.
/ {2 P* e; C5 r/ n3 y2 d8 g% ?7 C3 n6 T# {5 d
10.1 History of virus classification and nomenclature.! B9 ~. z& f( c N
% D. m; M% p( E+ v10.2 Modern virus classification and nomenclature.
4 @& W l( z" F) r
# [8 P( J* c' z" o% E10.3 Baltimore classification of viruses.% T# e$ T! y: N. R; F8 r& P2 u
5 ~, g/ g+ Y: S
11 Herpesviruses (and other dsDNA viruses).% P2 q1 v. ^7 t* P; i) q( e1 z
' {8 C0 z; C" S+ A/ r0 F' J11.1 Introduction to herpesviruses.
5 g( d# W2 k9 I* U+ \0 [- ^4 {- y# H. `( ~3 w) S; Z5 E( b( X
11.2 The human herpesviruses.
( n! C- K% p/ m' k. A! e2 U" t6 Y1 ?7 w* u# b- y, M
11.3 The herpesvirus virion.: C% }4 i( B. o7 d4 E: I' p5 X, J
9 J9 z( {- b+ H4 K7 [) x
11.4 HSV-1 genome organization.
! m1 S* r, Y7 O( G
9 Z. K+ a7 M, L0 z) g: i, C11.5 HSV-1 replication.
. r% i5 V9 _, ?1 p# v# m, m0 y& P5 ~; R: y
11.6 Latent herpesvirus infection.& O* A. I" u( D: E& G6 J7 \
: y/ W9 a4 J H% ]
11.7 Other dsDNA viruses.
6 Z- t$ b4 x& D6 l% F. m/ u
b+ X2 m: _/ A/ K: H* I. m12 Parvoviruses (and other ssDNA viruses).
4 c3 R- }' _: @4 K* H" Z1 U* N+ ^
12.1 Introduction to parvoviruses.
/ \* w! _0 Q1 u% R5 T$ Y0 M- c; c A4 c3 X
12.2 Examples of parvoviruses.
A3 _+ b& i( j: P$ I7 R6 p
1 w2 k% W3 X7 P12.3 Parvovirus virion.! n5 O8 `8 y/ i( G& b
, `# Y. z% |6 @12.4 Parvovirus replication.1 ]- D& |. c& y0 \/ t% Y& r
0 v0 W1 D% l6 M; _5 C* Z4 o4 K12.5 Other ssDNA viruses.) m) w( E( ?' t1 U9 w4 c6 l
( E% |4 |$ i7 K9 @
13 Reoviruses (and other dsRNA viruses).
- S7 v5 g& I- [. @6 Z& }5 o' L1 O; X) P, Y/ t
13.1 Introduction to reoviruses.0 g; f# M9 u' D# e5 f& v3 l
( ]: p M/ l" h5 H7 [- j13.2 Rotavirus virion.& F2 t2 a5 |* s
3 V e! ]0 s3 Y. h$ H1 d
13.3 Rotavirus replication.
/ \ Y: ~" i7 t( T$ o2 ^+ r+ K
0 \. `3 ~ v$ C& n2 {. Q13.4 Other dsRNA viruses.5 s" `% [2 d8 M& u
/ d# o( r; K% g! S
14 Picornaviruses (and other plus-strand RNA viruses).
# K; U D! n3 a' g5 R. x
7 c1 Z. M1 u# e+ v14.1 Introduction to picornaviruses.% o. s, p4 s" ~( u/ R* }
% ^3 Z8 L* \) |/ k& S14.2 Some important picornaviruses.
, ?5 j' L9 ~& i7 e# m/ k" _9 W; W/ i H" V% J3 l
14.3 The picornavirus virion.
9 _. y) f: s. G4 t" J9 f# H' Q2 c1 G0 ^. e; I
14.4 Picornavirus replication.
7 a7 F3 V* `4 v) n8 D4 F; u0 \: ~: e0 Y& _( W
14.5 Picornavirus recombination.6 y+ o. _; u' m% g' g3 I4 |! _" G
7 r# k& |# Y: f% [7 X. h; V4 y4 A14.6 Picornavirus experimental systems
5 H/ p1 x; l, Z8 f5 F" q( s9 W4 v/ o5 Z ^2 [0 O2 T6 s
14.7 Other plus-strand RNA viruses., r+ c$ H& J- Z( z
8 S3 S" V% j: P! M1 W8 n15 Rhabdoviruses (and other minus-strand RNA viruses).' O) g* A- e( V
% ` L* I/ Z d- K! r
15.1 Introduction to rhabdoviruses.; `( t a* l" U9 G3 l
' x; }0 M) R' b. R: h' }, R15.2 Some important rhabdoviruses.% a( Q9 v, D! M) [
8 k7 I& p" N* G j
15.3 The rhabdovirus virion and genome organization.+ f9 Y' t% S7 v& M# I
! X/ u2 O: f( v; A$ X
15.4 Rhabdovirus replication.7 C" O) ^, N: ^( I
" I3 Y8 d4 B7 M9 H' T# N! ^: T15.5 Other minus-strand RNA viruses.! h# G. g* K; @: G- S
- A/ ]0 w- z l. w8 I% u15.6 Viruses with ambisense genomes.
4 Z" d# r7 m- T7 v8 o, c
, u+ x# U. u( Q: J0 a15.7 Reverse genetics.$ |2 g n* O P4 L, S
* @" b) e8 E$ _% T
16 Retroviruses.( v4 h8 s! K; ~: G8 y0 `" n
" Q: r1 Q' M& ~5 G0 V
16.1 Introduction to retroviruses./ k, K; I9 G+ Q K( `
3 {. }* k4 I4 a T/ K" c16.2 Retrovirus virion.
: g$ S+ [- \. ^' E% K
( V! ?8 L% h% Z0 G- q! d. i v6 }16.3 Retrovirus replication.* u% ~3 c" a% G( v, y0 u
/ G9 s9 q P6 ^* |16.4 Examples of retroviruses.! Z4 o. U4 t/ Q3 D/ Q b: d
$ f6 d8 T/ G! }5 b5 n9 C; V16.5 Retroviruses as gene vectors.; ?; X9 b; Z" y% ^* B* s( l+ e
0 i# s/ E y5 n
16.6 Endogenous retroviruses.; f d1 f6 r3 O1 w
/ S {+ W3 G, b5 j% G: O2 Q17 Human immunodeficiency viruses.
$ [' q6 s8 S, [- |( \* S5 Q6 {6 r
0 F! _2 v" H/ k4 }; @/ T- i0 t) h1 F17.1 Introduction to HIV.
9 K$ X2 V; R; m' c
& K9 k) }' M& T6 N5 [17.2 HIV virion.
/ X& @* Z/ m. O
8 c8 {/ V# y- ^# O- i0 u, `8 t) d e17.3 HIV genome.; w4 e1 N4 g1 a( h4 e0 D; ^$ w- a
0 c5 Y4 z. D1 g4 N17.4 HIV-1 replication.3 k3 S" O g8 R; O. B
2 d, a& K' m o* e
17.5 HIV-1 variability.6 m7 `1 A" ^/ t
6 d7 y+ c# `( X
17.6 Progression of HIV infection.
0 ^5 l* V; \: i* j" h0 }. e1 |; t+ o& b7 g2 p3 h1 F' C
17.7 Prevention of HIV transmission.) y+ X: T# Y6 N! Q
7 S3 V4 `$ |5 ~2 q% T" q
18 Hepadnaviruses (and other reverse-transcribing DNA viruses).
$ m. A# ?. q/ {6 N" \+ p6 q
' p* h6 \7 t3 b# j$ H18.1 Introduction to hepadnaviruses.
' w% }4 S. Q0 v* [ ^& _' s- A) _! ?
18.2 Importance of HBV.
. t. ~; m4 w! l0 R
9 P. w) W, R2 ?; k, n18.3 HBV virion.* S( X {4 I' d4 ~0 T
$ a, R" R- L, f, F/ o! q, X
18.4 Non-infectious particles.
6 d2 c) o5 W" J
) P) p( S/ E5 l3 \" x18.5 Soluble virus protein.6 C: g/ n- c9 o! o6 s9 u9 O) q* F
# n. V" z, I8 L- I1 A
18.6 HBV genome.
& W" ]& ` i. }2 l7 o4 {* z( Z% E: ^, O! B* Z! `# i
18.7 HBV genetic groups.
$ b3 I* \6 S# l5 x2 ]$ [* }" Y# S, f1 C4 a
18.8 HBV replication cycle.# G6 Q" c$ a& }0 ]$ F2 Q
/ e4 M I9 O- I" s18.9 Prevention and treatment of HBV infection.
5 q2 @( X8 E& U% f
7 M8 G2 J' U/ h18.10 Other reverse-transcribing DNA viruses.
: D4 w" v9 f1 _# b& v6 m5 g3 ?
) C3 t8 \ r$ o* b19 Bacterial viruses.6 Z: D# S$ I+ M4 f
6 s; A# r% P! }3 t4 h( V6 ?
19.1 Introduction to bacterial viruses (bacteriophages.; S2 A; Z. t- f2 E) `
; ?2 V; r3 i0 R
RNA PHAGES.
; o0 ]5 q; X5 C* l; e5 u- E
: C2 z% z2 I1 R' ~19.2 Single-stranded RNA phages.
6 C: I9 r3 w4 s# S( w2 Z3 J# V4 P3 m$ F% u# h( @; s
19.3 Double-stranded RNA phages.& P+ E6 j- j ?' m, e( d; l% V
- K+ f; v+ K: @4 O% v
DNA PHAGES.* Z. P/ J( _& [; I
7 S \# P& I" G8 b19.4 Single-stranded DNA phages.3 C0 Q$ z2 g3 `* J$ `2 X
# `# R2 O3 h9 o6 _# N$ C6 B& V19.5 Double-stranded DNA phages.( a# t" n5 K2 ?+ \7 e$ O* t" _
0 C1 z+ s& [2 }( K% i/ n. ?
20 Origins and evolution of viruses.
! z3 M2 G$ f, `* u- c0 h# ]
( \* T, z4 R* n8 V( }. \8 U21.1 Introduction to origins and evolution of viruses.. l }% w3 g7 i7 G j' i. C/ R
% Y+ A- x& c* b5 ]" k' [: e20.2 Origins of viruses.
3 `" p( O% _9 n+ ~& U) a2 ~, S! y" _' b* s$ S
20.3 Evolution of viruses.
3 K0 w9 N7 T' G5 j, f
, W7 S5 P/ i" z2 R8 _/ o7 Y21 Emerging viruses.
( k3 J4 u7 S7 C# [, [5 v7 n9 D5 |$ ^6 h. U* ?/ R. [- U
21.1 Introduction to emerging viruses
* g; N/ @6 T- o* e7 k R, @6 _8 }. C7 e# ?
21.2 Viruses in new host species7 @& ?0 I2 ]; N' l. G& e* Y
4 ~, F6 R: u' O) U4 i5 L21.3 Viruses in new areas
4 ?" P5 u$ _7 m2 V: w
% h( y. y. b$ l# d7 t% e: W21.4 Viruses in new host species and in new areas4 s2 L0 q' R9 ?) m& o
, |$ H' I0 C! b# l# V/ h! ~21.5 New viruses4 B8 h% q5 K7 x( I0 B0 N+ O& \' e
, w7 m- ` D& O9 o5 w" h21.6 Recently discovered virus1 m0 e, Z6 Y2 C+ Z+ Z
2 g. R) x0 y8 {7 u' p
21.7 Re-emerging viruses1 U; v P* N8 i6 p# F8 X, l
' ?' P' M/ L6 v2 y! P! b* s
21.8 Virus surveillance
% a' ] t9 c8 t. S9 ^$ L! ~0 I+ ?* q9 v& X
21.9 Dealing with outbreaks5 ~5 F/ v4 G4 V- ^, |
B9 M+ i- C, M2 O/ Q5 Y- N22 Viruses and cancer
v/ L7 N/ K/ V% w0 @; j0 k. P0 _0 U& d
22.1 Introduction to viruses and cancer" R- F: ?) S) o; q6 v) D
) v+ g H" q2 a22.2 Papillomavirus-linked cancers
1 I0 Z) D1 U5 X7 | [4 d
- S* T4 c* m; h/ o# s22.3 Polyomavirus-linked cancers
# d1 U4 s, Y" P
! O! \' @7 z) J% S22.4 Epstein-Barr virus-linked cancers, @! U, n$ n( J7 |$ z3 M
- S/ q$ a5 p, K7 l/ U+ {7 g. r
22.5 Kaposi’s sarcoma
9 @. F9 Q: S2 R6 u$ A
3 {5 x9 R* ]5 ?" j$ i2 |4 Y8 k22.6 Adult T cell leukaemia( Y) E8 y) r( K* p% U. j! R
3 O- g+ m$ u, w# Q5 J3 l5 |22.7 Hepatocellular carcinoma
+ p. ^+ s) i& k) i9 \* v. w) H o1 W
22.8 Virus-associated cancers in animals- M, b2 a5 i+ A/ @
: B# G+ Y% Z$ z' z7 j1 H% M22.9 Cell lines derived from virus-associated cancers.
7 |# k6 Y! d# `3 {" g# z
: [; @& [! U# v8 D+ v5 R22.10 How do viruses cause cancer?
: v8 P4 _, h8 S6 W" S1 P& [) K
/ d7 K O: x# A* @9 R9 `% ?22.11 Prevention of virus-induced cancers.
* ?1 w/ M7 ?: O
) r: I. y! h# [6 H' e9 Z23 Survival of infectivity.
9 ]3 F& a2 Q5 E
! f( D4 q: l9 p; N) a; ^, E23.1 Preservation of virus infectivity.0 s# C5 C* z1 \: A0 U
5 \9 j/ `& `- U: n3 S2 P
23.2 Destruction of virus infectivity.
7 \# F0 T8 R3 y3 ^# J" z
9 n) x5 w a2 w9 ]2 n6 r/ Z23.3 Inactivation targets in virions.% \! E5 V. V" O( _& K8 {( g
8 S; a, q% Z9 M; O. F$ I9 N23.4 Inactivation kinetics.
5 f$ [5 `6 I( e1 Z# E4 n5 F
+ M) W2 P8 O) \23.5 Agents that inactivate virus infectivity.2 q2 g2 n3 K4 P( z3 e; i$ S
' F; h6 X8 O3 G; U( A
24 Virus vaccines.) m# ~- F( L: s+ {
7 g% H4 k! P% x& D" u% F24.1 Introduction to virus vaccines.
4 l4 i6 x% `. E. g' Y/ Q
/ Z2 \4 q3 F0 d2 J24.2 Live attenuated virus vaccines.
& @2 I6 E8 U0 }5 K" y
( z9 x* J3 @: \- x& Q$ c5 E24.3 Inactivated virus vaccines.
: l% t9 A9 m# P9 F6 a1 ]
4 S; O0 ?+ F+ Y+ C( i) R24.4 Virion subunit vaccines.
& h; C5 r& p( }' x. B
! \+ h" ]) C& e+ i N& r' c24.5 Live recombinant virus vaccines.) z& q# g4 [) l# e, @; ]9 h" E
* ^' r" i3 k/ l) S24.6 Mass production of viruses for vaccines.
5 ~8 E5 m/ f6 L( z2 A! r4 t; R" y4 a% e
24.7 Virus-like particles.
0 p6 v# j) Z& K1 h
! }3 K6 b/ Z5 T$ {" W24.8 Synthetic peptide vaccines.
+ u! Q$ F' p; G2 |
' I, \$ G0 T0 }7 U: J+ F6 T24.9 DNA vaccines.
% P: v1 X2 h8 P& U9 i/ H# M+ |
& ^8 \2 v1 E9 Q) | C" C9 e24.10 Storage and transport of vaccines.
2 O* e2 O9 `% T. _8 O4 k; O. A0 ~$ S! }4 Q2 _+ Y' c' @
25 Anti-viral drugs.
% E/ s( p: U2 N" c0 q8 J5 F
& K) `" P3 ], I) Q7 X25.1 Introduction to anti-viral drugs.
1 M. @+ O3 [+ V
# I/ l7 h; h) S' h6 I. Y1 n) i25.2 Development of anti-viral drugs.. X$ s5 W" G% ^" f# u0 j4 q
6 W9 n* s9 [' }25.3 Examples of anti-viral drugs.7 u0 h+ k7 f: ]( c- `1 g. w
; G# q! `$ g3 L! w. m
25.4 Drug resistance.. b8 y/ v) G' d) Z4 g+ D; J
8 d# D3 z4 h( m2 J2 W
25.5 Anti-viral drug research.
/ O+ {$ M: H+ h* ~1 j: Q! u' n) m, \/ U3 |1 C2 g" ` u+ \9 Y
26 Prions.
$ e$ b5 c7 E. G) G
6 L( n+ @/ a7 x" u- P26.1 Introduction to prions.
) B4 v2 K8 x( S) F0 P9 A( ^7 X2 a6 N, W h
26.2 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
8 v+ P1 e8 u+ N
! q( u' B6 u2 X7 O26.3 The nature of prions.
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0 G5 _3 ~2 ^7 u; x+ P3 _! I8 O26.4 Prion diseases.
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3 A) |5 \- K: b, B% _+ N26.5 Prion strains.
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26.6 Prion transmission.7 l! [# h! \+ A+ Z8 f8 i1 D8 G
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26.7 The protein-only hypothesis., K- O6 C" F4 p* `% g. D0 q
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Learning outcomes., N% A: y) l1 U6 }" `
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Sources of further information.
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+ y9 {: l6 q, C0 PVirologists' vocabulary.
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