再来一本病毒学经典--Virology:principles and applications--John B. Carter

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1 _- h% Z; T' h& s! o  FVirology - Principles and Applications" j$ v, ?. V% v9 ]1 p0 c# g
Dr John Carter (Liverpool John Moores University, UK), Prof Venetia Saunders (Liverpool John Moores University, UK)
$ u  Y: p  z' s' B0 ~9 I' w- RAugust 2007, ©2007
9 w. k' m* |0 D/ Cby Dr John Carter, Prof Venetia Saunders6 a0 N8 {+ S  V3 g: q. A' H& t
ISBN 978-0-470-02387-7+ K* a& d+ c+ e3 n
Preface.
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) ]6 F. ~9 I& ?6 R6 F( ^6 EAbbreviations used in this book.. h* A, p( H4 p4 p% g

+ {- Z/ P  X1 L, [# M& `Greek letters used in this book.1 i- Y" Q( C+ d* ?

5 x: t$ N- q3 `( r) ^" TColour coding for molecules.
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1 Viruses and their importance.
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1.1 Viruses are ubiquitous on Earth.$ U% Y8 w7 T, t, x+ d+ X) U1 f& ~

5 \; v& H3 V, L( L9 Z1.2 Reasons for studying viruses.
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! j6 ~/ ?) Z7 X. ^' Q1.3 The nature of viruses.
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1.4 The remainder of the book.
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: b8 b" B5 v- t2 Methods used in virology.' B% q* C) B( k8 ?! H5 j

9 @* O" \$ U! V! L2.1 Introduction to methods used in virology.8 F& N" ?( y3 y7 Z' k) m
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2.2 Cultivation of viruses.
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. i  A1 r# m1 Q* {0 Q3 y! j% L2.3 Isolation of viruses.4 q5 v' j) o2 o, u, `, H; m6 d9 t

+ `, \1 Q3 Z- m, w# G- y2.4 Centrifugation.7 I0 d8 R& H5 M7 z
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2.5 Structural investigations of cells and virions.! d( ^+ J: f: B( Z
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2.6 Electrophoretic techniques./ D' S7 p4 u) t% h5 _8 b

3 t' h0 w8 F% X" q2 m9 f! W9 K# M2.7 Detection of viruses and virus components.
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2.8 Infectivity assays.
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' `2 I3 t( z6 Z2.9 Virus genetics.8 ~7 G; h. k: O5 D" O, x- r. [
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3 Virus structure.+ C$ ]2 _& {/ ~. J# J# _- Z

3 O0 a8 C' _+ S- a2 J! X3.1 Introduction to virus structure.7 q  }. a1 Z0 s; z  K3 p' s( j1 j5 @
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3.2 Virus genomes.
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3.3 Virus proteins.
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2 |; Y0 |" [3 {- ?. I: }/ c3.4 Capsids.
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3.5 Virion membranes.5 m! j5 I1 K. _' F0 C

1 a6 Z  r, r9 a- r0 R3.6 Occlusion bodies., a, l# Y0 H" ^8 ?3 C

' w% g! J' C! d' P2 h& ]) a0 b+ U3.7 Other virion components.
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$ x: z! n. O; K% @! I4 Virus transmission.
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0 ?6 E' V& b4 s4.1 Introduction to virus transmission.) j8 f% `) b1 U0 Q

2 [. E$ g5 H) R) {6 t  h& `8 X4.2 Transmission of plant viruses.3 Z+ w/ l! A* N: M  P2 _
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4.3 Transmission of vertebrate viruses.! X/ e6 _" L+ Y% u* b

+ C) @8 D7 ^& g- p( j4.4 Transmission of invertebrate viruses.9 h5 g. W. w) V4 M+ l
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4.5 Permissive cells.
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5 Attachment and entry of viruses into cells.
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5.1 Overview of virus replication.* a8 h+ x7 o! O5 j4 B, V

, y* r  [- b. l7 `1 [  r4 m1 l5.2 Animal viruses." k9 C# W7 F/ b- d. i

9 K, e0 z( u  ?% l5.3 Bacteriophages.
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6 Transcription, translation and transport.+ ~$ ?  F; R$ p' \& e

( ?3 n' @" a  v& a- [, F0 p6.1 Introduction to transcription, translation and transport.
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8 Z+ y+ o8 z; M6.2 Transcription of virus genomes.
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) j2 h% ~9 @1 y1 t9 f3 U6.3 Transcription in eukaryotes.
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. ]6 I; b& B* ]$ o) L  H6.4 Translation in eukaryotes.
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6.5 Transport in eukaryotic cells.7 ?& a0 P/ h2 _( L* @/ G
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6.6 Transcription and translation in bacteria.0 s1 d) O3 y* x. e. b! X* G9 _

1 ]! u7 _/ L. t/ m4 A7 Virus genome replication.
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7.1 Overview of virus genome replication.7 n9 U: }, n5 a

5 ~. j; J- P. t! L& ~$ [7.2 Locations of virus genome replication in eukaryotic cells.9 N# r+ _3 c; V# g' t

+ d# F$ ^! w3 S6 v4 {0 `9 R7.3 Initiation of genome replication.
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7.4 Polymerases.+ `$ D2 t- b- e* O9 L
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7.5 DNA replication.
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7.6 Double-stranded RNA replication.
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7.7 Single-stranded RNA replication." a6 }4 T2 Q4 O* M3 V. R* G
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7.8 Reverse transcription., q+ k! v1 }" V- U( f4 B4 k/ y

2 i* r& ?# A( ^8 Assembly and exit of virions from cells.
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6 f0 X# w, ?1 i8.1 Introduction to assembly and exit of virions from cells.2 s6 ^  r4 X2 L9 k* Z9 Q$ d4 c( R
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8.2 Nucleocapsid assembly.
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- D: t( D/ g7 ~* ]9 [7 I0 y8.3 Formation of virion membranes.
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8.4 Virion exit from the infected cell.( [, t4 Q$ L3 H* A( I. y, J

# \* \/ w6 ?! N. w8 \5 H) j9 Outcomes of infection for the host.
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- t+ f' x4 [# L# X4 Q) K9.1 Introduction to outcomes of infection for the host.
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3 g+ E' g0 s4 b+ }9.2 Factors affecting outcomes of infection.4 H" a/ X; j$ T( Y* O. z* D* v

0 Q: J; R2 C( I9.3 Non-productive infections.
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. x  c0 L# C# {% z( X9.4 Productive infections.
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10 Classification and nomenclature of viruses.
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10.1 History of virus classification and nomenclature.
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10.2 Modern virus classification and nomenclature.+ k8 m( D% }+ e) ?5 h
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10.3 Baltimore classification of viruses.
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11 Herpesviruses (and other dsDNA viruses).
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11.1 Introduction to herpesviruses.  c1 Z: K# t) S  M! E: N# |

; L3 b( A$ r* G) j2 B11.2 The human herpesviruses.
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11.3 The herpesvirus virion.3 G9 Q' [, ?: P, ]6 {

7 ]6 z# r$ W, J) F5 e11.4 HSV-1 genome organization.
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11.5 HSV-1 replication.
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11.6 Latent herpesvirus infection.
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% H# m/ u; {2 L( `" j! ?6 @  v( t: \11.7 Other dsDNA viruses.
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12 Parvoviruses (and other ssDNA viruses).
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% q7 ^6 Q+ P& w/ N- E8 _- g- F12.1 Introduction to parvoviruses.
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1 L& I& I9 B& D7 o0 o9 n12.2 Examples of parvoviruses.5 X- `. E/ n  d/ R; N6 Y' ?. R

& x& k) n3 W/ X2 C12.3 Parvovirus virion.
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3 O: i* {4 O* |( i& [( a7 S- U12.4 Parvovirus replication.
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4 `2 N# p7 w3 Y8 M' G$ _12.5 Other ssDNA viruses.8 f# ]7 d. }! k* _

* s7 h) h) n% @: ]13 Reoviruses (and other dsRNA viruses).
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13.1 Introduction to reoviruses.
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13.2 Rotavirus virion.
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13.3 Rotavirus replication.2 b( y$ X2 J) i- d0 b* E9 p# @

9 u5 B# R( u# y! M' ]; ?13.4 Other dsRNA viruses.$ M+ c' `/ n& E0 p
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14 Picornaviruses (and other plus-strand RNA viruses).
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14.1 Introduction to picornaviruses.
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1 u9 C+ ~- ?- A14.2 Some important picornaviruses.
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$ r) c2 v1 W' |8 W: @14.3 The picornavirus virion.3 a. s% ~& t4 F: C
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14.4 Picornavirus replication.# z. Y) t5 N/ L9 q% C6 F) o: O+ y3 q
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14.5 Picornavirus recombination.& B7 a8 a5 b: {( B3 e
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14.6 Picornavirus experimental systems
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! T) a& H; |, r' {  Y  [$ X14.7 Other plus-strand RNA viruses.
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: S' W6 S# w# f2 z15 Rhabdoviruses (and other minus-strand RNA viruses).
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1 V  a$ p& Y* ?# n/ K: _/ _15.1 Introduction to rhabdoviruses.) l2 L3 S0 i: {( P- \" ?  ^& J1 E

: ^+ J6 B/ o1 R: _1 p; ^$ U3 l15.2 Some important rhabdoviruses.) t4 k" f* |# U. f1 _( X
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15.3 The rhabdovirus virion and genome organization.
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15.4 Rhabdovirus replication.
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15.5 Other minus-strand RNA viruses.
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15.6 Viruses with ambisense genomes.: S* `( f1 n5 w7 U2 v

6 I0 q+ |! h6 x8 Z2 |. V15.7 Reverse genetics.' Z% l) ?+ k8 V* h

" T4 o  a6 u: P16 Retroviruses.' }7 a0 G' ]8 S) {% `& C* ?% Z" _
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16.1 Introduction to retroviruses.
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16.2 Retrovirus virion.
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/ _' }- f! G8 f2 x, ]( H16.3 Retrovirus replication.0 S0 y" p* ]$ G5 k# [5 B* h8 \/ b( V! O
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16.4 Examples of retroviruses.
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16.5 Retroviruses as gene vectors.
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( i: Q2 g- q0 T0 p  [: ~' k16.6 Endogenous retroviruses.; ^& k! h1 z$ x3 x
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17 Human immunodeficiency viruses.
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17.1 Introduction to HIV.
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17.2 HIV virion.$ L4 R' t  S9 v1 Q/ I* D6 i- [9 U

, H& Q; W# w# B! S17.3 HIV genome.
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17.4 HIV-1 replication.
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17.5 HIV-1 variability./ K: e# o& l" P& x. G
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17.6 Progression of HIV infection.7 ?  S. r5 d3 m6 P2 b

4 y& X4 g0 [7 J) Y5 d- V17.7 Prevention of HIV transmission.
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18 Hepadnaviruses (and other reverse-transcribing DNA viruses).+ j4 U1 E+ Z# H& t2 ?2 U

5 w* X' [  [1 q/ v+ ^18.1 Introduction to hepadnaviruses.. J6 h# H4 e0 |: H

' w0 z2 a8 r! ~; U* |18.2 Importance of HBV.
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: N$ p6 Z5 q- X6 Y3 n& d18.3 HBV virion.
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4 @0 h( u7 q5 V18.4 Non-infectious particles.
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18.5 Soluble virus protein.9 Q" U; x+ G6 p8 E& \& R4 V
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18.6 HBV genome.
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9 l& N3 Z* d  T  T  \, r% R18.7 HBV genetic groups.
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& P, Q0 F) t+ o+ q# K! f; L4 p4 ]18.8 HBV replication cycle.
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- p  A$ Z5 u: y0 L18.9 Prevention and treatment of HBV infection.* W: X; v8 f: c0 S/ d0 M8 D

5 z9 a2 S7 W5 X; {18.10 Other reverse-transcribing DNA viruses." b) o( _% _" M$ C

1 e- `, o7 M' P- B  p$ n: h19 Bacterial viruses.
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19.1 Introduction to bacterial viruses (bacteriophages.
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) ^/ e9 l' C0 G  F0 G* fRNA PHAGES.; K  ?4 p7 b3 d1 _5 m" W
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19.2 Single-stranded RNA phages.5 X+ W# `4 M( b& l/ U. l2 ]; ]3 v0 F& X

( _7 ]( P7 X( S19.3 Double-stranded RNA phages.) W3 h  }" m& c$ M8 g, Y  q
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DNA PHAGES.6 H) H# |5 M1 l; [9 z6 n, f; R& Q8 V

% J' Q# r% @9 t" o" ?/ s$ S19.4 Single-stranded DNA phages.
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  [, f' |4 D4 M1 Q, M19.5 Double-stranded DNA phages.
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20 Origins and evolution of viruses.
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$ F7 L9 |# z: {  V% r9 S3 C4 D6 T7 I21.1 Introduction to origins and evolution of viruses.
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7 T& n, [: ?) F' Y6 w; _6 A! Z20.2 Origins of viruses.
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! e& y1 A/ r) B" m: d& P- @20.3 Evolution of viruses.8 g; V# B0 v2 H4 O1 q2 K- u
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21 Emerging viruses.
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21.1 Introduction to emerging viruses$ f+ A. t( E8 M* }% u8 R% U6 F

7 ^) g1 ~5 o+ n, ?6 D, a21.2 Viruses in new host species
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21.3 Viruses in new areas
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21.4 Viruses in new host species and in new areas
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& x# ^" Y2 n, g! M; w21.5 New viruses' g5 n/ N6 k7 [7 n
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21.6 Recently discovered virus) z5 w$ W( R& ?
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21.7 Re-emerging viruses% ?$ T3 B1 }3 g" S
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21.8 Virus surveillance9 I! L' j( w/ A- e. [+ K2 S( A. t

* ~8 @5 ?% W- W4 |! E0 A# @21.9 Dealing with outbreaks
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3 V- m) x' s& I/ M/ A22 Viruses and cancer
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22.1 Introduction to viruses and cancer
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22.2 Papillomavirus-linked cancers5 L; t. t+ \, B2 y, V

) T& U/ A0 X" e6 M3 J% B; ^22.3 Polyomavirus-linked cancers. d! B$ m% p8 u! c  b' [* [

1 A1 y0 W2 ]; o1 f22.4 Epstein-Barr virus-linked cancers
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) \1 r9 t: O2 N; d6 N22.5 Kaposi’s sarcoma
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8 O- l# @6 C9 u8 E% @: M: u22.6 Adult T cell leukaemia. b. W  L8 A9 l
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22.7 Hepatocellular carcinoma
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22.8 Virus-associated cancers in animals& q1 a+ ?9 e& O
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22.9 Cell lines derived from virus-associated cancers.' m2 n- U( }% m  ]
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22.10 How do viruses cause cancer?
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22.11 Prevention of virus-induced cancers.9 J9 K$ f6 {' |5 A  q1 D* B
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23 Survival of infectivity.
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0 h$ W5 ]. J5 G& v23.1 Preservation of virus infectivity.0 c: Y1 h2 k2 ]! t0 M# {; j% p

6 P2 g8 M* L' T* ?5 j( [  M23.2 Destruction of virus infectivity.
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23.3 Inactivation targets in virions.
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23.4 Inactivation kinetics.3 v$ y& a: N0 ~6 O/ L' |! l2 w8 e
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23.5 Agents that inactivate virus infectivity.
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3 ~7 N+ a) C! \/ Y  }  U- d6 ]0 m24 Virus vaccines.. U: L$ `) |+ _/ {" H9 Y# B4 t

" V: x4 j' k6 E* z! g! u24.1 Introduction to virus vaccines.3 ]4 W- [8 [9 A2 u
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24.2 Live attenuated virus vaccines.
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/ K9 e4 X& H; b! |, q24.3 Inactivated virus vaccines.+ p! R# L1 B+ g: g! k* p! `3 y. v6 m
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24.4 Virion subunit vaccines.
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24.5 Live recombinant virus vaccines.- l. _; ?! o) K& T: }% `! T

) ~' ~0 X5 M- m/ V3 N- n* U! ~24.6 Mass production of viruses for vaccines.
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24.7 Virus-like particles.
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8 x; e1 [( ^9 q* f* F1 n: k% @24.8 Synthetic peptide vaccines.  M5 m' X" m6 P5 Z" H6 J

) O8 u1 h! _! G; s24.9 DNA vaccines.
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24.10 Storage and transport of vaccines.! A) B" \+ B+ T& V/ j

- o- N' p+ K% L1 [25 Anti-viral drugs.
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25.1 Introduction to anti-viral drugs.
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25.2 Development of anti-viral drugs.; v$ k5 S4 I( }" d) w
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25.3 Examples of anti-viral drugs.& Z( u& L; X" ?$ }, a: t# M; x

8 r% R, B- B' U! W25.4 Drug resistance.8 t& e' F& p! h) {* r" e# E

3 C2 r1 Z! U0 `! D# G25.5 Anti-viral drug research.( i+ X; l7 y0 P! o& H
3 j$ K- R6 ]+ E
26 Prions.
8 D. F9 T; I6 h  v: p5 v& o$ I+ B1 L9 N- l" |5 ]: X9 i5 r0 W
26.1 Introduction to prions.
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' b6 M( g9 n2 Z$ }9 P( w" C26.2 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
2 C$ i& h4 G+ V5 p" q9 x% b1 f: v  y' F- `
26.3 The nature of prions.0 h. x' j5 z$ Y$ w8 X  @: S, p5 g% o' J
) T  _: r* [$ j0 P6 j) i; K
26.4 Prion diseases.# t1 d0 v& ^$ z: C5 n+ r
6 F+ [/ U5 \) j9 \/ _' L  V
26.5 Prion strains.5 N, j# V  E; p) m6 b

3 I" O$ W5 z) B+ _: L26.6 Prion transmission.
) Z, n5 d# m) o! [: ~! K/ ~  E# o" d1 G$ F; i6 C! c
26.7 The protein-only hypothesis.- v5 i5 ~# t& _- U. B
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Learning outcomes.8 D3 K, P' i1 P* i' k( t2 j. b& X
2 J% u1 G) p  Y6 l' R  J
Sources of further information.% D  \, x: H% U$ x' V, a

% J2 F2 @- V/ HVirologists' vocabulary.. k* D3 t- O) h4 d% A3 b) A
* `+ j# o6 e& ^! t
Index.